Gerund and Inf 5

• Come + gerund is like other verbs of movement followed by the gerund, and means that the.. subject is doing something as they move: e.g.She came running across the field.[r]

English presentation

Gerund

Gerund

&

&

infinitive

Introduction of Gerund The '-ing' form of the verb may be a present participle or a gerund.

The gerund:

This always has the same function as a noun (although it look s like a verb), so it can be used:

• as the subject of the sentence: e.g Eating people is wrong

• after prepositions:

e.g She is good at painting

• after certain verbs,

e.g like, hate, admit, imagine

• in compound nouns,

THE GERUND

This looks exactly the same as a present participle, a nd for this reason it is now common to call both forms 'the -ing form' However it is useful to understand t he difference between the two The gerund always s the same function as a noun (although it looks like a verb), so it can be used:

 

a as the subject of the sentence:

- Eating people is wrong Hunting elephants is danger

ous

b. as the complement of the verb 'to be':

- One of his duties is attending meetings

- The hardest thing about learning English is

understanding the gerund

- One of life's pleasures is having breakfast in

c after prepositions. The gerund must be used when a verb comes after a

preposition:

- Can you sneeze without opening your mouth?

- She is good at painting

- They're keen on windsurfing

- She avoided him by walking on the opposite side

of the road

- We arrived in Madrid after driving all night

- My father decided against postponing his trip to

This is also true of certain expressions ending in a preposition, e.g in spite of, there's no

point in :

- There's no point in waiting

- In spite of missing the train, we arrived on

d after a number of 'phrasal verbs' which are composed of a verb +

preposition/adverb

Example:

to look forward to, to give up, to be

for/against, to take to, to put off, to keep on:

- I look forward to hearing from you soon (at the end of a letter)

NOTE:

There are some phrasal verbs and other expressio ns that include the word 'to' as a preposition, not

as part of a to-infinitive:

- to look forward to, to take to, to be accustomed to, to be used to It is important to recognise that 'to' is a pr eposition in these cases, as it must be followed by a geru nd:

- We are looking forward to seeing you - I am used to waiting for buses

e in compound nouns

Example:

- a driving lesson, a swimming pool, bird-watchin g, train-spotting

It is clear that the meaning is that of a noun, not of a continuous verb

Example:

f after the expressions:

can't help, can't stand, it's no use/good, and th e adjective worth:

 - The elephant couldn't help falling in love

with the mouse

 - I can't stand being stuck in traffic jams  - It's no use/good trying to escape

 - It might be worth phoning the station to

GERUND OR INFINITIVE?

The two groups of verbs below can be followed either b y the gerund or by the infinitive Usually this has no eff ect on the meaning, but with some verbs there is a clear difference in meaning

( Verbs marked * can also be followed by a that-clause )

Example: to prefer

A Verbs where there is little or no difference in meaning:

Allow Deserve Neglect

Attempt Fear * Omit

Begin Hate * Permit

Bother Intend * Prefer *

Cease Like Recommen

d *

B Verbs where there is a clear difference in meaning:

Verbs marked with an asterisk* can also be followed by a that-clause.

come forget go on

mean regret remember

• Come + gerund is like other verbs of movement followed by the gerund, and means that the

subject is doing something as they move: e.g.She came running across the field

• Come + to-infinitive means that something happens or develops, perhaps outside the subject's control:

e.g.This word has come to mean something quite different

Forget, regret and remember: • When these verbs are followed by a

gerund, the gerund refers to an action that happened earlier:

e.g.I remember locking the door (= I

remember now, I locked the door earlier)

Forget is frequently used with 'never' in the

simple future form:

e.g.I'll never forget meeting the Queen

When these verbs are followed by a to-infi nitive, the infinitive refers to an action hap pening at the same time, or later:

e.g.I remembered to lock the door (= I thought about it, then I did it.)

e.g.Don't forget to buy some eggs!

Go on:

Go on + gerund means to continue with an action:

e.g.He went on speaking for two hours

Go on + to-infinitive means to the next action, which is often the next stage in a process:

Mean:

Mean + gerund expresses what the result of an action will be, or what will be necessa ry:

e.g.If you take that job in London it will me an travelling for two hours every day

Mean + to-infinitive expresses an intentio n or a plan:

e.g.I mean to finish this job by the end of the week!

