Tài liệu Oracle8 Administrator’s Guide pdf

Oracle8™ Administrator’s Guide Release 8.0 December, 1997 Part No A58397-01 Oracle8 Administrator’s Guide Part No A58397-01 Release 8.0 Copyright © 1997, Oracle Corporation All rights reserved Primary Author: Joyce Fee Graphic Designer: Valarie Moore Contributors: John Bellemore, Atif Chaudhry, Sandra Cheevers, Connie Dialeris, John Frazzini, Mike Hartstein, Bhaskar Himatsingka, Alex Ho, Wei Huang, Ken Jacobs, Robert Jenkins, Val Kane, Andre Kruglikov, Bill Lee, Nina Lewis, Phil Locke, Diana Lorentz, Ekrem Soylemez, Jags Srinivasan, Ashwini Surpur, Alex Tsukerman The programs are not intended for use in any nuclear, aviation, mass transit, medical, or other inherently dangerous applications It shall be licensee's responsibility to take all appropriate fail-safe, back up, redundancy and other measures to ensure the safe use of such applications if the Programs are used for such purposes, and Oracle disclaims liability for any damages caused by such use of the Programs This Program contains proprietary information of Oracle Corporation; it is provided under a license agreement containing restrictions on use and disclosure and is also protected by copyright patent and other intellectual property law Reverse engineering of the software is prohibited The information contained in this document is subject to change without notice If you find any problems in the documentation, please report them to us in writing Oracle Corporation does not warrant that this document is error free If this Program is delivered to a U.S Government Agency of the Department of Defense, then it is delivered with Restricted Rights and the following legend is applicable: Restricted Rights Legend Programs delivered subject to the DOD FAR Supplement are 'commercial computer software' and use, duplication and disclosure of the Programs shall be subject to the licensing restrictions set forth in the applicable Oracle license agreement Otherwise, Programs delivered subject to the Federal Acquisition Regulations are 'restricted computer software' and use, duplication and disclosure of the Programs shall be subject to the restrictions in FAR 52 227-14, Rights in Data General, including Alternate III (June 1987) Oracle Corporation, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood City, CA 94065 Oracle, SQL*Loader, Secure Network Services, and SQL*Plus are registered trademarks of Oracle Corporation, Redwood Shores, California Oracle Call Interface, Oracle8, Oracle Parallel Server, Oracle Forms, Oracle TRACE, Oracle Expert, Oracle Enterprise Manager, Oracle Server Manager, Net8, PL/SQL, and Pro*C are trademarks of Oracle Corporation, Redwood Shores, California All other products or company names are used for identification purposes only, and may be trademarks of their respective owners Contents Send Us Your Comments xix Preface xxi Part I Basic Database Administration The Oracle Database Administrator Types of Oracle Users Database Administrators Security Officers Application Developers Application Administrators Database Users Network Administrators Database Administrator Security and Privileges The Database Administrator’s Operating System Account Database Administrator Usernames The DBA Role Database Administrator Authentication Selecting an Authentication Method Using Operating System Authentication OSOPER and OSDBA Using an Authentication Password File Password File Administration 1-2 1-2 1-3 1-3 1-3 1-3 1-4 1-4 1-4 1-5 1-6 1-6 1-6 1-7 1-8 1-9 1-9 iii Using ORAPWD Setting REMOTE_LOGIN_ PASSWORDFILE Adding Users to a Password File Connecting with Administrator Privileges Maintaining a Password File Database Administrator Utilities Enterprise Manager SQL*Loader Export and Import Initial Priorities of a Database Administrator Step 1: Install the Oracle Software Step 2: Evaluate the Database Server Hardware Step 3: Plan the Database Step 4: Create and Open the Database Step 5: Implement the Database Design Step 6: Back up the Database Step 7: Enroll System Users Step 8: Tune Database Performance Identifying Oracle Software Releases Release Number Format Versions of Other Oracle Software Checking Your Current Release Number Creating an Oracle Database Considerations Before Creating a Database Creation Prerequisites Using an Initial Database Migrating an Older Version of the Database Creating an Oracle Database Steps for Creating an Oracle Database Creating a Database: Example Troubleshooting Database Creation Dropping a Database Parameters DB_NAME and DB_DOMAIN iv 1-10 1-11 1-12 1-14 1-15 1-17 1-17 1-17 1-17 1-18 1-18 1-19 1-19 1-20 1-20 1-20 1-21 1-21 1-21 1-21 1-23 1-23 Oracle8 Administrator’s Guide 2-2 2-3 2-3 2-3 2-4 2-4 2-7 2-8 2-8 2-9 2-9 CONTROL_FILES DB_BLOCK_SIZE DB_BLOCK_BUFFERS PROCESSES ROLLBACK_SEGMENTS License Parameters LICENSE_MAX_SESSIONS_and LICENSE_SESSIONS WARNING LICENSE_MAX_USERS Considerations After Creating a Database Initial Tuning Guidelines Allocating Rollback Segments Choosing the Number of DB_BLOCK_LRU_LATCHES Distributing I/O 2-10 2-11 2-11 2-12 2-12 2-12 2-13 2-13 2-14 2-14 2-14 2-15 2-16 Starting Up and