Tài liệu Intermediate pdf

- - -    - - - Intermediate UNIT 7 GRAMMAR: INFINITIVE Infinitive as Subject a) We can use the to-infinitive as a subject (eg To know how to drive is useful) but this is unusual. When we use the to-infinitive as a subject, it is more usual to begin the sentence with it (as a "preparatory subject"). It is useful to know how to drive. It isn't expensive to play tennis in England. b) The infinitive is the complement of subject + BE Your mistake was to send him that letter. Verb + infinitive Salesman: As you see, when we try to clean even the dirtiest part of your carpet there is no problem for this vacuum-cleaner. Customer: But how easily can I learn to operate this machine? It seems to be extremely complicated to me. Salesman: If you want to know how to get the best out of your new Dirt-Up vacuum cleaner you should read this brochure. It tells you everything you need to know. If these verbs are followed by another verb, the structure is usually verb + to-infinitive: 1. afford I can't afford to buy it. 2. agree They agreed to help us. 3. appear She appears to be tired. 4. arrange I'll arrange to meet you at the airport. 5. decide I have decided to leave on Monday. 6. expect I expect to be back on Sunday. 7. fail She failed to return the book to the library on time. 8. forget I forgot to mail the letter. 9. happen I happened to be passing his house at that time. 10. hope Jack hopes to arrive next week. 11. intend He intended to meet me at the station. 12. learn He learned to play the piano. 13. manage She managed to finish her work early. 14. mean I didn't mean to hurt your feelings. 15. need I need to have your opinion. 16. offer They offered to help us. 17. plan I am planning to have a party. 18. prepare We prepared to welcome them. 19. pretend He pretends not to understand. 20. promise I promise not to be late. 21. prove He proved to be a good doctor. 22. refuse I refuse to believe his story. 23. seem The dog seems to be friendly. 24. threaten They threatened to tell my parents. 25. want I want to tell you something. 26. wish She wishes to come with us. There is a continuous infinitive (to be doing) and a perfect infinitive (to have done). We use these especially after seem, appear, happen and pretend: I pretended to be reading. (= I pretended that I was reading.) You seem to have lost weight. (= It seems that you have lost weight.) She appeared to have been cleaning the house since the morning. (= It appeared that she had been cleaning the house since the morning.) After the following verbs you can use a question word (what/ where/how etc.) + to-infinitive: ask decide know remember forget explain understand I don't know what to say. We asked how to get to the station. Have you decided where to go for your holidays? I'll explain what to do later on. I don't know whether to go to the party or not. We often use this structure with an object + question word + to-infinitive. I'll show you how to play chess. Somebody told me where to buy a ticket. Alec: I don't know where to go and what to do. George: Why don't you go to the cinema? There are a couple of good films on at the moment. Alec: That's another problem. I don't know which to see. I don't know whether to choose "Star Wars" or "Love Story". Verb + object + infinitive I. These verbs normally take the structure verb + object + to-infinitive: 1. advise She advised me to wait until tomorrow. 2. allow She allowed me to use her car. 3. ask I asked John to help us. 4. beg They begged us to come. 5. convince I couldn't convince him to accept our offer. 6. expect I expect you to be on time. 7. forbid I forbid you to tell him. 8. force They forced him to tell the truth. 9. get (= persuade) She got her son to do his homework. 10. hire She hired a boy to mow the lawn. 11. instruct He instructed them to be careful. 12. invite Harry invited the Johnsons to come to his party. 13. order The judge ordered me to pay a fine. 14. permit He permitted the children to stay up late. 15. persuade I persuaded him to come for a visit. 16. remind She reminded me to lock the door. 17. teach My brother taught me to swim. 18. tell The doctor told me to take these pills. 19. urge I urged her to apply for the j ob. 20. want I want you to be happy. 21. warn I warned you not to drive so fast. Note: After help you can use the infinitive with to or without to: Can somebody help me (to) move this table? 2. Make (= force), have (= ask) and let (= allow) These verbs have the structure verb + infinitive without to: I only did it because they made me do it.