Dac biet, mgt bg phan 16n cua cU dan Minh HUdng lap nghigp tai pho' Hgi An hoac cac thi tfl trong xfl Quang de hoat dgng kinh doanh, budn ban, do do, nhflng ngfldi cd kinh nghiem tre[r]
(1)^*
HOAT DOI\G KJC^IH TE CUA I\GlTOl HOA
d HOI A ] \ T H d l KY CAC CHIJA
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gudi Hoa di t r u den Viet Nam tfl r i t sdm t r o n g lich sfl, va chung ta cung chUa du tU lieu de chflng m i n h duge nhflng 16p cU d a n ngUdi Hoa d l u tien den Vigt N a m la tfl k h i nao NhUng chi den chua N g u y i n md m a n g "vung da't Dang Trong p h a t t r i e n k i n h te, t h u h u t lUu dan de cd the chong lai hg T r i n h d D a n g Ngoai Ddng thdi, cung la thdi diem m a ngUdi Hoa di cU h a i ngoai vdi quy md ldn va cd td chflc hdn trUdc Do vay, thUdng cang Hgi An cua D a n g Trong la mgt nhflng dia diem ly tfldng cho sfl liia chgn cua nhflng ngUdi Hoa di cU xay diing pho' ngUdi Hoa d l u tien, va so' lUdng cang t a n g len thi hg da p h a t t r i e n t h a n h cgng ddng cU dan cd td chflc vdi n h i e u h i n h thflg lien ket chat che nhfl M i n h HUdng xa Bang, Hgi ngUdi Hoa, Xdt ve n h i e u m a t thi cgng ddng ngUdi Hoa d Hgi An dUdc h i n h t h a n h sdm va tieu bieu n h i t d Viet Nam Cflng chfnh •vi vay, ngUdi Hoa d day cung da gifl vai trd q u a n trgng •viec md mang, p h a t trien k i n h te, n h i t la k i n h te thUdng mai cua thUdng cang Hgi An ndi rieng va Dang Trong ndi chungS i i h i i n g t h i n h c u a H o i A n v a h i n h t h a n h c g n g d o n g ngiidfi H o a
Khi chua Nguyen tien h a n h khai pha Dang Trong di dan, lap i p thi tat ca mgi thfl deu thieu, thieu ve n h a n lUc, tien bac, t r a n g thiet hi vu khf, De bfl lap vao nhflng thieu h u t dd, chfnh quyen Dang Trong da chieu mg cU dan k h i p ndi dd cd ca nhflng lUu dan ngUdi Hda den de khai pha d i t dai, md rgng cUdng •viic Ddng thdi, de tang cUdng tiem liic kinh te, chfnh quyen da md cfla thdng thUdng vdi hai ngoai, de thu thue tang ngudn t h u n g a n sach cho minh Chfnh vi vay, ngoai thUdng da trd t h a n h n h a n to' quan trgng cho sU tdn vong va p h a t trien cua Dang Trong Cung vdi sU md rgng ngoai thUdng, cac thUdng cang i i n lUdt dUde ddi, nhUng vdi vi tri thuEln lgi ve m a t thUdng mai, Hgi An sdm trd t h a n h thUdng cang 16n n h i t Dang Trong va la t r a m trung chuyen quan trgng tuyen thUdng mai khu vflc va qud'c te Va, day cung la ndi tap trung nhieu n h i t cac thUdng n h a n ngoai kieu den cU t r u va thUdng mai, dd d i u tien phai ke den thUdng n h a n ngUdi Nhat, va sau dd la Hoa thUdng, den khoang nfla sau the ky XVII thi Hoa thUdng da trd t h a n h lUc lUdng chii dao d thUdng cang Hgi An
N i m t r e n dudng thUdng mai quoc te Dong - Tay, dac biet la "con dUdng td lua
(2)32 Rghien curu Lich si s6 4.2Q1Q tren bien" va "con dUdng gdm sfl tren bien",
cgng vdi ngudn tai nguyen lam, thuy, hai s i n phong phu phuc vu cho khai thae x u i t khau ma Hgi An thflc sfl da trd mgt thUdng cang, mgt trung tam trung chuyen hang hoa ldn cua khu •viic va the gidi Tfl khoang nam 1600 trd ve sau, Hgi An da trd mgt ndi ha'p d i n dd'i vdi cac thuyen budn Trung Hoa NgUdi Hoa da den cang thi budn ban va xay diing nen phd' budn ban cua minh cung vdi thUdng nhan ngUdi Nhat, nhu Idi nhan xet cua Cristophoro Borri mgt chuyen di Dang Trong nam 1621: "Chua Ddng Trong
xUa cho ngiidi Nhdt, ngiidi Trung Qud'c chgn mdt dia diem vd ndi thudn Idi de lap mdt thdnh phd' cho tien viec budn bdn Thdnh phd' ndy ggi Id Faifo (Hgi An), mdt thdnh phd ldn den ngUdi ta ndi dUdc la cd hai thdnh phd mdt phd ngUdi Trung Qud'c vd phd' ngUdi Nhdt Mdi phd cd khu viic rieng, vd sd'ng theo tap tuc rieng Ngiidi Trung Qud'c cd ludt le vd phong tuc rieng cua hg vd ngiidi Nhdt cung vdy" (1)
Nhu vay, nhflng cgng ddng ngUdi Hoa diu tien d Hgi An la nhflng nhflng cum dan cU, hay nhflng phd' thUdng mai cua ngUdi Hoa, dUdc hinh hoat dgng thUdng mai Thanh p h l n cU dan chu yeu la nhflng thUdng nhan, bao gdm hai loai chu yeu: mgt loai la nhflng thUdng khach vi gid mua khong thuan, hoac thUdng vu keo dai, khdng kip ve nUdc, danh chiu d lai qua nam de chd ky gid sang nam mdi ve Bic; loai thfl hai, la nhflng ngUdi mud'n cU tru vinh •vien hoac ban vinh •vien, hg chu yeu la nhflng thu quy hoac dai dien cho thuyen budn hoac thUdng doan, mgt mat ban cac hang hda ciia thuyen minh, mat khac mua s i n cac thfl thd san nhU td lua, hUdng kj^ nam, dudng, hat tieu, yen, vay ca, td mgc, de cho thuyen cua thUdng doan cua minh mfla
xuan sau ve day se cd the chd dly hang hoa ve Trung Qud'c Trong thdi k^ nha Thanh lat dd nha Minh, va dac biet la chien tranh loan lac d phfa Nam Trung Qud'c, thi hang loat nan dan di tru vao Dang Trong, chua Nguyen da cho ph6p cac nan dan va thUdng nhan tdi cac phu, huyen sd thugc, va chua Nguyen cflng thfla nhan Minh Hfldng xa, thon xa cac ngUdi di cU cua nha Minh td chflc, ndi cU dia tap trung cua hg, va hoan nghenh hg nhap qud'c tich iam bien dan
Vdi sii gia tang manh me ve so' lUdng ngUdi Hoa di tru, cflng vdi sfl gia tang ve hoat dgng kinh te thUdng mai cua ngUdi Hoa, thi khoang gifla nam 1645 va nam 1653, Minh HUdng xa cua cgng ddng ngUdi Hoa d l u tien d Viet Nam da dUdc lap (2) Minh HUdng xa la mgt ket ciu cgng ddng lang xa ngUdi Hoa di tan den Viet Nam va tU nguyen nhap quoc tich Viet Nam, liy chfl "Minh" (B^) dflng diu de tudng nhd den trieu dai nha Minh da suy vong va chfl "HUdng" ( # ) vdi nghia la "hUdng thdm" va cdn nghia la "hUdng hoa" (3) Nhu vay, Minh HUdng xa cd nghia la lang xa cua nhflng ngUdi Hoa di cU •vi If chfnh tri, suy ton nha Minh, song tren que ngUdi nhUng v i n gifl hfldng thdm, hfldng hoa cua minh P h l n ldn hg la tinh Quang Dong, Phuc Kien cflng cd ngUdi tinh Chiet Giang va ca nhflng ngUdi tinh khac nfla