Shutting Down Startup Procedures Preparing to Start an Instance Starting an Instance: Scenarios Altering Database Availability Mounting a Database to an Instance Opening a Closed Database Restricting Access to an Open Database Shutdown Procedures Shutting Down a Database Under Normal Conditions Shutting Down a Database Immediately Shutdown Transactional Aborting an Instance Using Parameter Files The Sample Parameter File The Number of Parameter Files The Location of the Parameter File in Distributed Environments 3-2 3-2 3-3 3-6 3-7 3-7 3-7 3-8 3-10 3-11 3-11 3-12 3-12 3-13 3-13 3-13 v Part II Oracle Server Configuration Managing Oracle Processes Configuring Oracle for Dedicated Server Processes When to Connect to a Dedicated Server Process Configuring Oracle for Multi-Threaded Server Processes SHARED_POOL_ SIZE: Allocating Additional Space in the Shared Pool for Shared Server MTS_LISTENER_ ADDRESS: Setting the Listener Process Address MTS_SERVICE: Specifying Service Names for Dispatchers MTS_DISPATCHERS: Setting the Initial Number of Dispatchers MTS_MAX_ DISPATCHERS: Setting the Maximum Number of Dispatchers MTS_SERVERS: Setting the Initial Number of Shared Server Processes MTS_MAX_SERVERS: Setting the Maximum Number of Shared Server Processes Modifying Server Processes Changing the Minimum Number of Shared Server Processes Adding and Removing Dispatcher Processes Tracking Oracle Processes Monitoring the Processes of an Oracle Instance Trace Files, the ALERT File, and Background Processes Starting the Checkpoint Process Managing Processes for the Parallel Query Option Managing the Query Servers Variations in the Number of Query Server Processes Managing Processes for External Procedures Terminating Sessions Identifying Which Session to Terminate Terminating an Active Session Terminating an Inactive Session 4-2 4-3 4-3 4-5 4-5 4-6 4-7 4-8 4-9 4-9 4-10 4-10 4-10 4-11 4-11 4-14 4-16 4-17 4-17 4-17 4-18 4-20 4-20 4-21 4-21 Managing the Online Redo Log Planning the Online Redo Log 5-2 Multiplex the Online Redo Log 5-2 Place Online Redo Log Members on Different Disks 5-3 vi Oracle8 Administrator’s Guide Set the Size of Online Redo Log Members Choose an Appropriate Number of Online Redo Log Files Creating Online Redo Log Groups and Members Creating Online Redo Log Groups Creating Online Redo Log Members Renaming and Relocating Online Redo Log Members Dropping Online Redo Log Groups Dropping Online Redo Log Members Controlling Checkpoints and Log Switches Setting Database Checkpoint Intervals Forcing a Log Switch Forcing a Fast Database Checkpoint Without a Log Switch Verifying Blocks in Redo Log Files Clearing an Online Redo Log File Restrictions Listing Information about the Online Redo Log 5-3 5-4 5-5 5-5 5-6 5-6 5-8 5-9 5-10 5-11 5-12 5-13 5-13 5-14 5-14 5-15 Managing Control Files Guidelines for Control Files Name Control Files Multiplex Control Files on Different Disks Place Control Files Appropriately Manage the Size of Control Files Creating Control Files Creating Initial Control Files Creating Additional Copies of the Control File, and Renaming and Relocating Control Files New Control Files Creating New Control Files Troubleshooting After Creating Control Files Checking for Missing or Extra Files Handling Errors During CREATE CONTROLFILE Dropping Control Files 6-2 6-2 6-2 6-3 6-3 6-3 6-4 6-4 6-5 6-6 6-8 6-8 6-9 6-9 vii Managing Job Queues SNP Background Processes Multiple SNP processes Starting up SNP processes Managing Job Queues DBMS_JOB Package Submitting a Job to the Job Queue How Jobs Execute Removing a Job From the Job Queue Altering a Job Broken Jobs Forcing a Job to Execute Terminating a Job Viewing Job Queue Information Part III Oracle Server Configuration Managing Tablespaces Guidelines for Managing Tablespaces Using Multiple Tablespaces Specifying Tablespace Storage Parameters Assigning Tablespace Quotas to Users Creating Tablespaces Creating a Temporary Tablespace Managing Tablespace Allocation Altering Storage Settings for Tablespaces Coalescing Free Space Altering Tablespace Availability Bringing Tablespaces Online Taking Tablespaces Offline Making a Tablespace Read-Only Prerequisites Making a Read-Only Tablespace Writeable Creating a Read-Only Tablespace on a WORM Device viii 7-2 7-3 7-3 7-4 7-4 7-6 7-10 7-12 7-12 7-14 7-15 7-16 7-16 Oracle8 Administrator’s Guide 8-2 8-2 8-3 8-3 8-3 8-5 8-6 8-6 8-6 8-8 8-8 8-9 8-11 8-12 8-13 8-13 Dropping Tablespaces 8-14 Viewing Information About Tablespaces 8-15 Managing Datafiles Guidelines for Managing Datafiles Number of Datafiles Set the Size of Datafiles Place Datafiles Appropriately Store Datafiles Separately From Redo Log Files Creating and Adding Datafiles to a Tablespace Changing a Datafile’s Size Enabling and Disabling Automatic Extension for a Datafile Manually Resizing a Datafile Altering Datafile Availability Bringing Datafiles Online in ARCHIVELOG Mode Taking Datafiles Offline in NOARCHIVELOG Mode Renaming and Relocating Datafiles Renaming and Relocating Datafiles for a Single Tablespace Renaming and Relocating Datafiles for Multiple Tablespaces Verifying Data Blocks in Datafiles