Tài liệu Reading and Writing ppt

Denver Public Schools Reading and Writing page R–2 Introduction The ability to communicate clearly—to read, write, speak, and listen—forms the core of human culture. Reading, writing, speaking, and listening skills are essential tools for learning, for success in the workplace, for enriching and expanding our lives, and for responsible citizenship. Language skills are particularly critical in the area of education. Through language abilities, students understand the academic content areas. Success in learning depends on students acquiring solid knowledge and skills in reading, writing, speak- ing, and listening. As with the Colorado Model Content Standards, the proposed Denver Public Schools standards set high expectations in these areas for all students. Reading and writing have the power to bridge time and place. We remain in contact with people who lived before us through literature and other written records of human experience. We reach toward our future by knowing how to locate, read, comprehend, and make use of an ever-increasing amount of information. These standards express what each student in Denver should know and be able to do in order to • become fluent readers, writers, and speakers; • communicate effectively, concisely, coherently, and imaginatively; • recognize the power of language and use that power ethically and creatively; and • communicate with ease in an increasingly technological world. Educators, parents, and communities can now focus their attention and energy on creating the conditions under which all students can meet these expectations. Therefore, it is the responsibility of the education community to intervene at the earliest point in the student’s formal educational experience where, through careful observation, it becomes apparent that a student is not progressing in a manner that will lead to the meeting of these standards. These standards will lead to the development of literate students who are proficient in reading, writing, listening, speaking, creativity, problem solving, and researching skills. Achievement of these standards gives students the ability to make meaningful connections between life and educational experiences and enables them to enjoy personal success. Given the importance of developing literate students, the reading and writing standards cannot be accomplished in isolation. Literacy skills must be developed in all content areas. Standards that incorporate the academic rigor in these reading and writing standards will help students achieve standards for all content areas and perform at expected levels of proficiency. page R–3 Content Standards Standards for Success Developing Literacy The primary goal of the Denver Public Schools is to develop literate students. Students in the Denver Public Schools will learn to read and will be prepared to participate in society as literate citizens, equipped with the ability to communicate effectively in their communities, in the workplace, and in postsecondary education. These reading and writing standards set forth clear expectations for student achievement in the areas of reading and writing and are supported by the district Elementary and Secondary Literacy Plans. The literacy plans provide a framework which will support the development of literate students. The literacy plans include these strategies: • providing effective reading instruction for all students; • providing professional development which includes content and process strategies to implement effective, necessary reading and writing instruction for all students; • supporting schools in acquiring appropriate and quality materials for all students; • monitoring the use of appropriate assessments that measure student achievement in reading and writing; and • monitoring the implementation of content standards for reading and writing instruction. Reading and Writing Content Standards 1. Students read and understand a variety of materials. 2. Students write and speak for a variety of purposes and audiences. 3. Students write and speak using formal grammar, usage, sentence structure, punctuation, capitalization, and spelling. 4. Students apply thinking skills to their reading, writing, speaking, listening, and viewing. 5. Students read to locate, select, and make use of relevant information from a variety of media, reference, and technological sources. 6. Students read and recognize literature as a record of human experience. 7. Students use appropriate technologies to extend comprehension and communication skills in reading, writing, speaking, listening and viewing. Denver Public Schools Reading and Writing page R–4 Note: A reference list of sources of book lists can be found at the end of the Reading and Writing Standards. None of these book lists has been endorsed by the Colorado State Board of Education. In order to meet this standard, students will 1.1 use comprehension strategies such as using prior knowledge; previewing; predicting; inferring; comparing and contrasting; rereading and self-monitoring; summarizing; identifying the author’s purpose, i.e., reason for writing; determining the main idea; and applying knowledge of foreshadowing, metaphor, simile, symbolism, and other identified figures of speech; 1.2 make connections between prior