Cd ca'u cua Minh Hfldng xa, theo nhU tai lieu cua Hgi An Minh Hiidng tam bdo vu thi nhflng •vi sang lap lang Minh Hfldng d i u tien gdm mUdi lao gia cd uy tfn cong cgng ddng ngUdi Minh HUdng (ggi la
Thdp lao), dflng d l u la Trung Lfldng Hlu
(3)l?oat dQng hinh te ciia ngudri IJoa 23 lao gia, T r I n lao gia T h a i lao gia, LUu lao
gia (4)
Sau Thdp Ido thi cd cdn cd Luc tinh
hiidng ky lao h a y cdn ggi Luc tinh Tflc la cd
sau vi ky lao l a n g tiep tuc dflng bd cong sflc, tien cua xay dflng md rgng lang Hg deu la cflu t h i n cua n h a Minh, g i i u quan tUdc gia i a m thUdng dan di t a n den cang thi Hgi An, hg bao gdm: Nguy k^ lao, Trang k^ lao, Ngd k^ lao, Thieu ky lao, Hfla ky lao, Ngu ky lao Luc tinh cd nhieu cong lao to ldn •viec cung cd' va md rgng lang Minh Hfldng t r e n cang thi Hgi An Hg bd tien m u a t h e m nhieu d i t dai, lap dia bg, k h a i k h I n d i t h o a n g t h a n h rugng, khai thdng song ngdi, lap dinh, xay mieu, dUng chua, n a n g cao uy tfn cua minh d thUdng cang n a y (5) Dieu h a n h Minh HUdng xa, cd cac chflc vu sau day: Cai xa; cac hfldng lad, cac •vi tien bdi h a n g hfldng trUdng d a m n h a n ; cac HUdng trudng, la nhflng n h a n si d a n h gia, cd the lyc lang Hfldng trfldng la dai dien ciia dan xa va p h a i la ngydi cd tai s i n , cd ft nhieu chfl nghia
Vdi sfl thiet lap cgng ddng Minh Hfldng xa d Hgi An da k h i n g d i n h dUdc vai trd cua hg dd'i vdi thfldng cang Hgi An Hg khdng chi cd flu t h e ve so' lUdng so vdi cac thUdng n h a n khac ma cdn cd Uu t h e ve hoat dgng thUdng mai, hg trd t h a n h liic lUdng thfldng mai cd the t h a y t h e sfl thieu v i n g cua nhieu thUdng n h a n N h a t B a n thdi ky Chau An t h u y e n cua N h a t Ban (1592 -1635) va thUdng n h a n phUdng Tay thdi ky chua N g u y i n td r a c a n h giac vdi cac t h u y e n budn phUdng Tay
D a n s o ngvCdi H o a v a cd c a u n g a n h n g h e t a i H o i A n
X6t ve m a t d a n sd ngUdi Hoa d Hgi An thi tfl ngUdi Hoa thiet lap cgng ddng
Minh HUdng xa tdi chUa tim t h i y tU lieu nao xac dinh mgt each cu the chfnh xac M a t khac, lich sfl h i n h t h a n h va dia ban p h a n bo' dan cU cd tfnh dac thfl rieng biet cho n e n khong the ap dung nhflng phfldng p h a p tfnh toan cua dan sd hgc de doan dinh mgt each tfldng dd'i Ngoai thdng tin t u lieu tfl T h o m a s Bowyear den Hgi An vao cudi the ky XVII (1695) cho biet "Hdi cang chi la mgt dfldng phd' ldn tren bd sdng, hai ben cd hai day n h a khoang 100 ndc toan la ngfldi Trung Hoa d" (6), sd 100 ndc n h a chung ta cung khdng cd the biet dUdc bao nhieu ndc n h a la ngUdi Minh HUdng vi ngUdi Trung Hoa d day bao gdm ca Hoa Kieu (khong phai dan Minh Hudng xa) va cung chi la so' ngUdi Hda eU t n i tai Hgi An ma thoi Chfnh vi ly vay ma chung ta khd cd the doan dinh dUdc dan sd xa Minh HUdng cud'i the ky XVII den d l u the ky XVTII mgt each chfnh xac hoan toan
Tuy vay, theo sU t h u t h a p va p h a n tfch tdng hgp tfl nhieu ngudn tU lieu khac nhau, chung ta eung cd the Udc doan dUdc mgt each tUdng dd'i so' lUdng dan k h l u ngUdi Hoa d Hgi An k h o a n g gifla the ky XVII la khoang 5.000 ngfldi, den cud'i the ky XVIII cd khoang hdn 6000 ngfldi, theo nhfl sfl ghi chdp cua Taboulet thi d Hgi An "So' Hoa
kieu d ddy cd tdi 6000 ngiidi vd Id nhiing dgi thiidng gia" (7) Cd the so' 6000 chi
(4)34 Rghien curu Ljeh siir s6 4.2Q1Q neu nhu cgng ca da ba vao thi so' dan
khoang hdn 2000 ngUdi (9) Ngoai sd dinh neu ke tre em, ngUdi gia, phu nfl, tham chf bdt so' dan dinh de tron thue, nhflng chiing ta cd the Udc doan cfl mdi s u i t dinh them mgt vd va mgt nhd thi dan so' xa Minh Hfldng nam 1747 khoang 2598, nam 1788 khoang 2703 Mat khac, nhflng Hoa kieu khdng phai la ngfldi Minh HUdng tai Hgi An so' lugng bien dgng khd doan dinh, nhUng cd le ddng n h i t vao mfla mau dich, het mfla mau dich hg lai theo tau budn ve nfldc Cho nen, so' khoang 6000 ngfldi la bao gdm ca ngUdi Hoa Minh HUdng xa va Hoa kieu tam tru tai Hgi An vao mfla mau dich
Khi cgng ddng Minh Hfldng xa dflgc lap thi nhflng ngfldi cgng ddng theo duoi nhieu nghe nghiep khac nhau: Thfldng nhan, budn ban nhd, thg thu cdng, t h l y thud'c, t h i y ly so', lao dgng phd thdng, binh Ifnh, quan lai, quy tgc, nho sy Nhflng tri thflc, kinh nghiem nghe nghiep cua hg vdn r i t cln chua Nguyen d Dang Trong de phat huy nhflng tiem liic kinh te, quan sU, phuc •vu sU nghiep cung co' the liic, md mang bd coi Vi vay, cac chua Nguyen s i n sang ddn nhan, Uu dai va trgng dung hg bing nhflng chinh sach "Tdn hiin" dd'i vdi cac danh si, nhflng ngfldi cd kinh nghiem quan ly thfldng mai, thdng ngdn, hay "lai bdch cdng" (thu hut thd tram
nghi) Trong linh vflc hoat dgng thfldng
mai, ngoai hoat dgng chfnh la bao mua, mai bi§n, md cfla hieu dai ly, budn b i n g ghe thuyen k h i p ndi va ngoai xfl Cac dich vu hoat dgng lien quan den thfldng mai cung r i t phat trien nhU cho thuc nha, cho vay liy lai, dich •vu gia'y td, an ud'ng, vui ehdi giai trf Ngoai ra, nghe budn ban thud'c Bac va nghe y dUdc cung chiem ty le ldn cgng ddng Minh HUdng d day Cgng ddng Minh Hudng dinh cU tren vung
da't mdi cd nhieu dieu kien thuan lgi de phat trien cong-thUdng nghiep Vi vay, cd ca'u hoat dgng nganh nghe cua cgng ddng cua ngUdi Hoa d day da p h l n la iam kinh doanh, budn ban (thUdng mcti) va thu cong nghiep