Viewing Information About Datafiles 10 9-2 9-2 9-4 9-4 9-4 9-5 9-5 9-5 9-6 9-7 9-8 9-8 9-8 9-9 9-10 9-12 9-13 Guidelines for Managing Schema Objects Managing Space in Data Blocks The PCTFREE Parameter The PCTUSED Parameter Selecting Associated PCTUSED and PCTFREE Values Setting Storage Parameters Storage Parameters You Can Specify Setting INITRANS and MAXTRANS Setting Default Storage Parameters for Segments in a Tablespace Setting Storage Parameters for Data Segments Setting Storage Parameters for Index Segments Setting Storage Parameters for LOB Segments 10-2 10-2 10-4 10-6 10-7 10-7 10-9 10-10 10-10 10-10 10-11 ix Changing Values for Storage Parameters Understanding Precedence in Storage Parameters Deallocating Space Viewing the High Water Mark Issuing Space Deallocation Statements Understanding Space Use of Datatypes Summary of Oracle Datatypes 11 10-11 10-11 10-13 10-13 10-13 10-17 10-20 Managing Partitioned Tables and Indexes What Are Partitioned Tables and Indexes? 11-2 Creating Partitions 11-2 Maintaining Partitions 11-3 Moving Partitions 11-4 Adding Partitions 11-5 Dropping Partitions 11-6 Truncating Partitions 11-8 Splitting Partitions 11-10 Merging Partitions 11-12 Exchanging Table Partitions 11-13 Rebuilding Index Partitions 11-16 Moving the Time Window in a Historical Table 11-16 Quiescing Applications During a Multi-Step Maintenance Operation 11-17 12 Managing Tables Guidelines for Managing Tables Design Tables Before Creating Them Specify How Data Block Space Is to Be Used Specify Transaction Entry Parameters Specify the Location of Each Table Parallelize Table Creation Consider Creating UNRECOVERABLE Tables Estimate Table Size and Set Storage Parameters Plan for Large Tables Table Restrictions Creating Tables x Oracle8 Administrator’s Guide 12-2 12-2 12-3 12-3 12-3 12-4 12-4 12-5 12-5 12-6 12-6 non-clustered tables estimating size of, A-2 NOT NULL constraint, 17-20 NUMBER datatype, 10-17 O objects, schema cascading effects on revoking, 21-21 default tablespace for, 20-13 granting privileges, 21-17 in a revoked tablespace, 20-15 owned by dropped users, 20-17 privileges with, 21-9 revoking privileges, 21-19 offline datafiles, 9-8 offline rollback segments about, 18-11 bringing online, 18-11 when to use, 18-11 offline tablespaces altering, 8-8 priorities, 8-9 rollback segments and, 18-11 online datafiles, 9-8 online redo log, 5-2 creating groups, 5-5 creating members, 5-6 dropping groups, 5-8 dropping members, 5-9 forcing a log switch, 5-12 guidelines for configuring, 5-2 location of, 5-3 managing, 5-1 moving files, 5-8 multi-plexing, 5-2 number of files, 5-4 privileges adding groups, 5-5 dropping groups, 5-8 dropping members, 5-9 forcing a log switch, 5-13 renaming files, 5-8 renaming members, 5-6 STALE members, 5-9 Index-16 storing separately from datafiles, 9-4 unavailable when database is opened, 3-3 viewing information about, 5-15 online rollback segments about, 18-11 bringing rollback segments online, 18-11 taking offline, 18-12 when new, 18-8 online tablespaces altering, 8-8 opening a database after creation, 1-20 mounted database, 3-7 operating system accounts, 21-24 auditing with, 22-2 authentication, 21-23 database administratorsrequirementsfor', 1-4 deleting datafiles, 8-14 enabling and disabling roles, 21-26 limit of number of open files, 9-2 Oracle7 process names, 4-13 renaming and relocating files, 9-9 role identification, 21-24 roles and, 21-23 security in, 19-3 OPTIMAL storage parameter, 18-6 Oracle blocks, 2-11 Oracle Parallel Server, 5-12 Oracle7 Server complying with license agreement, 20-2 identifying releases, 1-21 installing, 1-18 processes checkpoint (CKPT), 4-16 monitoring, 4-11 operating-system names, 4-13 service names for dispatchers, 4-6 trace files fpr, 4-14 Oracle7 Server processes processes dedicated server processes, 4-2 identifying and managing, 4-11 ORAPWD utility, 1-9 OS authentication, 1-7 OS_ROLES parameter operating-system authorization and, REMOTE_OS_ROLES and, 21-26 using, 21-24 owner of a queued job, 7-8 21-14 P packages privileges for recompiling, 17-27 recompiling, 17-27 parallel mode of the database, 3-5 parallel query option number of server processes, 4-17 parallelizing index creation, 14-5 parallelizing table creation, 12-4 query servers, 4-17 Parallel Server ALTER CLUSTER ALLOCATE EXTENT, 15-10 archive log file name format, 23-12 datafile upper bound for instances, 9-3 forcing a checkpoint for the local instance, 5-13 licensed session limit and, 2-13 limits on named users and, 20-6 LOG_CHECKPOINT_TIMEOUT and, 5-12 named users and, 2-13 own rollback segments, 18-3 sequence numbers and, 13-11 session and warning limits, 20-4 specifying thread for archiving, 23-8 V$THREAD view, 5-15 PARALLEL_MAX_SERVERS parameter, 4-17 PARALLEL_MIN_SERVERS parameter, 4-17 PARALLEL_SERVER_IDLE_TIME parameter, 4-17 parameter files character set of, 3-13 choosing for startup, 3-3 creating for database creation, 2-4 default for instance startup, 3-3 editing, 3-13 editing before database creation, 2-5 individual parameter names, 2-9 location of, 3-13 minimum set of, 2-9 number of, 3-13 sample of, 3-13 using, 3-13 