Introduction to Health and Safety in Construction, 2nd Ed - (Malestrom)

Introduction to Health and Safety in Construction This page intentionally left blank Introduction to Health and Safety in Construction Second edition Phil Hughes MBE MSc, FCIOSH, RSP, Chairman NEBOSH 1995–2001 Ed Ferrett PhD, BSc, (Hons Eng), CEng, MIMechE, MlEE, MI0SH, Deputy Chairman NEBOSH Amsterdam
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Tokyo Butterworth-Heinemann is an imprint of Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann is an imprint of Elsevier Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP, UK 30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA First edition 2005 Reprinted 2005 Second edition 2007 Copyright
2007, Phil Hughes MBE and Ed Ferrett Published by Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved The right of Phil Hughes MBE and Ed Ferrett to be identified as the authors of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone (+44) (0) 1865 843830; fax: (+44) (0) 1865 853333; e-mail: permissions@elsevier.com Alternatively you can submit your request online by visiting the Elsevier web site at http://elsevier.com/locate/permissions, and selecting Obtaining permissions to use the Elsevier material Notice No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN 13: 978-0-7506-8111-7 ISBN 10: 0-7506-8111-X For information on all Butterworth-Heinemann publications visit our website at http://books.elsevier.com Printed and bound in the UK 06 07 08 09 10 10 Contents PREFACE xiii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xv ABOUT THE AUTHORS xvi LIST OF PRINCIPAL ABBREVIATIONS xvii ILLUSTRATIONS CREDITS xix HEALTH AND SAFETY FOUNDATIONS 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 Introduction Some basic definitions The legal framework for health and safety The legal system in England and Wales The legal system in Scotland European Courts Sources of law (England and Wales) Common law torts and duties Levels of statutory duty The influence of the European Union (EU) on health and safety The Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 The main legal instruments relating to construction work Role and function of external agencies The scope and definition of construction The health and safety problem in the construction industry Moral, legal and financial arguments for health and safety management The framework for health and safety management Practice NEBOSH questions for Chapter 1 5 7 10 13 13 14 15 15 16 19 21 POLICY 23 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 23 23 24 25 27 27 Introduction Legal requirements Key elements of a health and safety policy Review of health and safety policy Practice NEBOSH questions for Chapter Appendix 2.1 – Health and Safety Policy checklist v Contents ORGANIZING FOR HEALTH AND SAFETY 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 PROMOTING A POSITIVE HEALTH AND SAFETY CULTURE 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 4.11 Introduction Definition of a health and safety culture Safety culture and safety performance Human factors and their influence on safety performance Human errors and violations The development of a positive health and safety culture Effective communication Health and safety training Internal influences External influences Practice NEBOSH questions for Chapter RISK ASSESSMENT 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14 5.15 5.16 Introduction Control Employers’ responsibilities Employees’ responsibilities Organizational health and safety responsibilities Role and functions of health and safety and other advisers Persons in control of premises Self-employed The supply chain Contractors Joint occupation of premises Cooperation with the workforce Practice NEBOSH questions for Chapter Appendix 3.1 – Typical organizational responsibilities Appendix 3.2 – Checklist for supply chain health and safety management Introduction Legal aspects of risk assessment Forms of risk assessment Some definitions The objectives of risk assessment Accident categories Health risks The management of risk assessment The risk assessment process Risk control measures Hierarchy of risk control Prioritization of risk control Record of risk assessment findings Monitoring and review Special cases Practice NEBOSH questions for Chapter Appendix 5.1 – Hazard checklist Appendix 5.2 – Example of a risk assessment record PRINCIPLES OF CONTROL 6.1 6.2 6.3 vi Introduction Principles of prevention Hierarchy of risk control 31 31 32 32 32 33 34 35 36 36 38 44 45 46 47 49 51 51 51 52 53 57 60 61 62 64 65 67 69 69 69 70 70 72 72 72 72 73 74 75 75 75 75 76 77 78 79 81 81 81 82 Contents 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 6.10 Controlling health risks Safe systems of work Lone workers Permits to work Emergency procedures First aid at work Practice NEBOSH questions for Chapter Appendix 6.1 – Fire notice Appendix 6.2 – Job safety analysis form Appendix 6.3 – Example of a safety method statement form Appendix 6.4 – Essential elements of a permit-to-work form GENERAL SITE ISSUES – HAZARDS AND CONTROL 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 Introduction General hazards and controls Initial site assessment Site controls Provision of welfare facilities Practice NEBOSH questions for Chapter Appendix 7.1 – A typical set of site rules WORKING AT HEIGHT – HAZARDS AND CONTROL 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 Introduction The Work at Height Regulations 2004 (WAHR) Construction hazards and controls from working at height Working above ground or where there is a risk of falling Practice NEBOSH questions for Chapter Appendix 8.1 – Inspection report form Appendix 8.2 – Checklist of typical scaffolding faults Appendix 8.3 – A checklist for a safety inspection of scaffold Appendix 8.4 – Examples of safe systems of work used in roof work EXCAVATION WORK AND CONFINED SPACES – HAZARDS AND CONTROL 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 10 Introduction Excavations – hazards and control Confined spaces Practice NEBOSH questions for Chapter Appendix 9.1 – Inspection report for excavation Appendix 9.2 – An example of safe digging practice Appendix 