Trong linh vUc thu cong nghigp, cU dan Minh HUdng tap hdp cac Hdi thd
ddng thuyin (Chu Tugng), Hdi thd che tao do bgc (Ngan tUdng), cdc hg ldm mudi
(Diem hg), Kim (Liem) Trong so ke dan dinh Minh HUdng nam 1788, phln dan cU Minh HUdng cac hiep hgi chiem 185 ngUdi Dac biet, mgt bg phan 16n cua cU dan Minh HUdng lap nghigp tai pho' Hgi An hoac cac thi tfl xfl Quang de hoat dgng kinh doanh, budn ban, do, nhflng ngfldi cd kinh nghiem tren linh vflc da dfldc cac chua Nguyen cip chau bing giao dam nhan cac cong viec d Ty Tau vu nhfl kiem soat thuyen budn cac nfldc, can do, dinh gia hang hoa, thong ng6n.„ Mgt so' ngudi dUdc phong chflc cai phu tau hoac dfldc giao nhflng trgng trach lien quan den hoat dgng thfldng mai, kinh te, quan sfl Ngfldi Minh Hfldng lam ra't nhieu chflc dich cua xa hoac cua chfnh quyen dia phfldng, theo sd dinh nam Thai Dflc 11 (1788) cho tha'y, so' hfldng quan, hfldng chflc cua xa len den 506 ngfldi Trong p h i n cfl dan Minh Hfldng co r i t ft ngfldi san xua't nong nghiep nhUng cung mang lai cho hg ngudn thu dang ke va dUdc thiic hign bdi hinh thflc phat canh thu to, cdn ngfldi Minh Hfldng triic tiep san xuit nong nghiep chiem ty le ra't ft (10)
(5)Ijoat dpng hinh te ciia ngirdi Tjoa 35 B a n g thd'ng ke t i n h h i n h hoat dgng n g a n h n g h e ciia cii d a n Minh hiidng
t h e o so dinh nfim 1747 (11) STT
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Dia phiicfng v a n g h e n g h i e p Ho budn ban tai Phd' Hoi An
Hg budn ban tai chau Kim Bong Hg buon ban tai Chau Tra Nghieu Hg buon ban tai pho' Phu Chiem
d cac vung ven Hgi An, khong ghi ro nghe nghiep d cac phu khac khong ghi ro nghe nghiep
Nghiem tau, thong ngon Gia yeu, eo qua, xua't gia Tong c o n g
So llidng (ho/ngiidi)
195 11 86 47 250 194 34 49 866
T y l e % 22,5
1,3 9,9 5,4 28,9 22,4 3,9 5,7 100% Nhiifng t i e n t r i e n t r o n g h o a t d o n g
k i n h t e c u a ngiic^i H o a of H o i A n
Trong cac t h e ky XVI - XVIII, T r u n g Qud'c thiic hien chinh sach ddng cfla d i t nU6c (Chfnh sach H a i c i m ) , dac biet la chfnh sach ddng cfla doi vdi N h a t Ban (ehfnh sach Sakoku), k h i e n cho N h a t Ban m i t di thi trUdng buon b a n d T r u n g Qud'c Viec buon b a n triic tiep gifla h a i nUdc trd nen khd k h a n hdn Cho nen, de bu l i p vao sU thieu h u t dd cac thUdng n h a n N h a t Ban va thUdng n h a n T r u n g Qud'c da phai dong thuyen xudng cac cang thi d Dong N a m A de cd dugc h a n g hoa cua T r u n g Qud'c, cd Hgi An d Xfl D a n g Trong Vi vay, Hgi An da trd t h a n h t r a m t r u n g chuyen q u a n trgng cho nhflng h o a t dgng thfldng mai qudic te Trong Khai diidng hdi nghi cua Ka Kieu Vien cd •viet r i n g : "Vi ludt phdp cam,
khong ddm thdng vdi Nhdt Bdn, nhiing cd bgn thUdng gia gian tham dem nhiing hdng hod trdn di cdc niidc Giao Chi (tdc Quang Nam), ngiidi Nhdt lgi tii dd chuyen van sang Nhdt Bdn nhii vdy thi (ngiidi Nhdt) khdng khdc gi triic tiep mdu dich vdi
Trung Qud'c vdy" (12) C u n g thdi gian dd, cd
mgt giao si Bd Dao N h a thugc ddng J ^ s u i t e la Valentin Corvalho, cung cd chdp r i n g :
"gdn ddy tgi Cochinchine dd bdt ddu mdt thd mdu dich rdt bdt Idi cho ngUdi Bo Ddo
Nha ta thay thiidng gia Trung Qud'c dem nhiiu td lua tdi dd vd ngiidi Nhdt mua het detdi vi niidc" (13)
Thfldng n h a n hoat dgng chu yeii thfldng xuyen d day v i n la Hea thUdng, trfl Quang Chau p h u thugc Q u a n g Dong, Mai Phong thugc Chiet Giang, ngoai deu la thugc tinh P h u c Kien ca, d u n g nhfl Idi n h a n xdt cua Thfch Dai S a n Hdi Ngogi ky sii nhfl sau: "Vi Hdi An la mdt md ddu ldn ndi
tap hdp cua thiidng khdch cdc niidc; thdng bd sdng, mdt diidng ddi ba bdn dam, ggi Id Dgi diidng cdi, hai ben diidng phd'd liin nhau khit rit, chu phd'thay diu ngiidi Phuc Kien vdn dn mac theo Idi tiin triiu (nhd Minh)" (14) M a t khac, "ngiidi Ddng Trong khdng budn bdn d ngodi vUdng qudc cua hg tiic la hg tii ldm lay viec dd vd it den ndi khdng ggi Id budn bdn vi ngodi viec cho thuyin sang Xiem vd Cao Mien de mua thud'c sung, thi hg bo qua cdc thd tien nghi khdc cua cudc sd'ng Ngiidi niidc ngodi di tim xem ngiidi Nam ky cd nhiing thd gi dgc biet hoac hg dung ngiidi Trung Hoa de chd cdc thd dd sang Trung Qudc vd Nhdt Bdn d ddy hg thu ve td't cd bgc vd tiin dUdc liiu hdnh d xd Nam ky" (15) Cho nen, x6t ve
(6)36 R g h i ^ curu Ljeh sir s6 4.2010
1636, thdi chua ThUdng, cac hoat dgng mau dich vdi Nhat Ban da hi cha'm dflt Nhflng tau buon Bd Dao Nha, Anh qud'c va Ha Lan cflng d i n d i n thfla thdt Cac tau nay, trUdc day thudng tdi tfl Macao, Madras va Batavia, cang ving bdng, mac du chua Hien td cd y khfch le cac thfldng thuyen ngoai qudc den buon ban xfl
Thdi kj^ nay, ngoai cac hoat dgng thfldng mai cua ca nfldc ndi chung va Ding Trong ndi rieng, ngUdi Hoa h l u nhu n i m tay minh t i t ca nhflng mo'i thfldng mai tfl nhd den ldn O ta't ca nhflng hang cung ngo hem, nhflng ndi rflng nui heo hut, cho den nhflng trung tam buon ban, nhflng hai cang ldn nhd deu tha'y nhflng bdng dang Hoa thfldng cflng r i t nhieu cfla hieu Trung Qud'c hoac cd ca nhflng ngfldi Trung Qud'c ban rong di k h i p ndi ban hang Hg la nhflng ngfldi d l u tien buon ban vdi Viet Nam va sau cac lai buon phUdng Tay tha't bai •viec buon ban vdi Viet Nam thi hg lai chfnh la nhflng ngfldi dflng n i m liy ta't ca nhflng mo'i quan trgng budn ban Nam 1695, lai buon Anh la Bowyear cung da cho biet toan bg thfldng mai d Faifo la ngUdi Trung Qudc n i m (16) Cung theo nhU sfl ghi chdp cua G Taboulet nhfl da ndi d tren thi d Hgi An so' Hoa kieu d day chu yeu la nhflng thfldng gia ldn