partition adding to index, 11-5 dropping from index, 11-8 PARTITION clause CREATE TABLE command, 11-2 partitioned index merging, 11-12 rebuilding partitions, 11-16 partitioned objects, 11-1 to 11-17 adding, 11-5 creating, 11-2 definition, 11-2 maintaining, 11-3 to 11-17 merging, 11-12 moving, 11-4 quiescing applications during maintenance of, 11-17 splitting partition, 11-10 truncating, 11-8 partitioned table adding partitions, 11-5 converting to non-partitioned, 11-13 merging partitions, 11-12, 11-13 splitting partition, 11-10 partitioned view converting to partitioned table, 11-14 passwords altering user passwords, 20-17 authentication file for, 1-9 changing for roles, 21-15 initial for SYS and SYSTEM, 1-5 password file , 1-12 creating, 1-9 OS authentication, 1-7 relocating, 1-15 removing, 1-16 state of, 1-16 privileges for changing for roles, 21-13 privileges to alter, 20-16 roles, 21-13 security policy for users, 19-4 Index-17 setting REMOTE_LOGIN_PASSWORD parameter, 1-11 user authentication, 20-8 patch release number, 1-22 PCTFREE storage parameter altering, 12-8 block overhead and, 10-6 clustered tables, 10-4 default, 10-3 guidelines for setting, 10-3 how it works, 10-2 indexes, 10-4 non-clustered tables, 10-4 PCTUSED and, 10-6 PCTINCREASE storage parameter about, 10-8 altering, 10-11 setting for the data dictionary, 17-29 PCTUSED storage parameter altering, 12-8 block overhead and, 10-6 default, 10-5 guidelines for setting, 10-5 how it works, 10-4 PCTFREE and, 10-6 performance location of datafiles and, 9-4 tuning archiving, 23-9 performance tables dynamic performance tables, 4-13 physical structure of a database, 1-19 PL/SQL program units dropped tables and, 12-10 replaced views and, 13-9 planning database creation, 2-2 relational design, 1-19 the database, 1-19 precedence of storage parameters, 10-11 predefined roles, 1-6 preface Send Us Your Comments, xix prerequisites for creating a database, 2-3 PRIMARY KEY constraint Index-18 disabling, 17-20 dropping associated indexes, 14-10 enabling, 17-20 enabling on creation, 14-7 foreign key references when dropped, 17-21 indexes associated with, 14-7 storage of associated indexes, 14-7 private rollback segments, 18-8 taking offline, 18-13 synonyms, 13-12 privileges, 21-2, 21-10 adding datafiles to a tablespace, 9-5 adding redo log groups, 5-5 altering default storage parameters, 8-6 dispatcher privileges, 4-11 indexes, 14-9 named user limit, 20-6 passwords, 20-17 role authentication, 21-13 rollback segments, 18-10 sequences, 13-10 tables, 12-7 users, 20-16 analyzing objects, 17-3 application developers and, 19-9 audit object, 22-11 auditing system, 22-11 auditing use of, 22-9 bringing datafiles offline and online, 9-8 bringing tablespaces online, 8-8 cascading revokes, 21-21 cluster creation, 15-6 coalescing tablespaces, 8-7 column, 21-18 CREATE SCHEMA command, 17-2 creating roles, 21-11 rollback segments, 18-8 sequences, 13-10 synonyms, 13-12 tables, 12-6 tablespaces, 8-4 users, 20-12 views, 13-2 database administrator, 1-4 disabling automatic archiving, 23-7 dropping clusters, 15-10 indexes, 14-10 online redo log members, 5-9 redo log groups, 5-8 roles, 21-16 rollback segments, 18-14 sequences, 13-12 synonyms, 13-13 tables, 12-9 views, 13-10 dropping profiles, 20-22 enabling and disabling resource limits, 20-22 enabling and disabling triggers, 17-12 enabling automatic archiving, 23-6 for changing session limits, 20-5 forcing a checkpoint, 5-13 forcing a log switch, 5-13 granting about, 21-16 object privileges, 21-17 required privileges, 21-17 system privileges, 21-16 grouping with roles, 21-11 individual privilege names, 21-2 job queues and, 7-4 listing grants, 21-28 manually archiving, 23-8 object, 21-9 on selected columns, 21-20 operating system required for database administrator, 1-4 policies for managing, 19-5 recompiling packages, 17-27 recompiling procedures, 17-27 recompiling views, 17-27 renaming datafiles of a tablespace, 9-9 datafiles of several tablespaces, 9-10 objects, 17-2 redo log members, 5-6 replacing views, 13-9 RESTRICTED SESSION system privilege, 3-4, 3-8 revoking, 21-19 ADMIN OPTION, 21-19 GRANT OPTION, 21-20 object privileges, 21-21 system privileges, 21-19 revoking object, 21-19 revoking object privileges, 21-19 setting resource costs, 20-21 SQL statements permitted by, 21-10 system, 21-2 taking tablespaces offline, 8-9 truncating, 17-11 procedures recompiling, 17-27 processes, 4-1 SNP background processes, 7-2 PROCESSES parameter setting before database creation, 2-12 profiles, 20-18 altering, 20-20 assigning to users, 20-19 composite limit, 20-20 creating, 20-19 default, 20-19 disabling resource limits, 20-22 dropping, 20-22 enabling resource limits, 20-22 listing, 20-23 managing, 20-18 privileges for dropping, 20-22 privileges to alter, 20-20 privileges to set resource costs, 20-21 PUBLIC_DEFAULT, 20-19 setting a limit to null, 20-20 viewing, 20-26 program global area (PGA) effect of MAX_ENABLED_ROLES on, 21-15 pseudo-column, 10-19 public synonyms, 13-12 public rollback segments making available for use, 18-11 taking offline, 18-13 Index-19 PUBLIC user group granting