(= forced me to do it) Hot weather makes me feel uncomfortable. (= causes me to feel) Jane had the waiter bring her some tea. (= asked) I had the plumber repair the leak. (= asked) They let their children stay up late at weekends. (= allow) Will you let me use your camera? (= allow) Compare the use of causative verbs make, have, get: a) I made my brother carry my suitcase. (= forced) b) I had my brother carry my suitcase. (= asked) c) I got my brother to carry my suitcase. (= persuaded) Note: After the passive verb the infinitive is always with to: Everyone was made to take the exam. We do not use the verb letin the passive. We use allow instead. Mr Jones was allowed to leave early. / want (you) to speak to him There are two possible structures after these words: want, expect, hate, like, dislike, love, cannot bear, prefer, wish, would like, would prefer. verb + to-infinitive I want to help her. We expected to be late. He would like to come. I'd prefer to stay at home. I hate to be punished. verb + object + to-infinitive I want him to help her. We expected her to be late. He would like me to come. I'd prefer you to stay at home. I hate him to be punished. I cannot bear to read in bed. I cannot bear him to read in bed. / know him to be an honest man We can use that or to-infinitive after these verbs to refer to people or things: believe, consider, find, imagine, know, suppose, think. Instead of: People know (that) he is an honest man. We can say: People know him to be an honest man. Instead of: I thought that the lecture was useful. We can say: I thought the lecture to be useful. It is said that he ./He is said to . etc. 1. When we talk about what other people say, believe, etc. we can use two possible passive forms. Compare: Active: People say that Mr Ross is a millionaire. Passive (I): It + passive + that-clause It is said that Mr Ross is a millionaire. Passive (2): Subject + passive + to-infinitive Mr Ross is said to be a millionaire. We often use these passive forms in a formal style and with verbs such as: say, think, believe, consider, know, report, expect — It is believed that they own a lot of land in the north. They are believed to own a lot of land in the north. — It is reported that the president is seriously ill. The president is reported to be seriously ill. — It is expected that a new law will be introduced next year. A new law is expected to be introduced next year. When the belief, etc refers to an earlier action, we use the perfect infinitive. Compare: — It is believed that the fire started late last night. The fire is believed to have started late last night. — It was thought that two prisoners had escaped. Two prisoners were thought to have escaped. 2. Be supposed to We can use supposed to to mean "said to ". — I'd like to read that book. It's supposed to be very good. (= It is said to be very good.) — He's supposed to have been married before. (= He is said to have been married before.) Supposed to sometimes suggests some doubt about whether something is true or not. Note that we also use supposed to to say what people are expected to do because of an arrangement, a rule, or a duty eg I'm supposed to see Maria this afternoon. Infinitive of purpose Jill: Hi, Sally. I've come to show you my new records. I went to buy a sweater, but then I heard this record playing . Sally: I suppose when you go to buy records you usually come out of the shop with clothes! a) The infinitive with to frequently expresses purpose, indicating that one action will follow another: — I have come to apologise. — I sent Mrs Bacon a bunch of flowers to thank her for the party. — We shouted to warn everyone of the danger. You can also use in order or so as + to-mfinitive: — We shouted in order to warn everyone of the danger. (so as) — Some speakers hesitate so as to choose the right word. (in order) In order and so as + to-infinitive are more formal than the infinitive of purpose with to. I am going to England to improve my English. I am going to England in order (so as) to improve my English. Note: You can never express purpose with/or plus an infinitive. You cannot say: I am going to England for to learn English, b) So (that) So (that) is used to express purpose in the following situations: (i) with can or could I'd like to work in the afternoons so (that) I can study in the mornings. We moved to London so (that) we could visit our friends more often. (ii) when the purpose is negative: You'd better take a map so (that) you won't get lost. I hurried so that I wouldn't be late. (= because I didn't want' to be late) (iii) when the subject of the main clause is different from the subject of the purpose clause: I gave him my address so that he could contact me. He wore glasses and a false beard so that nobody would recognize him. The infinitive after nouns and pronouns Son: I'm really bored. I've got nothing to do. Mother: You're lucky! I've got the kitchen to clean, the dinner to cook and the shopping to do! Why don't you help me? You could make a cake. Son: That's all right. I've just found a comic to read! — We have a problem to discuss. (= We have a problem which we should discuss.) — I've got a comic to read. (= I've got a comic which I can read.) — I have an exercise to do. (= I have an exercise which I must do.) — The book tells you about walks to take. (= which you can take) — There are a lot of museums to visit. (= which you can visit) The infinitive after adjectives Chris: You were very kind to lend me your bike. I was just too lazy to walk all the way to the bank. Ian: That's all right. Now you can be good enough to pay me the money that you owe me. a) The to-infinitive often follows an adjective: — I'm ready to go to school. — We were sorry to hear the bad news. — I was surprised to see Tim at the meeting. b)You can use a phrase with of after adjectives: — It's good of you to come. — It was silly of Peter not to tell anyone. c) Note.