Tai thUdng cang Hgi An, ngudi Hoa khong nhflng n i m tay cong viec tau vu (ve dieu se ndi ro d p h i n sau) d thfldng cang ma cac hoat dgng thUdng mai vdi thi trUdng ngi dia hg cung bao thu mua va hang hoa •vung de den k^ hgi chd hg cung ca'p cho cac tau buon nUdc ngoai Mat khac, hg mang nhflng hang hoa nfldc ngoai di ban k h i p cac hang cung ngd hem Ben canh dd, Hoa thUdng d Hgi An iam nhiem •vu chuyen van
hang hoa tfl Trung Qudc den hoac cd ngudn cung ca'p hang hoa cac tau buon den tfl cac thUdng cang cua Trung Qudc, rdi tfl dd hg chuydn hang hoa den cac thfldng cang khac cua Dong Nam A va Nhat Ban, hoac ban cho cac tau buon phfldng Tay vao mua hgi chd Nam 1744, Piere Poivre ghi lai ring: "thdnh phd' Hgi An nhii mdt cdi kho
chung cda tat cd cdc hdng hod vd Id ndi tru ngu cua thiidng nhdn ngiidi Hoa vdi ben ddu dgc theo bd mdt sdng viidng ddy ghe thuyin" (17) Theo nhfl bao cao
Daghregister ve cac nam 1631- 1634, Dang Trong cd the da la mgt dia chi quen thugc vao Nam 1631, bao cao ghi ro cd chiec thuyen Trung Hoa rdi Trung Hoa di Bata^via, chiec khac tdi Dang Trong, chiec tdi Cao Mien, chiec di Batani, chiec di Siam va chiec di Singgora (Songkhla) (18) Va, khoang tfl nam 1647 den 1720, so' thuyen buon Trung Hoa tfl cac nfldc Dong Nam A tdi Nhat Ban thi thuyen buon xuit phat Tfl Quang Nam (chu yeu la Hgi An) chiem •vi trf so' mgt (19) Khoang nam 1750, thfldng nhan ngfldi Phap la Poivre chi d Hgi An cung tha'y 60 thfldng thuyen Trung Qudc tfl cac cang khac tdi (20)
(7)I?oat dQng hinh tef ciia ngudi I^oa 37 hay mau dich da tuyen khac liy Dang
Trong la tram trung chuyen Nhfl tam giac mau dich Trung Qudc - Dang Trong - Nhat Ban, Trung Qud'c Dang Trong -Campuchia - Nhat Ban, Batavia - Dang Trong - Trung Quoc Ching han, vdi thuyen buon so' 59 cua Hoa thfldng chu thuyen la Lflu Dai Xa tfl Campuchia den Nhat Ban vao nam 1689, nhflng thuyen vao nam 1688 sau xuit phat tfl Nagasaki Nhat Ban qua Phuc Chau, 26-2-1689 den Campuchia, Campuchia cd ngi loan da phai dflng tai thfldng cang Hgi An, thue nhflng thuyen nhd den Campuchia mua hang hoa rdi chuyen ve Hgi An, sau dd lai tfl Hgi An khdi hanh di Nagasaki Nhat Ban (23)
Vdi vai trd chi pho'i hoat dgng thfldng mai vdi Hgi An, Hoa thfldng la nhflng thfldng nhan chfnh n i m cac dlu mo'i kinh doanh ngi thUdng va ngdai thUdng ThUdng nhan cac nUdc khac dd ve day trao doi hang hoa dong due va h l u het qua vai trd trung gian cua ngUdi Hoa Ben canh dd, "ly
khien cd nhiiu thUdng gia nhU vdy la hdng ndm tii Trung Hoa den Quinam Id vi cd the tim thay d ddy mgt trung tdm budn bdn vdi cdc nUdc vd cdc vung ldn can Hd tieu diidc chd tdi ddy tii Palembang Pahang vd cdc vung ldn can; long ndo tii Borneo, gd vang ngd voi serong bourang gumrae vd lankien sd thd vd cdc hdng hda khdc Vdi nhiing gi cdn lgi, hg co the mua them hd tieu ngd voi bdt gia vi bach ddu khdu cua Quinam Do dd thuyin ciia hg trd ve Trung Hoa thiidng Id ddy hdng" (24) Theo
tfnh toan cua Bowyear nam 1695 thi mdi nam cac thUdng thuyen tfl Nhat Ban, Quang Dong, Xiem La, Campuchia, Manila va Batavia den Hgi An tien hanh buon ban cd tfl 10 den 12 thuyen Nam 1715, thfldng thuyen Trung Qudc buon ban d Dang Trong
dat den cnn sd 80 thuyen moi nam (25) vao nam 1773, trfldc khdi nghia Tay Sdn ngfldi dia phfldng ndi vdi ngfldi Anh r i n g mdi nam cd gin 100 thuyen budn Trung Hoa den cang khiu Hgi An tien hanh mau dich (26)
vao khoang cudi the ky XVII dlu XVIII, cac thfldng gia ngfldi Hoa da gap dfldc nhieu thuan Idi hdn khien hg cd the tao mgt so' cd sd cho ph6p hg che ngii nen thfldng mai Dang Trdng hai the ky ke tiep TrIn Kinh Hda dUa ba H cit nghia sU kien Thd nhdt, cugc ngUng chien gifla chua Trinh va chua Nguyen vao 1672 da md diu mgt thdi k^ hoa binh d ca hai ben cho tdi Tay Sdn ndi day Khi khong cdn chien tranh de dga (do dd khong cdn cln sfl trd giup bing b i t cfl gia nao), ca hai chfnh the deu trd nen ft de dai hdn doi vdi cae thfldng gia ngfldi chau Au Tinh hinh mdi tao cd hgi cho ngUdi Hoa ddng vai trd trung gian gifla hai ben: Vigt Nam va ngfldi Au Thd hai vao thdi kj^ nay, cac cong ty thUdng mai cua ngUdi Hoa d Quang Ddng, dai dien bdi Thdp Tam hdng, tach rieng Cdng hdng, da hoat dgng mgt each tfch ciic va hflu hieu, den thuyen cua hg
"bdt ddu cung cdp cho tdu chdu Au cdc sdn pham cua Viet Nam vd ddng thdi cung cdp cho Viet Nam hdng Trung Hoa vd sdn pham cua chdu Au md Viet Nam cdn" Thd
ba, quy dinh cua Nhat Ban nam 1715 ve
ngoai thfldng da sd thuyen cua Trung Hoa tdi Nhat xuo'ng cdn 30 vdi tdng gia trj hang hoa la 6.000 kan (600.000 lang bac) da tac dgng manh me tren nen thfldng mai Dang Trong nhfl iam mgt so' ldn thuyen da Iui tdi Nhat hfldng ve cac cang khac vflng Dong Nam A (27)
(8)3S Rghien curu Ljeh 5i!lr s6 4.2Q1Q
Nguyen dd^i vdi Hoa thUdng Chua Nguyen dflng ca ngfldi Nhat va ngUdi Hoa vao chfnh Idi fch cua hg Hoa thUdng va Nhat thUdng cdn tham gia tfch cUc vao bg may chfnh quyen Dang Trong, dieu dd khang dinh sU chiem linh thi trUdng Dang Trong va chi pho'i manh me nen thUdng mai d day Khoang cuo'i the ky XVII, hoat dgng buon ban d Hgi An chuyen tfl tay ngfldi Nhat vao tay ngfldi Hoa nhu mgt ghi ch6p cua mgt lai buon Anh la Bowyear ve Dang Trong nam 1695 nhU sau: "Faifo gdm mgt
diidng phd' tren bd sdng vd hai ddy nhd, cd khodng 100 ndc nhd cua ngiidi Trung Qud'c cung cd gia dinh ngiidi Nhdt Bdn Xiia ngiidi Nhdt Id cii ddn chinh vd ldm chu viec thiidng mgi d hdi cdng ndy, nhiing sd' dy dd gidm bdt vd cda cdi cua hg cung sut kem, sii qudn tri cdng viec budn bdn hien Igt vdo tay ngiidi Trung Qud'c hg co it nhdt mUdi miidi hai chiec thuyin hdng ndm tii Nhdt Quang Ddng Siam Cambodia, Manila vd tii Batavia tdi" (28) Hdn nfla, Pierre