and revoking privileges to, procedures and, 21-22 PUBLIC_DEFAULT profile dropping profiles and, 20-22 using, 20-19 21-22 Q query server process about, 4-17 quotas listing, 20-23 revoking from users, 20-15 setting to zero, 20-15 tablespace, 20-14 tablespace quotas, 8-3 temporary segments and, 20-15 unlimited, 20-15 viewing, 20-25 R read-only tablespaces altering to writable, 8-13 creating, 8-11 datafiles, 9-7 on a WORM device, 8-13 REBUILD PARTITION clause ALTER INDEX command, 11-5, 11-16 recompiling automatically, 17-27 functions, 17-27 packages, 17-27 procedures, 17-27 views, 17-27 recovery creating new control files, 6-5 effects of archiving on, 23-2 startup with automatic, 3-5 redo log archived redo log, 23-2 online redo log, 5-1 redo log files archived redo log files, 23-4 Index-20 log sequence numbers of defined, 5-2 multi-plexing overview of, 5-2 online, 5-2 viewing, 2-8 REFERENCES privilege CASCADE CONSTRAINTS option, 21-20 revoking, 21-20 referential integrity constraints dropping table partition with, 11-7 truncating table partition with, 11-9 relational design planning, 1-19 releases checking the release number, 1-23 identifying for Oracle7 Server, 1-21 maintenance release number, 1-22 patch release number, 1-22 port-specific release number, 1-22 versions of other Oracle software, 1-23 relocating control files, 6-4 datafiles, 9-8, 9-10 remote connections connecting as INTERNAL, 1-14, 1-15, 1-16, 1-17, 1-19, 1-20, 1-21, 1-22, 1-23 connecting as SYSOPER/SYSDBA, 1-14 password files, 1-9 REMOTE_LOGIN_PASSWORDFILE parameter, 1-11 REMOTE_OS_AUTHENT parameter setting, 20-10 REMOTE_OS_ROLES parameter setting, 21-14, 21-26 RENAME command, 17-2 Rename Data File dialog, 9-9 Rename Online Redo Log Member dialog box, 5-7 renaming control files, 6-4 datafiles, 9-8, 9-10 datafiles with a single table, 9-9 online redo log members, 5-6 schema objects, 17-2 replacing views, 13-9 resource limits altering in profiles, 20-20 assigning with profiles, 20-19 composite limits and, 20-20 costs and, 20-21 creating profiles and, 20-19 disabling, 20-22 enabling, 20-22 privileges to enable and disable, 20-22 privileges to set costs, 20-21 profiles, 20-18 PUBLIC_DEFAULT profile and, 20-19 service units, 20-20 setting to null, 20-20 RESOURCE role, 21-12 RESOURCE_LIMIT parameter enabling and disabling limits, 20-22 resources profiles, 20-18 responsibilities of a database administrator, 1-2 of database users, 1-3 RESTRICTED SESSION privilege instances in restricted mode, 3-7 restricted mode and, 3-4 session limits and, 20-3 restricting access to database starting an instance, 3-4 REVOKE command, 21-19 when takes effect, 21-22 Revoke System Privileges/Roles dialog, 21-19 revoking privileges and roles SYSOPER/DBA privileges, 1-13 revoking privileges and roles on selected columns, 21-20 REVOKE command, 21-19 shortcuts for object privileges, 21-10 when using operating-system roles, 21-25 roles ADMIN OPTION and, 21-16 application developers and, 19-10 authorization, 21-13 backward compatibility, 21-12 changing authorization for, 21-15 changing passwords, 21-15 CONNECT role, 21-12 database authorization, 21-13 DBA role, 1-6, 21-12 default, 20-17 dropping, 21-15 EXP_FULL_DATABASE, 21-12 GRANT command, 21-26 GRANT OPTION and, 21-18 granting about, 21-16 grouping with roles, 21-11 IMP_FULL_DATABASE, 21-12 listing, 21-30 listing grants, 21-28 listing privileges and roles in, 21-30 management using the operating system, 21-23 managing, 21-11 multi-byte characters in names, 21-11 multi-byte characters in passwords, 21-13 multi-threaded server and, 21-14 operating system granting of, 21-24, 21-26 operating-system authorization, 21-14 OS management and the multi-threaded server, 21-26 passwords for enabling, 21-13 predefined, 1-6, 21-12 privileges changing authorization method, 21-13 changing passwords, 21-13 for creating, 21-11 for dropping, 21-16 granting system privileges or roles, 21-16 RESOURCE role, 21-12 REVOKE command, 21-26 revoking, 21-19 revoking ADMIN OPTION, 21-19 security and, 19-6 SET ROLE command, 21-26 unique names for, 21-11 without authorization, 21-14 rollback segments acquiring automatically, 18-3, 18-12 Index-21 acquiring on startup, 2-12 allocating, 2-14 altering public, 18-10 altering storage parameters, 18-9 AVAILABLE, 18-11 bringing online, 18-11 online automatically, 18-12 online when new, 18-8 PARTLY AVAILABLE segment online, 18-12 checking if offline, 18-13 choosing how many, 2-14 choosing size for, 2-14 creating, 18-8 creating after database creation, 18-3 creating public and private, 18-3 decreasing size of, 18-10 deferred, 18-17 displaying all deferred rollback segments, 18-17 deferred rollback segments, 18-17 information on, 18-15 PENDING OFFLINE segments, 18-16 displaying names of all, 18-16 dropping, 18-14 equally sized extents, 18-5 explicitly assigning transactions to, 18-13 guidelines for managing, 18-2 initial, 18-2 invalid status, 18-15 listing extents in, 17-35 location of, 18-7 making available for use, 18-11 managing, 18-1 monitoring, 18-6, 18-15 OFFLINE, 18-11 offline rollback segments, 18-11 offline status, 18-12 online rollback segments, 