—I'm eager to please. = I am very keen to please someone else. — I'm easy to please. = It is easy for someone else to please me. — He is easy to teach. = He is an easy pupil to teach, or It is easy to teach him. — George is quick to take offence. = He takes offence quickly. — This car is easy to drive. = It is easy to drive this car. — She is hard to deal with. = It is hard to deal with her. This construction is often used after the comparative and superlative of adjectives and expressions with too and enough: — It would be more interesting to go out. — The Top Club is the easiest to find. — The piano is too heavy to move. — I'm not strong enough to lift this box. — The examination was too terrible to talk about. d) The to-infinitive is often used after ordinal numerals and the adjective last: — He was the first to answer. — She was the last to leave. For + noun phrase + infinitive We use for + noun phrase + infinitive after 1. an adjective It was easy for the player to kick the ball into the empty goal.(= The player easily kicked the ball into the empty goal.) 2. a noun phrase It was a mistake for Helen to marry Bob. (= Helen married Bob, which was a mistake.) 3. a verb which usually has for after it, eg wait for They are still waiting for them to reply. (= They have not replied yet.) See someone do and see someone doing Policeman: There's been a robbery here. I want to speak to anybody who saw anything at seven o'clock this evening. Mr Jackson: I was here. I saw a car arrive at about six o'clock. The driver waited for an hour. Then I noticed him signal to somebody in the building. Then there was a loud bang inside the building. Policeman: Did you hear anybody scream or shout? Did you see anyone come out of the building? Mr Jackson: I heard someone shout "murderer". Then three men ran out, jumped into the car and drove off. a) Study this example situation: Tom got into his car and drove away. You saw this. You can say: — I saw Tom get into his car and drive away. In this structure we use the infinitive (get, drive etc.): Someone did something I saw this > I saw someone do something Remember that we use the infinitive without to: — I saw her go out. (not "to go out") But after apassive ("he was seen" etc.) we use to + infinitive: — She was seen to go out. b) Now study this example situation: Yesterday you saw Ann. She was waiting for a bus. You can say: — I saw Ann waiting for a bus. In this structure we use — ing (waiting): Someone was doing something I saw this I saw someone doing something I с) Now study the difference in meaning between the two structures: " I saw him do something" = he did something (past simple} and I saw this. I saw the complete action from beginning to end: — He fell to the ground. I saw this. Ф I saw him fall to the ground. — The accident happened. We saw this,- Ь We saw the accident happen. "I saw him doing something" = he was doing something (past continuous) and I saw this. I saw him when he was in the middle of doing something. This does not mean that I saw the complete action: — He was walking along the street. I saw this when I drove past in my car. 4J-I saw him walking along the street. When we use a present participle we emphasize experience of part of an action: 12 — I watched the boats sailing by. = Я наблюдал, как отплывают корабли. When we want to emphasize experience of the complete action we use an infinitive without to after the verb of perception: —-1 watched the boats sail by. = Я видел, как отчалили корабли. There is usually little difference in meaning between the two forms except that the -ing form usually gives the idea of "while": — I've never seen Tom dance. — I saw my friend run down the street. — I heard the rain fall on the roof. I've never seen Tom dancing. I saw my friend running down the street. I heard the rain falling on the roof. d) We use these structures especially with see and hear, and also with watch, listen to, feel and notice: — I didn't hear you come in. — I could hear it raining. — She suddenly felt someone — The missing boys were touch her on the shoulder. last seen playing near the river. — Did you notice anyone — Listen to the birds go out? singing! After smell and find you can use the -ing structure only: — Can you smell something burning? — She found him reading her letters. Would rather Would rather (do) = would prefer to do. After would rather we use the infinitive without to. Compare: Shall we go by train? Well, I'd prefer to go by car. Well, I'd rather go by car. (not "to go") —"Would you rather have tea or coffee?" "Coffee, please." — I'm tired. I'd rather not go out this evening, if you don't mind. — "Do you want to go out this evening?" "I'd rather not." Note the structure: / 'd rather do something than (do) something else. \ — I'd rather stay at home than go to the cinema. Had better do something The meaning of had better (I'd better) is similar to should. "I'd better do something" = I should do something or it is advisable for me to do something; if I don't do this, something bad might happen: — I have to meet Tom in ten minutes. I'd better go now or I'll be late. — We've almost run out of petrol. We'd better stop at the next petrol station to fill up. The negative form is had better not ('d better not): — You don't look very well. You'd better not go to work today. The form is always "had better" (usually 'd better in spoken English). We say had but the meaning is present or future, not past: — I'd better go to the bank this afternoon. Remember that had better is followed by the infinitive without to: — It might rain. We'd better take an umbrella, Practice Infinitive as subject, complement of subject I. Transform according to the model. eg To skate here is pleasant. It is pleasant to skate here. 14 1. To swim on a hot summer day is marvellous. 