Poivre cung cd nhan x6t ve dieu vao nam 1744 nhfl sau: "Vi phdn budn bdn
xii ndy, that cd the ndi Id xd Ddng Trong khdng phdi Id ngiidi giau vd ngiidi budn bdn gidi Cho den hg mdi chi buon bdn vdi ngodi cung ngiidi Trung Qud'c vd ngiidi Nhdt Bdn Ngiidi Nhdt dd thdi tii 25 ndm theo lenh cua Nhdt hodng cam khdng cho ddn khoi ddt Nhdt Viec cam ndy cung cd d Ddng Trong Vi the ngiidi Ddng Trong budc phdi bdng Idng tieu dung nhiing hdng hod ngiidi Trung Qud'c mang den" (29) Va ong cung
ghi lai "thdnh phd' Hgi An nhii mgt cdi
kho chung cua tdt cd cdc hdng hod vd Id ndi tru ngu cua thiidng nhdn ngiidi Hoa vdi ben ddu dgc theo bd mgt sdng viidng ddy ghe thuyin" (30)
Nam 1696, bao cao cua Bowyear chuyen dieu tra tinh hinh cua Quang Nam cho Cong ty Dong An Anh cd •viet: "tii Nhdt
Bdn Quang Ddng Xiem La Cao Mien, Manila cho den vilng gdn nhdt Id Ba Thdnh, mdi ndm cd it nhdt khodng 20 thuyen budn Trung Qud'c den budn bdn"
(31) Den khoang nam 1750, theo nhfl sfl mieu ta cua mgt thfldng nhan ngfldi Phap la Pierre Poivre ve hoat dgng thfldng mai cua Hoa thfldng d Quang Nam thi "cdc thiidng
nhdn chdu a vd chdu Au tiing budn bdn d ddy khdng the dich diidc vdi cdc thiidng nhdn Trung Hoa chung tdi thay mdi ndm cd khodng hdn 60 thuyin budn cda thiidng nhdn Trung Hoa tii cdc cdng thi khdc cua Trung Quoc tdi ddy budn bdn" (32)
Ngoai ra, mgt bac sy tflng lam ngfl y cho chua Nguyen ngfldi Dflc ten la Kofller ciing ghi ch6p ring: "mdi ndm cd khodng 80
thuyin budn Trung Qud'c tii cdc vung dten budn bdn (khdng bao gdm Macao, batavia vd thuyin hdng cua niidc Phdp)" (33)
Ben canh dd, nhflng thuyen Chau i n ma Nhat Ban gfli di cac Hoa thfldng ngUdi Phuc Kien dam nhiem den cac khu viic buon ban the ky XVII, thi Quang Nam (Hgi An) luon chiem mgt vi trf quan trgng, chiem hdn 31% tdng sd Chau i n thuyen cac thUdng nhan Fhiic Kien phu trach tfl 1603-1624 (14/45 thuyen) (3^) Theo nhiing tfl ligu dfldc tho'ng ke qua Hoa di bien
thdi thi sd thuyen buon tfl 1675- 1699 (Tfl
(9)I}oat dQng hinh tg ciia n g u ^ I)oa 39 Tac gia Nicholas Tarling The
Cambridge History of Southeast Asia ciing
da nha'n m a n h vai trd cua ngfldi Hoa d cang thi Hgi An nhfl sau: "Cdng Hdi An (Faifo)
tdc Hdi An ngdy Id trung tdm mdu dich chii yeu cua Viet Nam ddu theky XVII, cdng thi ndy cii ddn ngiidi Nhdt Bdn vd ngiidi Trung Qud'c xdy diing nen Den ndm 1695, ngUdi Trung Qudc vdn chiem vi tri chu yeu d ddy, hg kinh doanh tii 10- 12 chiec thuyin budn mdi ndm diu tii Nhdt Bdn Quang Ddng Xiem Campuchia Manila vd Batavia den ddy budn bdn" (36)
Mac du vay, c h u n g t a cung c l n p h a i biet r i n g hoat dgng thfldng m a i d Hgi An khong phai kdo dai lien tuc ca n a m ma dien theo mfla, ggi la m u a m a u dich Quy md cua mfla m a u dich tfldng dd'i ldn va thdi gian kdo dai k h o a n g t h a n g nhfl vay, day la dip de thfldng n h a n ngoai quoc tieu t h u nhflng h a n g hoa m i n h m a n g den va t h u mua nhflng m a t h a n g c i n m u a d xfl dfldc t a p t r u n g ve Hgi An Trong nhflng mua m a u dich nhfl t h e nhflng ngfldi Hoa d Dang Trong, nha't la ngUdi Minh hUdng xa ddng mgt vai trd q u a n trgng •viec td chflc va cung flng h a n g hoa Ddng thdi hg pho'i hdp vdi nhflng Hoa thfldng ve m u a h a n g hoa tfl T r u n g Qudc sang, vfla h u y dgng dfldc ngudn h a n g tfl k h i p ndi ve cho cac t h u y e n buon ngfldi Hoa va cac t h u y e n buon ngoai qud'c khac den n h a n h a n g mdi mfla m a u dich Mgt thydng gia ldn hg C h a u d Hgi An da ghi lai lich trinh buon b a n nhfl sau: "Hdng ndm di mdt
chuyen thdng qua thdng vi Tdu budn qua cung nhii vi di thudn theo gid mua Thdng rieng thdng gid Tdy Bac thi d Quang Chdu qua mua hdng bdn thdi gian den thdng cho xong lgi sdp dgt chuyen vi Do cudi thdng ddu thdng dd cd gid Ddng Nam thi phdi vi cho kip mua gid thudn Neu tri den thdng thi khdng
the vi vi nghich niidc vd nghich gid, lgi phdi d lgi qua ndm sau, viia thudn gid niidc mdi vi diidc, the Id tre mdt mdt chuyen budn Dd den ky vi md tdu ndo tieu thu khdng ngdt hdng hod thi thue nhd hoac cdt phd'xd, cdt hdng len phd'gid lgi, ngiidi d lgi coi mua bdn, cdn tdu phdi cda vi cho thudn budm xudi gid" (37) Ben canh dd,
nhieu thfldng gia ngUdi Hoa khac dinh cU d Hgi An rdi tien h a n h buon ban gifla Dang Trong va cac cang Quang Ddng va Phuc Kien, theo nhU ghi chdp cua gia tgc hg La d Hgi An hien thi "hdng ndm dong thuyin
tii Quang Chdu tdi Hdi An rdi ngiidc ddng Thu Bon den cdc vung xung quanh de thu mua cdc logi thd sdn rdi mang sang Quang Chdu, cdc hdng hod d tii Quang Chdu mang den cung diidc tieu thu dddy" (38)
NgUdi Hoa vdi m a n g lUdi rai k h i p Dang Trong va cac thi trUdng k h u viic, hg lai luon tao dUde nhflng mo'i iam an tot vdi tflng dia phfldng, vay, hg cd flu the hdn cac thfldng n h a n khac •viec t h u mua h a n g hoa Day la bien p h a p dfldc ngfldi Hoa t a n dung triet de, thflc hien mua dfldc t a n gdc, b a n dflgc t a n nggn vdi hieu qua cao nha't Ngfldi Hoa dac biet la nhflng ngfldi Hoa da n h a p qud'c tich d Dang Trong hg dfldc coi nhfl la dan b a n dia nen hg r i t r a n h ve h a n g hoa, san vat dia phfldng, va phfldng thflc t h u m u a ddi vdi nhflng ngfldi dan b a n dia Tfl cac loai t r i m hfldng, h a t tieu, cau, vang m a t ga'u, sflng te, O mien Trung, mien nui Quang Nam den cac loai dfldng, td, lua, ven sdng Thu Bdn, hoac yen sao d Hgi An, cau, gao, ca kho, O Gia Dinh, ndi dau hg cung cd m a t de t h u m u a triic tie'p hoac dat trfldc (bao mua) Mgt vf du dien h i n h cua sU bao muc* ;"}-a ngUdi Phuc Kien la "hg cho ndng ddn vay tiin