18-11 online status, 18-12 PARTLY AVAILABLE, 18-11 PENDING OFFLINE, 18-13 privileges for dropping, 18-14 required to alter, 18-10 Index-22 required to create, 18-8 setting size of, 18-4 status for dropping, 18-14 status or state, 18-11 storage parameters, 18-9 storage parameters and, 18-8 SYSTEM rollback segment, 18-3 taking offline, 18-12 taking tablespaces offline and, 8-11 transactions and, 18-13 using multiple, 18-2 ROLLBACK_SEGMENTS parameter adding rollback segments to, 18-8 setting before database creation, 2-12 ROWID datatype, 10-19 ROWID pseudo-column, 10-19 rows chaining across blocks, 10-4, 17-9 violating integrity constraints, 17-16 S schema objects auditing, 22-9 creating multiple objects, 17-2 default audit options, 22-11 dependencies between, 17-25 disabling audit options, 22-13 enabling audit options on, 22-11 listing by type, 17-34 listing information, 17-32 privileges to access, 21-9 privileges to rename, 17-2 renaming, 17-2, 17-3 SCN, 9-13 security accessing a database, 19-2 administrator of, 19-2 application developers and, 19-9 auditing policies, 19-18 authentication of users, 19-2 data, 19-3 database administratorsresponsibilities', database security, 19-2 database users and, 19-2 1-4 establishing policies, 19-1 general users, 19-4 multi-byte characters in role names, 21-11 in role passwords, 21-13 in user names, 20-13 in user passwords, 20-13 operating-system security and the database, 19-3 policies for database administrators, 19-7 privilege management policies, 19-5 privileges, 19-2 protecting the audit trail, 22-17 REMOTE_OS_ROLES parameter, 21-26 roles to force security, 19-6 security officer, 1-3 sensitivity, 19-3 segments data and index default storage parameters, 10-10 data dictionary, 17-29 displaying information on, 17-35 monitoring, 18-15 rollback, 18-1 temporary storage parameters, 10-12 Send Us Your Comments boilerplate, xix sensitivity security, 19-3 SEQUENCE_CACHE_ENTRIES parameter, 13-11 sequences altering, 13-11 creating, 13-10 dropping, 13-12 initialization parameters, 13-11 managing, 13-10 Parallel Server and, 13-11 privileges for altering, 13-10 privileges for creating, 13-10 privileges for dropping, 13-12 server units composite limits and, 20-20 servers dedicated multi-threaded contrasted with, 4-3 multi-threaded dedicated contrasted with, 4-3 service name for dispatcher in multi-threaded server, 4-6 session limits, license setting initially, 2-13 session monitor, 4-12 session, user active, 4-21 inactive, 4-21 marked to be terminated, 4-21 terminating, 4-20 viewing terminated sessions, 4-21 sessions auditing connections and disconnections, 22-8 limits per instance, 20-2 listing privilege domain of, 21-29 number of concurrent sessions, 2-13 Parallel Server session limits, 2-13 setting maximum for instance, 20-4 setting warning limit for instance, 20-4 viewing current number and high water mark, 20-7 viewing memory use, 20-27 SET ROLE command how password is set, 21-13 when using operating-system roles, 21-26 Set Rollback Segment Offline dialog, 18-12 Set Rollback Segment Online dialog, 18-11 Set Rollback Segment Storage dialog, 18-8 Set Tablespace Online dialog, 8-8 Set Tablespace Storage dialog box, 8-6 SET TRANSACTION command USE ROLLBACK SEGMENT option, 18-13 SGA determing buffers in cache, 2-11 shared mode rollback segments and, 18-3 shared pool ANALYZE command and, 17-8 multi-threaded server and, 4-5 shared server processes changing the minimum number of, 4-10 maximum number of, 4-9 number to start initially, 4-9 Index-23 privileges to change number of, 4-10 trace files for, 4-14 shared SQL areas ANALYZE command and, 17-8 shortcuts CONNECT, for auditing, 22-8 object auditing, 22-10 object privileges, 21-10 statement level auditing options, 22-8 Shut Down menu, 3-8 Abort Instance option, 3-12 Immediate option, 3-11 Normal option, 3-10 SHUTDOWN command, 3-8 ABORT option, 3-12 IMMEDIATE option, 3-11 NORMAL option, 3-11 shutting down a database, 3-1 shutting down an instance aborting the instance, 3-12 connecting and, 3-8 connecting as INTERNAL, 3-9 example of, 3-11 general procedures, 3-8 immediately, 3-11 normally, 3-10 size clusters, A-10 datafile, 9-4 hash clusters, 16-4 on non-clusterd tables, A-2 rollback segments, 18-4 snapshot logs storage parameters, 10-10 snapshots storage parameters, 10-10 too old OPTIMAL storage parameter and, 18-6 SNP background processes about, 7-2 software versions, 1-21 SORT_AREA_SIZE parameter index creation and, 14-3 space adding to the database, 8-4 Index-24 used by indexes, 14-9 space management PCTFREE, 10-2 PCTUSED, 10-4 SPLIT PARTITION clause, 11-11 ALTER INDEX command, 11-11 ALTER TABLE command, 11-5, 11-10 SQL statements disabling audit options, 22-12 enabling audit options on, 22-10 privileges required for, 21-10 SQL trace facility when to enable, 4-16 SQL*Loader about, 1-17 indexes and, 14-3 SQL_TRACE parameter trace files and, 4-14 STALE status of redo log members, 5-9 Start Automatic Archiving dialog, 23-13 Start Up Instance dialog box, 3-2 Force check box, 3-5 Mount radio button, 3-4 Nomount radio button, 3-3 Open radio button, 3-4 Restrict to DBAs check box, 