Stop:

Stop + gerund means to finish an action in progress:

e.g.I stopped working for them because th e wages were so low

Stop + to-infinitive means to interrupt an activity in order to something else, so th e infinitive is used to express a purpose:

Try:

Try + gerund means to experiment

with an action that might be a solution to your problem.

e.g If you have problems sleeping,

you could try doing some yoga before you go to bed, or you could try

drinking some warm milk

Try + to-infinitive means to make an effort to something It may be so mething very difficult or even impossi ble:

e.g.We'll try to phone at o'clock, b ut it might be hard to find a public tel ephone

VERBS FOLLOWED BY THE GERUND

The gerund is used after certain verbs.

Example:

• miss : I miss living in England.

• The most important of these verbs are shown below.

Example:

VERB

• She admitted

 

• She admitted

GERUND

• breaking the window

THAT-CLAUSE • that she had

acknowledge, admit, appreciate, avoid, celebrate, consider, defer, delay, deny, detest, dislike, enjoy, entail, escape, excuse,

fancy (=imagine), finish,

forgive, imagine,

keep,

mean,(=have as result) mention, mind, miss, pardon, postpone, prevent, propose, recall, recollect, remember, report, resent, risk,

save (=prevent the wasted effort)

• give up

• go on

• insist on

• look forward to

• object to

• get through phrases:

• be devoted to

• be used to

• can’t help • leave of

• put of

go + gerund

• In some phrases, the gerund after “G o” mean that 休閒活動。

• Example ： My mother and my sister g o shopping quite often

• go birdwatching 去賞鳥

• go boating 去划船

• go bowling 去打保齡球

• go camping 去露營

• go cycling 去騎單車

• go fishing 去釣魚

• go grass skiing 去滑 草

• go hiking 徒步旅 遊

• go hunting 去打 獵

• go mountain climbing 去爬山

• go running 去跑步

• go sailing 去划船

• go sightseeing 去觀光

• go skating 去溜冰

• go surfing the Net 網上瀏覽

• go swimming 去游泳

• go walking 去散步

• go window shopping 去逛街

The Infinitive

• Form of infinitive • To-infinitive

• Bare infinitive

• Function of infinitive • Verbs usually followed

Form of infinitive

The infinitive is the base form of a verb

It may be preceded by 'to' (the to-infinitive) or stand alone

To-infinitive

The to-infinitive is used: a after certain verbs

e.g want, wish, agree, fail, mean, decide, learn

b after the auxiliaries

Examples:

• The elephant decided to marry the mouse • The mouse agreed to marry the elephant • You will have to ask her

• You are to leave immediately • He ought to relax

• She has to go to Berlin next week • It's easy to speak English

Bare infinitive

The bare infinitive is used:

a after most auxiliaries

(e.g must, can, should, may, might)

b after verbs of perception, (e.g see, hear, feel)

with the pattern ‘ V + O + zero infinitive ‘

c after the verbs 'make' and 'let',

with the pattern make/let + O + zero infinitive

Examples:

After auxiliaries:

- She can't speak to you

- He should give her some money

- Shall I talk to him?

- Would you like a cup of coffee?

- I might stay another night in the hotel

After verbs of perception:

Pattern : S + See + O + V+ing

Notice bare infinitive Observe

Watch Hear Feel Smell

Listen to

After the verbs 'make' and 'let':

Pattern : S + Let + O + V(bare infinitive) Make

Have

E.g I let him go I make her cry

I have my mother wash my clothes

NOTICE that the 'to-infinitive' is used when 'make' is in the passive voice:

After 'had better':

- We had better take some warm clothing - She had better ask him not to come

- You'd better not smile at a crocodile!

- We had better reserve a room in the hotel - You'd better give me your address

Function of infinitive

The most common uses of the infinitive are:

~ As a subject/object – noun

e.g To err is human, to forgive is divine ( S ) I saw a dog cross the road ( O )

~ As an adjective

e.g Their offer to reduce your workload is quite attractive ( acts as adjective to qualify “their offer” )

afford agree* aim appear arrange* bother care claim* condescend consent decide* demand* fail guarantee* happen hasten

have (= be obliged) hesitate hope* learn long manage offer prepare promise* propose

prove (= turn out) refuse resolve* seek seem strive swear* tend threaten* trouble undertake volunteer The to-infinitive is used after the verbs in this group,

accustom aid appoint assist cause challenge command* defy direct* drive empower enable encourage entice entitle entreat force get implore* incite induce inspire instruct* invite lead leave (make someone order* persuade* press prompt provoke remind* require* stimulate summon teach tell tempt trust* warn*

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