(10)40 Rghien curu Ljeh sir s6 4.2010 De cd hang cung cip cho thuyen budn
ngoai quoc mdi den mua mau dich d thUdng cang Hgi An, thi hg tho'ng ngUdi Hoa nha't la ngUdi Minh HUdng xa da cd mat d h l u het cac dia phUdng n h i t la d nhflng mang Ifldi cac trung tam thfldng mai nhd vdi vai trd la vg tinh cua Hgi An pho' Mang ludi ngUdi Minh Hudng xa khdng chi dflng lai d •vung Quang Nam ma tflng bUdc md rgng den cac phu Quang Ngai, Quy Nhdn, Phu Yen, Binh Khang, Dien Ninh, Binh Thuan, Gia Dinh mgt sd thi tfl ldn tai cac phu hien v i n cdn di tfch chflng td trfldc day ngUdi Minh hUdng cU tru kha dong nhu Thu Xa (Quang Ngai), Nudc Man (Quy Nhdn), Ha Tien, Ndng Nai Dai Phd (Bien Hoa), My Tho Dai Pho (My Tho) Gia pha cua cac tgc phai Minh HUdng tai Hgi An thudng ghi lai thiic te ve sU chuyen cU cua mgt so' ngUdi than tgc den cac phu de lap nghiep, kinh doanh buon ban Gia p h i hg Chau (Minh HUdng) tai Hgi An cd ghi: "Con cd Id dng Bd Tiiu di xem tinh hinh
mua bdn d cdc tinh, den Tdn Quang thugc tinh Binh Dinh gap anh em quen biei d rdt ddng nen dng cd y dinh liiu cii d dd md kinh doanh Ong thay anh em cd vd diu Id An Nam de de si/ mua bdn nen dng cd coi diidc mdt ngiidi gdi hg Viiu cung Id ngiidi Tdu nhdp tich Minh Hiidng, biet mua bdn, tinh tinh hiin hdu, dng vi lgi nhd thiia bd cd' xin cUdi ngiidi dd vd d ludn dd ldm dn budn bdn de lien lgc hdng tho sdn nhii diia trdi, ddu diia, gidy chgc vi Hdi An bdn lgi Id mgt chd de ldm dn" (40)
Nhieu van ban khac cua Minh HUdng xa cung phan anh •viec nhieu higu buon Minh HUdng tai Hgi An thudng cd cd sd d nhflng thi tra'n, thi tfl, hay nhflng tu diem buon ban khac d Dang Trong Diia tren sfl g i n gui ve mat quan hg huyet thdng, quan hg cgng ddng, cU dan Minh HUdng d Hgi An
ndi rieng va d Dang Trong ndi chung cd Idi the de ket mgt mang lUdi kinh doanh, buon ban hg chi phdi vdi quy mo trai rgng k h i p ndi d Dang Trong
Mat khac, de cd dUdc nhflng hang hoa lam san quy hiem va khoang san n h i t la vang thi nhflng thfldng nhan ngUdi Hoa da den tan ndi nhflng vflng cung cip hang hoa, thflc hien mua tan go'c ban tan nggn Viec budn ban vdi ngfldi ThUdng cung trd nen thuan Idi hdn bdi khoang each tdi cac cang thi khdng qua xa, ma cac thUdng nhan chu yeu dflng dfldng song de len tdi nhflng •vflng cao xa xoi phfa Tay Chung ta biet ring, dfldng thfldng mai quan trgng n h i t d Dang Trong vao budi d l u chay qua deo Ai Lao, tfl song Mekong den bd bien gin Quang Tri Tap trung d dlu thi trin Cam Lg, dfldng xudng cang Cfla Viet va kdo len Lao Bao Day la dfldng thfldng mai nhgn nhip nha't vung Thuan Hoa Tfl ddo Ai Lao xuo'ng phfa Nam tdi Kon Tum, dia hinh trd len khd khan hdn vdi nhiing ngfldi d vflng cao lan can ciing bi gidi han Ngfldi ThUdng ban gd quy, may, sap ong, mat ong, trau, que, cau va vang Nhieu gia dinh ngUdi Hoa iam thUdng mai da den nhiing khu vflc viing niii de mua ban Theo nhfl gia pha cua gia dinh Chau Tien Ldi, mgt thUdng gia d Hgi An vao gifla the ky XVTII, mgt p h l n cong viec cua thfldng gia la mua gd cua ngfldi Thfldng va dem xudng bd bien de ban (41)
Ben canh dd, d thfldng cang Hgi An cung nhfl nhflng thfldng cang khac cua Dang Trong, ngudi Hoa ddng vai trd quan trgng viec g i n lien thi trUdng Dang Trong vdi thi trUdng que cha da't td b Trung Qudc Theo gia pha hg Trfldng (Hgi An, gdc Minh Hfldng) cd ghi: "Hien Khdo (ngiidi cha da
(11)I}oat dQng hinh tg ciia ngurdi Ijoa 41 pha hg Chau cung the hign nhflng nd liic
cua hg •viec tim kiem thi trfldng, md rgng quan hg mau dich vdi ben ngoai: "Ldn
hdi cung tinh viec bay nhay sinh phUdng, sdp ddt kinh doanh md dudng budn bdn Vi thay cdc dng em dd kham ddi viia cap nen lo diu ddt len diidng tien thu nen chi dng Cd (Bd Tiiu) Tdn Quang vi di nghi cho em Id dng Hai cung dng vi Tdu, triidc Id thdm nhd, tim md md vd tim dudng giao thiep vdi cdc thUdng gia md diidng trao ddi hdng hod qua lgi" (43)
Nhflng tien trien manh me hoat dgng thfldng mai cua ngfldi Hoa d Hgi An da dem lai cho chfnh quyen chua Nguyin nhieu ldi fch kinh te Theo nhU sii ghi ch6p cua Cristophoro Borri mgt chuyen di vao Dang Trong nam 1621 thi: "NgUdi
Trung Qud'c vd ngUdi Nhdt Id nhiing ngUdi ldm thiidng mgi chinh yeu d xd Ddng Trong tgi mdt chd phien hgp hdng ndm d mdt hdi cdng vd keo ddi tdi chiing bdn thdng NgUdi Nhdt chd tren thuyin cua hg gid tri bdng bdn hay ndm trieu bgc, cdn ngUdi Trung Qud'c chd tdu hg ggi Id "Somes" (thuyin manh), rdt nhiiu thii lua vd nhiiu hdng hod khdc cua xd hg Chua thu dUdc ldi nhuan ldn viec budn bdn ndy bdng thue hdng hod vd thue hdi khdu ngdi ddt vd cd niidc diu kiem diidc rdt nhieu mdi ldi khdng the td hii' (44) Va, vdi sU
tan tam cua ngudi Hoa Minh HUdng xa da dem lai cho Chua Nguyen mgt ngudn thu ldn qua viec thu thue t i u thuyen den va di, mdi nam nha chua thu dugc td'i thieu cung mgt van quan, td'i da cung van quan (45)
Nhieu ngUdi Hoa trd nhflng thfldng nhan giau cd va nhieu chfnh quyen cung phai dfla vao the Iflc kinh te cua hg Vao nam 1673, Hoang Tfl Dien da viet thfl vay 5.000 cua thfldng gia ngfldi Hoa ten la Nguy Ciiu Sfl (1618-1689), ong