3-5 specifying a parameter file, 3-3 starting a database about, 3-1 general procedures, 3-2 starting an instance at database creation, 3-3 automatically at system startup, 3-6 connecting as INTERNAL, 3-2 database closed and mounted, 3-3 database name conflicts and, 2-9 dispatcher processes and, 4-7 enabling automatic archiving, 23-6 examples of, 3-5 exclusive mode, 3-5 forcing, 3-5 general procedures, 3-2 mounting and opening the database, 3-4 multi-threaded server and, 3-2 normally, 3-4 parallel mode, 3-5 parameter files, 3-3 problems encountered while, 3-5 recovery and, 3-5 remote instance startup, 3-6 restricted mode, 3-4 specifying database name, 3-2 with multi-threaded servers, 4-5 without mounting a database, 3-3 starting Server Manager, 2-6 STARTUP command, 3-2 FORCE option, 3-5 MOUNT option, 3-4 NOMOUNT option, 3-3 OPEN option, 3-4 RECOVER option, 3-5 RESTRICT option, 3-5 specifying database name, 3-2 specifying parameter file, 3-3 statistics updating, 17-4 Stop Auto Archive menu option, 23-7 storage altering tablespaces, 8-6 quotas and, 20-14 revoking tablespaces and, 20-15 unlimited quotas, 20-15 storage parameters applicable objects, 10-7 changing settings, 10-11 data dictionary, 17-29 default, 10-7 for the data dictionary, 17-29 INITIAL, 10-7, 12-8 INITRANS, 10-9, 12-8 MAXEXTENTS, 10-8 MAXTRANS, 10-9, 12-8 MINEXTENTS, 10-8, 12-8 NEXT, 10-8 OPTIMAL (in rollback segments), 18-6 PCTFREE, 12-8 PCTINCREASE, 10-8 PCTUSED, 12-8 precedence of, 10-11 rollback segments, 18-9 SYSTEM rollback segment, 18-10 temporary segments, 10-12 stored procedures privileges for recompiling, 17-27 using privileges granted to PUBLIC, 21-22 stream tape drive, 23-10 synonyms creating, 13-12 displaying dependencies of, 17-35 dropped tables and, 12-10 dropping, 13-13 managing, 13-12 private, 13-12 privileges for creating, 13-12 privileges for dropping, 13-13 public, 13-12 SYS initial password, 1-5 objects owned, 1-5 policies for protecting, 19-7 privileges, 1-5 user, 1-5 SYS.AUD$ audit trail, 22-2 creating and deleting, 22-4 SYSOPER/SYSDBA privileges adding users to the password file, 1-12 connecting with, 1-14 determining who has privileges, 1-13 granting and revoking, 1-13 SYSTEM initial password, 1-5 objects owned, 1-5 policies for protecting, 19-7 user, 1-5 System Change Number (SCN) checking for a datafile, 9-13 System Global Area, 2-11 System Global Area (SGA), 2-11 system privileges, 21-2 SYSTEM rollback segment adding, 18-3 altering storage parameters of, 18-10 Index-25 rollback segments, 18-3 SYSTEM tablespace cannot drop, 8-14 initial rollback segment, 18-2 non-data dictionary tables and, 12-3 restrictions on taking offline, 9-7 when created, 8-3 T table partition containing global index, 11-6 creating, 11-2 dropping, 11-6 exchanging, 11-13 merging, 11-12 merging adjacent, 11-13 splitting, 11-10 truncating, 11-8 tables adding partitions, 11-5 allocating extents, 12-9 altering, 12-7, 12-8 analyzing statistics, 17-3 clustered, 15-2 clustered tables altering, 15-9 creating, 15-7 dropping, 15-10 managing, 15-1 privileges to drop, 15-10 storage, A-16 creating, 12-7 designing before creating, 12-2 dropping, 12-9 estimating initial size, A-2 estimating size, 12-5, A-5 guidelines for managing, 12-1, 12-6 hash clustered creating, 16-5 managing, 16-1 increasing column length, 12-8 indexes and, 14-2 key-preserved, 13-5 limiting indexes on, 14-3 Index-26 location, 12-7 location of, 12-3 managing, 12-1 parallelizing creation of, 12-4 privileges for creation, 12-6 privileges for dropping, 12-9 privileges to alter, 12-7 schema of clustered, 15-7 separating from indexes, 12-6 specifying PCTFREE for, 10-4 specifying tablespace, 12-3, 12-7 storage parameters, 10-10 SYSTEM tablespace and, 12-3 temporary space and, 12-6 transaction parameters, 12-3 truncating, 17-10 UNRECOVERABLE, 12-4 validating structure, 17-9 tablespaces adding datafiles, 9-5 altering availability, 8-8 altering storage settings, 8-6 assigning defaults for users, 20-13 assigning user quotas, 8-3 bringing online, 8-8 checking default storage parameters, 8-16 coalescing, 8-6 creating, 8-3 creating additional, 8-4 default quota, 20-14 default storage parameters for, 10-10 default temporary, 20-14 dropping about, 8-14 required privileges, 8-14 guidelines for managing, 8-2 listing files of, 8-16 listing free space in, 8-17 location, 9-4 managing, 9-1 monitoring, 9-13 privileges for creating, 8-4 privileges to take offline, 8-9 quotas assigning, 8-3 quotas for users, 20-14 read-only, 8-11 revoking from users, 20-15 rollback segments required, 8-5 setting default storage parameters for, SYSTEM tablespace, 8-3 taking offline normal, 8-9 taking offline temporarily, 8-9 temporary, 20-14 unlimited quotas, 20-15 using multiple, 8-2 viewing quotas, 20-25 writable, 8-13 taking offline tablespaces, 8-9 tape drives streaming for archiving, 23-10 temporary segments index creation and, 14-3 temporary space allocating, 12-6 terminating a user session, 4-20 terminating sessions active sessions, 4-21 identifying sessions, 4-20 inactive session, example, 4-21 inactive sessions, 4-21 test security for databases, 19-9 time window