9.3 – Typical excavation work risk assessment Appendix 9.4 – Typical confined spaces risk assessment DEMOLITION – HAZARDS AND CONTROL 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 Introduction Principal hazards of demolition work Pre-demolition investigation and survey Demolition method statement Management of the demolition and general controls Specific issues Practice NEBOSH questions for Chapter 10 Appendix 10.1 – Checklist for a safe system of work 85 87 90 90 94 95 98 99 100 101 102 103 103 104 106 107 110 111 112 115 115 115 117 121 135 137 139 139 140 141 141 141 150 154 155 157 158 159 161 161 162 162 163 165 166 168 169 vii Contents 11 MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE AND VEHICLES – HAZARDS AND CONTROL 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 11.7 11.8 11.9 11.10 12 Introduction Hazards to pedestrians Control strategies for pedestrian hazards Hazards to the general public and the associated controls in construction activities, including street works Hazards in vehicle operations Control strategies for safe vehicle operations The management of vehicle movements Hazards and controls of vehicles on construction sites Managing occupational road safety Practice NEBOSH questions for Chapter 11 WORK EQUIPMENT HAZARDS AND CONTROL 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7 12.8 12.9 12.10 12.11 12.12 12.13 12.14 12.15 12.16 12.17 13 MANUAL AND MECHANICAL HANDLING HAZARDS AND CONTROL 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 14 Introduction Manual handling hazards and injuries Manual handling risk assessments Types of mechanical handling and lifting equipment Requirements for the statutory examination of lifting equipment Practice NEBOSH questions for Chapter 13 Appendix 13.1 – Manual handling of loads assessment checklist Appendix 13.2 – A typical risk assessment for an excavator to be used for lifting Appendix 13.3 – A typical risk assessment for the use of lifting equipment ELECTRICAL HAZARDS AND CONTROL 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 14.7 14.8 14.9 viii Introduction Suitability of work equipment and CE marking Use and maintenance of equipment with specific risks Information, instruction and training Maintenance and inspection Operation and working environment Users’ and hirers’ responsibilities Hand-held tools Mechanical machinery hazards Mobile work equipment Non-mechanical machinery hazards Examples of machinery hazards Practical safeguards Other safety devices Application of safeguards to the range of machines Guard construction Practice NEBOSH questions for Chapter 12 Introduction Principles of electricity and some definitions Electrical hazards and injuries General control measures for electrical hazards The selection and suitability of equipment Inspection and maintenance strategies Portable electrical appliances testing Protection against contact with live overhead power lines Practice NEBOSH questions for Chapter 14 171 171 171 173 176 178 179 180 181 182 187 189 189 189 191 191 192 193 194 195 197 199 201 201 203 206 207 214 214 215 215 215 217 220 229 229 231 234 235 237 237 237 239 244 245 247 248 251 252 Contents 15 FIRE HAZARDS AND CONTROL 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 15.6 15.7 15.8 15.9 15.10 15.11 15.12 15.13 15.14 15.15 15.16 16 CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL HEALTH HAZARDS AND CONTROL 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 16.6 16.7 16.8 16.9 16.10 16.11 16.12 16.13 16.14 17 Introduction Forms of chemical agent Forms of biological agent Classification of hazardous substances and their associated health risks Routes of entry to the human body Health hazards of specific agents Requirements of the COSHH Regulations Details of a COSHH assessment The control measures required under the COSHH Regulations Health surveillance and personal hygiene Maintenance and emergency controls Control of asbestos Environmental considerations Practice NEBOSH questions for Chapter 16 PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH HAZARDS AND CONTROL 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 17.6 17.7 17.8 17.9 18 Introduction The Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order (RRFSO) – Requirements Basic principles of fire Methods of extinction Classification of fire Principles of heat transmission and fire spread Common causes of fire and consequences Fire risk assessment Fire detection and warning Means of escape in case of fire Principles of fire protection in buildings Provision of fire-fighting equipment Maintenance and testing of fire-fighting equipment Planning for an emergency and training staff Fire procedures and people with a disability Practice NEBOSH questions for Chapter 15 Appendix 15.1 – Fire risk assessment as recommended in Fire Safety Guides Appendix 15.2 – Example form for recording significant findings as published in 2006 Introduction Task and workstation design Work environment issues Noise Heat and radiation hazards The causes and prevention of workplace stress The causes and prevention of workplace violence The effects of alcohol and drugs Practice NEBOSH questions for Chapter 17 INCIDENT INVESTIGATION, RECORDING AND REPORTING 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 Introduction Reasons for incident /accident investigation Which incidents/accidents should be investigated? Investigations and causes of incidents 253 253 254 256 257 258 258 260 261 267 268 270 271 272 273 273 274 275 276 277 277 277 278 278 279 283 286 287 291 297 297 298 300 302 305 305 305 313 314 320 323 325 328 329 331 331 332 333 334 ix .. .Introduction to Health and Safety in Construction This page intentionally left blank Introduction to Health and Safety in Construction Second edition Phil Hughes MBE MSc,... Principles of fire protection in buildings Provision of fire-fighting equipment Maintenance and testing of fire-fighting equipment Planning for an emergency and training staff Fire procedures and. .. equipment and CE marking Use and maintenance of equipment with specific risks Information, instruction and training Maintenance and inspection Operation and working environment Users’ and hirers’