nay thudng buon ban d Dang Trong, sau dd tdi Nhat Ban sinh sdng (46) Nguy Cflu Sfl gdc ngUdi Phuc Chau - Trung Quoc, huy la Chi Diem Sau ong sang Nhat cflng anh trai la Luc Sfl chuyen buon ban hang hoa tuyen Nagasaki tdi Hgi An va ngflgc lai Khi ngfldi anh ma't Cflu Sfl thay cong viec cua ngfldi anh va den Hgi An buon ban Ong liy vg ngfldi Viet la ba Vo Thj Nghj, ba giup ehdng buon ban r i t die Iflc, gia dinh hg trd mgt thfldng gia ldn d Hgi An, tau be t i p nap vao Cflu Sfl trd ban cua Chua Hien, dflgc Chua trgng dai, Chua dfla vao Cflu Sfl de mua bac n6n va vu khf tfl Nhat Ban, cdn Cflu Sfl dfla vao Chua de khuech trfldng thfldng mai cua minh (47) Chua Nguyen da viet bflc thfl cam dn Cflu Sfl da cho mfldn tien cung chflng td dfldc sflc manh kinh te cua dng ta d Hgi An, thfl ong viet: "Nay ehdng ddm ndo, dang
luc chinh duyet lgi binh si, siia sang lgi khi gidi ngdy thudng phdi tren phi hdn ngdn llidng, diidc biet ngiidi bgn khdch hiin cd tdi kinh doanh lgi dUdng luc ldm dn ddc y cd phdn de, phdn dU cua cdi cung nhii siic liic Ke hen ndy xin phiin cho mUdn 5.000 liidng de cung vdo nhu dung, ddi den luc thudn chiiu trd lgi, tdu cap ben te bang, xin kinh cdn trd lgi ngge bich, khdng du sai td hdo NhU sdn Idng, hg cd' xin gdi cho vien thuyin chit Ngd Quang mang vi' (48)
(12)42 Rghien curu Ljeh sir s6 4.2010 nhfl cac vflng sdn cU6c, cac mien giau cd cac
san vat quy bau dd'i vdi cac gidi thUdng nhan, ma khong phai lo ngai sii qua'y nhieu hoac gay trd lUc cua nhan dan hay chfnh quyen sd tai Su cd mat cua Hoa thUdng h l u het viec buon ban cac loai hang hoa da tao nen sflc canh tranh manh me dd'i vdi cac thfldng nhan khac vigc gianh flu the hoat dgng thUong mai d Dang Trong, hg cang chiem thi p h l n nhflng hoat dgng thfldng mai xfl Chfnh •vi vay, h l u nhfl lai buon ngfldi Hoa hg cd vai trd chfnh nhflng hoat dgng thfldng mai d day Khong chi vay, cac thfldng nhan ngfldi Hoa cd nhflng phfldng thflc budn ban linh hoat khien cho ho cd
the n i m dfldc h l u nhfl cac d l u mdi thfldng mai thi trfldng ngi dia ya gifla Dang Trong vdi nfldc ngoai
Sang den the ky XVIII, ma hoat thfldng mai cua Hgi An d i n d i n suy thoai, cac trung tam kinh te thUdng mai chuyen dich vao khu vUc Gia Dinh, Ddng Nai, Ha Tien, Hgi An d i n trd thfldng cang buon ban mang tfnh ngi vung hdn la hfldng ngoai Nhflng, nhflng hoat dgng thfldng mai d day v l n chu yeu ngfldi Hoa nim gifl Mat khac, nhieu ngfldi Hoa d Hgi An da di cfl d i n vao khu vflc Sai Gdn -Gia Dinh de tiep tuc cac hoat dgng kinh doanh cua minh
(Cdn nvCa)
CHU THtCH
(1) Cristophoro Borri, Xd Ddng Trong ndm
1621, Nxb T h i n h Ho Chi Minh, 1999, tr 92
(2) Tr^n Kinh H o i , Mdy diiu nhgn xet ve Minh
Huang xd vd cdc cd tich tgi Hoi An, Vi$t Nam
Khao cd t i p san, S i i Gon, 1960, t r l Ve vi'n de n i y xin xem them Tr^n Khanh: Chinh sdch cda
nhd nUdc phong kien Viet Nam ddi vdi ddn Trung Hoa di cU, Nghien cQu Dong Nam A, so' 6-2000 v i
cung tac gia: SU hinh thdnh cdng dong ngUdi Hoa
d Viet Nam the ky 17-18 vd nda ddu the ky XIX,
Tap chi Nghien cdu Lich sd, so 5-2001; Chau T h | Hai, Chinh sdch cda cdc triiu dgi phong kien Viet
Nam ddi vdi ngUdi Trung Hoa di cU, Nghien cQu
Dong Nam A, so 5-1999
(3) Sau n i y v i o Minh M^ng ddi tQ "Minh Hiidng" hifdng thdm- hiidng hoa # t h i n h "Minh HUdng" (hiidng thon %)
(4) Ve ci'u tnic cua Minh HUdng Xa, xin xem them T r I n Kinh H o i : Mdy diiu nhgn xet vi Minh
Huang xd vd cdc co tich tgi Hdi An, Vi$t Nam
Khao cd t i p san, S i i Gon 1960; T r I n V i n An -Nguyin Chi Trung - T r I n Anh, Xd Minh hiiOng vdi
thuang cdng Hdi An the'ky 16-19, Trung t i m Bao
ton Di san - Di tfch Quang Nam, 2005
(5) Lyc tinh (tQc sau ho) n i y dil^c cong dong Minh HUdng ve sau suy ton l i m Hdu hiin thd
nhdt v i dQ(?c thd hi^n tai Tuy Tien DUclng
Minh HUdng (Dinh l i n g Minh HUdng, sd 14 TrIn Phii, Hoi An), tnidc d6 c6 liic goi I i Truy Vien Diidng Cung c l n p h a n bi^t Lyc tinh cua Minh hudng vdi Lyc tinh cua cong dong Phiic Kien I i cac tudng soai cua n h i Minh quS cl tinh Phiic Kien, mang cac ho Triidng, Chu, H u ^ h , Kham, ThuIn v i T h i p Tam v i hp dilcjc the) tai chua Kim Sdn-Hoi Quan Phiic Kien
(6) Cadiere, Les Europeens qui out vu le vieux
Hue Thomas Bowyear, BAVH, 1920 D i n theo
T r I n V i n An - Nguyen Chi Trung - T r I n Anh, Xd
Minh huang vdi thUOng cdng Hdi An the'ky 17-19
Trung tam Bao ton Di san - Di tfch Quang Nam, 2005, tr 27
(7) G Taboulet, La Geste Fracaice en
(13)I}oat d^ng hinh te ciia ngirCri Ijoa 43 dgi, Q.thugng, Cd hoc tung thU, 1974, t r l
(8) Theo nhOng til li^u ciia Minh HUdng dang dilijc lUu giQ tai Trung tam quan ly v i bao tdn di tich Hoi An
(9) Theo, T r I n Kinh Hoi, Mdy diiu nhdn xet
ve Minh Huang xd vd cdc cd tich tgi Hdi An, Vi$t
Nam Khao cd t i p san, S i i Gon, 1962, t r l
(10) Nguyen Chi Trung, Cu ddn Faifo- Hdi An
trong Lich sd, Trung tam Quan ly Bao tdn di tfch
Hoi An 2005, tr 78-80
(11) T r I n V i n An, Nguyen Chf Trung, T r I n Anh, Xd Minh HuOng vdi thUOng cdng Hdi An the
ky 17 - 19, Trung tam Quan ly Bao ton di tfch Hpi
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(12) H i Vien Kieu, Kinh sOn vdn tap, Q 24, Nghi Khai diidng hai nghj, d i n theo T r I n Kinh Hoi: Mdy diiu nhdn xet vi Minh HUOng xd vd cdc
cd' tich tgi Hdi An, Vi$t Nam Khao cd t i p san, S i i
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(13) L6on Pag6s, Histoire de la religion
Chretienne au Japan, t.ll Paris 1870, p 164- 165,
d i n theo T r I n Kfnh H o i : Mdy dieu nhdn xet vi
Minh Huang xd vd cdc cd tich tgi Hdi An, Vi^t
Nam Khao cd t i p san, S i i Gon, 1960, tr.lO (14) Thfch Dai San, Hdi ngogi ky sU, Q.3 Vi?n Dai hoc Hue, 1963, t r l
(15) Dong Dudng - Mo ta b5i cha c d v i cac n h i du lich Til li^u khoa Ljeh sfl - DHKHXH&NV-DHQGHN
(16) Xem Diidng V i n Huy, Hogt ddng thUOng
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sy khoa hoc Lich sit, n i m 2008, tr 68