2. To learn a foreign language is difficult. 3. To rest there was pleasant. 4. To be given such an opportunity is important. 5. To look after the children was her duty. 6. To marry him was her ambition. 7. To have spent a month at the seaside was very useful. 6. To be fishing now is too cold. 9. To have bought such a useless thing was stupid. 10. To be treated rudely is unpleasant. 11. Make sentences with the same meaning by usingit + infinitive. eg Having good friends is important. It is important to have good friends. I. Playing tennis is fun. 2. Being polite to other people is important. 3. Learning about other cultures is interesting. 4. Walking alone at night in this part of the city is dangerous. 5. Is learning a second language difficult? 6. Is riding a motorcycle easy? 7. Having a cold isn't much fun. 7. Learning a second language takes a long time. 8. Cooking a soft-boiled egg takes three minutes. III. Answer the questions. Student A: Use it + infinitive. Student В: Use gerunds. 1. Which is easier: to make money or to spend money? A: It is easier to spend money than (it is) to make money. B: Spending money is easier than making money. 2. Which is more fun: to study at the library or to go to a movie? 3. Which is more difficult: to write English or to read English? 4. Which is easier: to write English or to speak English? 5. Which is more expensive: to go to a movie or to go to a concert? 6. Which is more interesting: to talk to people or to watch people? 7. Which is more comfortable: to wear shoes or to go barefoot? 8. Which is more satisfying: to give gifts or to receive them? 9. Which is more dangerous: to ride in a car or to ride in an airplane? 10. Which is more important: to come to class on time or to get an extra hour of sleep in the morning? 15 IV. Student A: Complete the sentence with an infinitive phrase. Student B: Give a sentence with the same meaning by using a gerund phrase as the subject. 1. It is fun . A: It is fun to ride a horse. B: Riding a horse is fun. 2. It's dangerous . 5. It is important . 8. It's a good idea . 3. It's easy . 4. It's impolite . 6. It is wrong . 7. It takes a lot of time. 9. Is it difficult .? V. Restate the sentences by changing a sentence with a gerund as the subject to a sentence with it + an infinitive phrase, and vice-versa. 1. Teasing animals is cruel. — It is cruel to tease animals. 2. It wasn't difficult to find their house. — Finding their house wasn't difficult. 3. Voting in every election is important. 4. It was exciting to meet the king and queen. 5. Hearing the other side of the story would be interesting. 6. It is unusual to see Joan awake early in the morning. 7. If you know how, it is easy to float in water for a long time. 8. Mastering a second language takes time and patience. 9. Driving to Atlanta will take us ten hours. 10. It takes courage to dive into the sea from a high cliff. VI. Match columns A and В to make sentences: eg It's not easy for old people to climb stairs. It's not easy for old people It's quite easy for Dutch people It's not safe in some cities for women It's dangerous for inexperienced people It's not difficult for young children It can be difficult in a big city 16 В to learn English. to climb mountains. to learn languages. to climb stairs. to make friends. to go out alone at night. VII. Use the given information to complete each sentence. Use for (someone) and an infinitive phrase in each completion. 1. Students should do their homework. It's important . It is important for students to do their homework. 2. Teachers should speak clearly. It's important . 3. We don't have to hurry. There's plenty of time. It isn't necessary . 4. A fish can't live out of water more than a few minutes. It is impossible . 5. Students have to budget their time carefully. It's necessary . 6. A child usually can't sit still for a long time. It's difficult . 7. My family always eats turkey on Thanksgiving Day. It's traditional . 8. People can take vacation trips to the moon. Will it be possible . within the next fifty years? 9.1 usually can't understand Mr Alien. It's hard . He talks too fast. 10.1 can understand our teacher. It's easy . 11. The guests usually wait until the hostess begins to eat. At a formal dinnerparty it's customary . 12. The bride usually feeds the groom the first piece of wedding cake. It's traditional . VIII. Identify exactly who the speaker is talking about using the phrase for (someone). Add for (someone) to the following sentences 'and any other words to give a more specific meaning. 1. It's important to take advanced math courses. It's important for science students to take advanced math courses. 2. It isn't easy to speak Spanish. 3. It's important to learn English. 4. It's unusual to be late. 5. It is essential to get a visa. 6. It is dangerous to play with matches. 