moving, in historical table, 11-16 tip object privilege shortcut, 21-10 shortcuts for auditing objects, 22-10 statement auditing shortcut, 22-8 trace files job failures and, 7-11 location of, 4-15 log writer, 4-15 size of, 4-15 using, 4-14, 4-15 when written, 4-16 trailing nulls, A-10 transaction entries 8-3 guidelines for storage, 10-9 transactions assigning to specific rollback segment, 18-13 rollback segments and, 18-13 TRANSACTIONS parameter using, 18-2 TRANSACTIONS_PER_ROLLBACK_SEGMENT parameter using, 18-2 triggers auditing, 22-21 disabling, 17-13 dropped tables and, 12-10 enabling, 17-13 examples, 22-21 privileges for controlling, 21-10 privileges for enabling and disabling, 17-12 TRUNCATE command, 17-10 DROP STORAGE option, 17-11 REUSE STORAGE option, 17-11 TRUNCATE PARTITION clause ALTER TABLE command, 11-8 truncating clusters, 17-10 partitioned objects, 11-8 privileges for, 17-11 tables, 17-10 Trusted Oracle7 Server controlling database access, 20-1 managing tablespaces and datafiles, 9-2 managing users and resources, 20-1 tuning archiving, 23-9 databases, 1-21 initially, 2-14 U UNIQUE key constraints disabling, 17-20 dropping associated indexes, 14-10 enabling, 17-20 enabling on creation, 14-7 foreign key references when dropped, indexes associated with, 14-7 17-21 Index-27 storage of associated indexes, 14-7 UNLIMITED TABLESPACE privilege, 20-15 unrecoverable tables, 12-4 unrecoverable indexes indexes, 14-5 UPDATE privilege revoking, 21-20 Use, 20-11 USER_DUMP_DEST parameter, 4-15 USER_EXTENTS, 9-13 USER_FREE, 8-15, 9-13 USER_INDEXES view filling with data, 17-6 USER_SEGMENTS, 8-15, 9-13 USER_TAB_COLUMNS view filling with data, 17-6 USER_TABLES view filling with data, 17-6 USER_TABLESPACES, 8-15, 9-13 usernames SYS and SYSTEM, 1-5 users altering, 20-16 assigning profiles to, 20-19 assigning tablespace quotas, 8-3 assigning unlimited quotas for, 20-15 auhentication database authentication, 20-8 authentication about, 19-2, 20-7 changing authentication method, 20-17 changing default roles, 20-17 changing passwords, 20-17 composite limits and, 20-20 default tablespaces, 20-13 dropping, 20-17 dropping profiles and, 20-22 dropping roles and, 21-15 end-user security policies, 19-5 enrolling, 1-21 identification, 20-8 in a newly created database, 2-14 limiting number of, 2-13 listing, 20-23 Index-28 listing privileges granted to, 21-28 listing roles granted to, 21-28 managing, 20-12 multi-byte characters in names, 20-13 in passwords, 20-13 objects after dropping, 20-17 password security, 19-4 policies for managing privileges, 19-5 privileges for changing passwords, 20-16 privileges for creating, 20-12 privileges for dropping, 20-18 PUBLIC group, 21-22 security and, 19-2 security for general users, 19-4 session, terminating, 4-21 specifying user names, 20-12 tablespace quotas, 20-14 unique user names, 2-13, 20-6 viewing information on, 20-25 viewing memory use, 20-27 viewing tablespace quotas, 20-25 utilities Export, 1-17 for the database administrator, 1-17 Import, 1-17 SQL*Loader, 1-17 UTLCHAIN.SQL, 17-9 UTLLOCKT.SQL script, 4-12 V V$ARCHIVE view, 23-10 V$DATABASE view, 23-10 V$DATAFILE, 8-15, 9-13 V$DBFILE view, 2-8 V$DISPATCHER view controlling dispatcher process load, V$LICENSE view, 20-7 V$LOG view displaying archiving status, 23-10 online redo log and, 5-15 V$LOGFILE view, 2-8 V$PWFILE_USERS view, 1-13 V$QUEUE view 4-10 controlling dispatcher process load, 4-10 V$ROLLNAME finding PENDING OFFLINE segments, 18-16 V$ROLLSTAT finding PENDING OFFLINE segments, 18-16 V$SESSION, 7-16 V$SESSION view, 4-21 V$THREAD view, 5-15 VALIDATE STRUCTURE option, 17-9 VARCHAR2 datatype, 10-17 space use of, 10-17 versions, 1-21 of other Oracle software, 1-23 view partitioned converting to partitioned table, 11-14 views creating, 13-2 creating with errors, 13-4 displaying dependencies of, 17-35 dropped tables and, 12-10 dropping, 13-10 FOR UPDATE clause and, 13-3 managing, 13-1, 13-10 ORDER BY clause and, 13-3 privileges, 13-2 privileges for dropping, 13-10 privileges for recompiling, 17-27 privileges to replace, 13-9 recompiling, 17-27 replacing, 13-9 wildcards in, 13-3 WITH CHECK OPTION, 13-3 violating integrity constraints, 17-16 wildcards in views, 13-3 WORM devices and read-only tablespaces, writable tablespaces, 8-13 8-13 W warning changing data dictionary storage parameters, 17-29 creating a rollback segment, 2-12 disabling audit options, 22-12 enabling auditing, 22-10 setting the CONTROL_FILES parameter, use mirrored control files, 6-2 2-10 Index-29 Index-30 ... Chapter The Oracle8 Administrator’s Guide contains information that describes the features and functionality of the Oracle8 and the Oracle8 Enterprise Edition products Oracle8 and Oracle8 Enterprise... Space Required by Hash Clusters A-16 Index xviii Oracle8 Administrator’s Guide Send Us Your Comments Oracle8 Administrator’s Guide, 8.0 Part No A58397-01 Oracle Corporation welcomes your... intervals See Also: See the Oracle8 Backup and Recovery Guide for instructions on customizing your backup operations and performing recovery procedures 1-20 Oracle8 Administrator’s Guide Identifying Oracle