(17), (30) Lalleret Louis Pierre Poivre TCVD, 1887, p3 D i n theo Nguyen Qudc HQng: Phd co Hdi
An vd viec giao liiu vdn hod d Viet Nam, Nxb D i
Ning, 2004, tr 26
(18) Daghrehister, t i p 1, 1631-1634, tr 66, d i n theo Litana: Xd Ddng Trong - Lich sd kinh
te-xd hdi Viet Nam the'ky XVll vd XVlll Nxb Tre,
1999, tr 100
(19) Theo n h u Li Tana Xd Ddng
Trong-Lich sd kinh te- xd hdi Viet Nam the'ky 17 vd 18, cd diia sd'thd'ng ke so ghe thuyin Trung Hoa
tii cdc nUdc Ddng Nam A tdi Nhdt Bdn (1647-1720) thi Td Tongking Id 62 chiec, td Qudng Nam 203 chiec, Cambodia 109 chiec, Siam Id 138 chii'c, Patani 49 chiec, Malacca Id chiec Jakata Id 90 chii'c Bantam Id chii'c (Litana, Xd Ddng Trong-Lich sd kinh ti- xd hdi Viet Nam thi' ky XVll vd XVIII Nxb Tre, 1999, tr.lOl
(20) T r I n Kinh Hoi, Phd ngUdi Diidng vd
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hoc bao, Q.III, sd 1, Hdng Kong, 1969
(21) Vai tro ndi trao ddi h i n g hoa ciia Hoi An cing cao, sQc hi'p d i n cua Hoi An cing manh doi v6i ngUdi Hoa Sd thuyen tQ Dong Nam A tdi N h i t Ban tQ 1647-1720 khoang 30% I i den tQ Quang Nam, v i 1/4 ciia t i t ca Chau I n thuyen ciia N h i t Ban buon ban vdi D i n g Trong, dieu n i y cho t h l y t i m quan trpng cua D i n g Trong nhQ the n i o ndn thUdng mai giQa Trung Hoa v i N h i t Ban Cac san p h l m trao ddi v i vai tro ndi trao doi h i n g hoa da l i m cho nen kinh te cua D i n g Trong c6 the phdn thjnh ft n h l t I i 150 n i m
(22), (25), (27) Xem Litana, Xd Bdng
Trong-Lich sie kinh te- xd hdi Viet Nam thi' ky 17 vd 18
Nxb Tre, 1999, tr 100, 104, 103-104
(23) T r I n Kinh Hoi, Mdu dich thuyin ngUdi
Hoa d Nagasaki vd van chuyen hdng hdi Nhdt Bdn - Nam Hd, Nam DUdng hoc bao, Q 30, t i p
(24) Buch, Oost-Indische Compagnie, tr 68, d i n theo Li Tana, Xd Ddng Trong- Lich svt kinh
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(26) Tien Giang, Mdu dich thuyin mdnh cda
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cua Trung tam Nghien cQu Khoa hoc Xa hoi Nhan v i n , Vi$n Nghien cQu Trung Lfdng, Dan qudc, t h i n g n i m 1994
(28) Phan Khoang, Viet sd xd Ddng Trong
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(29) T h i n h The Vy, Ngogi thUOng Viet Nam
hoi thi'ky 17, 18 vd ddu 19, Nxb Svl hoc, H i Noi,
(14)44 Rghien curu Ljeh sir s6 4.2010
(31) T r I n Kinh H o i : Thanh sa Hoa bdch chi
TrUdng Ky cap Nhdt- Nam hdng van, Singapore,
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thuang mgi cua hp d Hdi An thi' ky 17-18, Tan A
hoc bao, Q.III, sd 1, Hdng Kong, 1969, tr 302 (34), (35), (41) DUdng V i n Huy, Hogt ddng
thuang mgi cda ngUdi Hoa d Ddng Trong, L u i n
v i n Thae sy khoa hoc Ljeh sfl, n i m 2008, tr 69, 71, 86
(36) Nicholas TarUng, The Cambridge History
of Southeast asia Vol I, II, Cambridge University
Press, 1992, p 289
(37) Chdu My Xuyin - Gia phd tdc Chdu, hi^n dang iQu giQ tai Trung t i m Quan ly bao tdn di tfch Quang Nam
(38) Theo ghi ch6p cua gia toe ho La cl Hoi An hi$n nay, nhQng t i i H$u n i y dUpc thu t h i p chuyen khao sat t h i n g tQ n g i y 13 den 26 t h i n g n i m 2006 tren dia b i n Hoi An
(39) Nguyen C l m Thuy, Dinh cU cda ngUbi
Hoa tren ddt Nam Bp (tii thi'ky 17 den 1945) Nxb
Khoa hoc xa hoi H i Noi, 2000, tr 37
(40), (43) T r I n V i n An Nguyen Chi Trung -T r I n anh, Xd Minh hUOng vdi thUOng cdng Hdi An
thi' ky 17-19, Trung tam bao tdn di san, di tfch
Quang Nam, 2005
(42) Fukui Hayao, 77ie Dry Areas in Southeast
Asia - Harsh or Benign Environment?, The Center
for Southeast Asia Studies (CSEAS), Kyoto University, 1999
(44) Cristophoro Borri, Xd Ddng Trong ndm
1621, Nxb Tp.Hd Chf Minh, 1998, tr 90
(45) Sau bg may quan If ngoai thQdng dUpc h o i n thi^n thi n h i nQdc cung tien h i n h che dp trUng thu thd doi vdi t i u thuyen x u l t n h i p cang
Thue t n l n g thu cl cac ben cang c6 nhQng quy djnh n h l t dinh doi vdi t i u n h i p ben v i t i u x u l t ben Theo n h u ghi ch6p ciia Phu biin tgp luc thi "tiu ThQpng Hai 1? t h u d ddn I i 3.000 quan, t h u d v d Ii 300 quan, t i u Quang Dong 1$ thud den I i 3.000 quan, thue vd I i 300 quan, t i u Phuc Kien 1? thue den I i 2.000 quan, thue vd I i 200 quan, t i u Hai Nam 1? thue den I i 500 quan thue vd I i 50 quan, t i u Tay DUdng 1? thue ddn I i 8.000 quan, thud ve I i 800 quan, t i u Macao 1? t h u d den I i 4.000 quan, thud ve I i 400 quan, t i u N h i t Ban 1$ thud den Ii 4.000 quan, thue ve I i 400 quan, t i u Xiemla 1? thue den I i 2.000 quan, thue ve I i 200 quan, t i u LQ Tdng 1? thue den I i 2.000 quan, thue vd I i 200 quan, t i u CUu Cang 1$ thue den I i 500 quan, thud ve I i 50 quan, t i u tri'n H i TiSn 1? thud den I i 300 quan, thud ve I i 30 quan, t i u Sdn Do 1? thud den I i 300 quan, thue ve I i 30 quan" (theo LS Quy Don: Phd biin tgp luc, Nxb Khoa hpc xa hoi, H i Npi, 1977, tr 231, 232) V i nhU viy, trieu dinh thu dUcJc nhiing khoan thu ldn tQ thud t i u niy, chang han nhQ " n i m t i n mao, t i u buon cac sQ den Hoi An 16 chide, tidn t h u d I i 30.800 quan; n i m Nham Thin 12 chiec, tidn thue I i 14.300 quan; n i m Quy Ty chide, tien t h u d I i 13.200 quan" (theo lA Quy Don, Phu biin tgp luc, Nxb Khoa hpc xa hoi H i Npi, 1977, tr 232)
(46) T r I n Kinh H o i , Phd ngUdi Biidng vd
thuong mgi cua hp d Hdi An thi'ky 17-18, T i n A
hpc bao, Q.III, sd 1, Hong Kong, 1969, tr 298 (47) Nguyen V i n Xuan, Nhiing phu gia dich
qud'c cua Hoi An thi'ky 17, 18, 19, Hue Xua & Nay,
s d l , 1996, tr 92-95
(48) Trjnh Tidn Thu^n, Quan hi Nhdt
Bdn-Vi4t Nam thi'ky 16-17, L u i n an Tien si Ljeh sii,