7. It's difficult to communicate. 8. It's quite easy to do this exercise. 9. It's useful to go jogging. 10. It must be interesting to study at the Linguistic University. 11. It is necessary to be present. IX. Student A: Complete the sentence with an infinitive phrase. Student B: Give a sentence with the same meaning by using a gerund phrase. eg Her ambition is . A: Her ambition is to become an actress. B: Her ambition is becoming an actress. 1. My hobby is . 2. Your duty is . 3. His favourite pastime is .4. The main thing to do is . 5. The first thing to do is .6. Her dream is . 7. The only way out was . 17 Verb + infinitive I. Robert is talking about the day he bought a second-hand car. Complete Robert's story using the to- infinitive form of the verbs in the boxes. buy be not like test-drive "When I got to the garage, I managed to have a quick look at the car before the salesman came out of his office. It seemed . in very good condition and was worth about £1000, although the garage was asking £1400 for it. When the salesman came out, I arranged . the car straight away. The salesman and I got in and we drove off. I liked the car immediately and decided that I wanted . it, but, of course, I didn't say this to the salesman. Instead, I pretended . the car very much." | try get accept pay | "When we had finished the test-drive and had pulled up outside the garage, I told the salesman that I couldn't afford . more than £750. The salesman, of course, refused such a miserable little offer. He told me that he expected at least £1200 for the car. I tried offering£800, £850, £875, but he wouldn't change his mind. Then I decided to do something different." | give be sell accept "I thanked the salesman politely, said goodbye, got out of the car and started to walk away. It worked! The salesman got out of the car too and hurried after me. He told me that he wanted . fair and was prepared . a reasonable offer for the car. In the end, he agreed . it to me for £ 1100. He even agreed . me £ 200 for my old car!" II. Make up short dialogues. seem/appear/happen/is said/is supposed + infinitive Mr X has recently come to live in the area, but seems to wish to avoid people. This of course arouses interest and his neighbours 18 observe him closely. Two of them are talking about him. The first speaker makes confident assertions; the second is more cautious. He A: He wishes to avoid us. B: Well, he seems to wish to avoid us. 1. is afraid of someone. 2. suspects everyone. 3. distrusts his neighbours. 4. dislikes children. 5. likes dogs. 6. avoids people. 7. reads a lot. 8. prefers to be alone. 9. thinks he is in danger. 10. lives on pills. 1 1 . eats very little. 12. feeds his dogs well. 13. writes a lot of letters. 14. works at night. 15. has plenty of money. 16. knows several languages. 17. takes a lot of photos. Two people keep a close eye on Mr Smith, who lives opposite. The road is wide and busy so they do not see exactly what is happening, but they have a general idea. A: He doesn't usually watch television. B: Well, he seems to be watching it today. A: He doesn't usually get letters. B: Well, he seems to be getting some today. He doesn 't usually . 1 . talk to his mother-in-law. 2. help his wife. 3. use the public phone box. 4. try to please his wife. 19 5. play with the children. 6. bring his wife flowers. 7. take photographs. , 8. do the shopping. 9. carry his wife's parcels. 10. leave the car at home. 11. let his wife drive. 12. quarrel with his neighbours. 13. walk to work. 14. pay cash. 15. collect the children from school. 4> Two people are visiting a "stately home" built in the eighteenth " century by a famous duke. One asks questions about the duke, which the other, who has just bought the guide book, does his'best to answer. A: Was he rich? (very) (a) B: Yes, he seems to have been very rich. (b) B: Yes, he appears to have been very rich. (c) В: Yes, he is said to have been very rich. (d) B: Yes, he is supposed to have been very rich. 1 . Did he live here? (most of his life) 2. Did he marry? (several times) 3. Did he have children? (a lot of) 4. Did he build any other houses? (several) 5. Did he own (large) estates? (enormous) 6. Did he employ a large staff? (huge) 7. Was he a good landlord? (excellent) 8. Did his tenants like him? (very much) 9. Did he entertain? (lavishly) 10. Did he drink? (heavily) 1 1 . Did he hunt? (when he was a young man) 12. Did he keep racehorses? (all his life) 1 3 . Did they win races? (quite a lot of) 1 4. Did he lose money gambling? (a fortune) 15. Did he sell his other houses? (two of them) 16. Did he quarrel with his neighbours? (some of them) 17. Did he fight duels? (two) 18. Did he kill his opponent? (both times) 19. Did he leave the country? (after the second duel) 20. Did he die abroad? (in Paris) The first speaker is very suspicious. A: You asked him the time. Was it part of a plan? В: No, I just happened to ask him the time. A: You were looking out of the window when I passed. Was this part of a plan? B: No, I just happened to be looking out of the window. You . 1. were in the phone box when I passed. Were you watching me? 2. looked at your watch. Was that a . - - -    - - - Intermediate UNIT 7 GRAMMAR: INFINITIVE Infinitive as Subject a) We can use