knowledge and what they need to know about a topic before reading about it; 1.3 adjust reading strategies for a variety of purposes such as reading carefully, skimming and scanning, fitting materials into an organizational pattern, reading a variety of literature chronologically, finding information to support particular ideas, and finding the sequence of steps in publications including textbooks and technical articles; 1.4 use word recognition skills, strategies, and resources such as phonics, context clues, picture clues, word origins, and word order clues; reference guides; roots, prefixes, and suffixes of words for comprehension; and 1.5 use information from their reading to increase vocabulary and language usage. Rationale. The goal for students at all levels is that they know and can use strategies—various ways of unlocking the meaning of words and larger blocks of text—to become successful life-long readers. The strategies are applied in increasingly difficult reading material at each grade level. At all levels, students should be challenged to read literature and other materials that stimulate their interests and intellectual abilities. Reading from a wide variety of texts, both assigned and student selected, provides experience in gaining information and pleasure from diverse forms and perspectives. STANDARD 1: Students read and understand a variety of materials. GRADES K-4 In grades K-4, what the students know and are able to do includes • using a full range of strategies to comprehend materials such as directions, nonfiction material, poetry, plays, and stories. page R–5 Content Standards Standards for Success Note: A reference list of sources of book lists can be found at the end of the Reading and Writing Standards. None of these book lists has been endorsed by the Colorado State Board of Education. GRADES 5-8 As students in grades 5-8 extend their knowledge, what they know and are able to do includes • using a full range of strategies to comprehend technical writing, newspapers, magazines, poetry, short stories, plays, and novels in addition to the types of reading material mentioned in the K-4 benchmarks. Students extend their thinking and understanding as they read stories about people from diverse backgrounds. GRADES 9-12 As students in grades 9-12 extend their knowledge, what they know and are able to do includes • using a full range of strategies to comprehend essays, speeches, biographies, autobiographies, and first person historical documents in addition to the types of literature mentioned in previous grade level benchmarks. STANDARD 1: Students read and understand a variety of materials. Denver Public Schools Reading and Writing page R–6 Note: A reference list of sources of book lists can be found at the end of the Reading and Writing Standards. None of these book lists has been endorsed by the Colorado State Board of Education. In order to meet this standard, students will 2.1 expand vocabulary development using a variety of methods such as synonyms, antonyms, metaphors, similes; 2.2 write and speak for a variety of purposes such as telling stories, presenting analytical responses to literature, conveying technical information, explaining concepts and procedures, and persuading; 2.3 write and speak to peers, teachers, and the community; 2.4 plan, draft, revise, proofread, edit, and publish written communications; 2.5 use a variety of literary devices such as figurative language, symbolism, dialect, and precise vocabulary to convey meaning; 2.6 prepare written and oral presentations using strategies such as lists, outlining, cause/effect relationships, comparison/contrast, problem/solution, and narration; and 2.7 use the most appropriate method, handwriting or word processing, to produce a product that is legible. Rationale. Writing and speaking are essential tools for learning, for success in the workplace, and for responsible citizenship. Developing a range of writing and speaking abilities requires extensive study, practice, and thinking. Students need frequent opportunities to write and speak for different audiences and purposes, and they need to be able to communicate creatively, expressively, informatively, and analytically. Growth in writing and speaking abilities occurs by applying skills to increasingly challenging communication tasks. STANDARD 2: Students write and speak for a variety of purposes and audiences. GRADES K-4 In grades K-4, what students know and are able to do includes • generating topics and developing ideas for a variety of writing and speaking purposes (for example, telling a sequential story, publishing a class newsletter, writing a letter to an adult, writing or orally presenting a book report, creating and producing a play, introducing a speaker or an event, narrating a presentation, researching, writing, and presenting a report); • organizing their speaking and writing; • choosing vocabulary that communicates their messages clearly and precisely; • revising and editing speech and writing; • editing the written work of others; and • creating readable documents with legible handwriting or word processing as developmentally appropriate. page R–7 Content Standards Standards for Success Note: A reference list of sources of book lists can be found at the end of the Reading and Writing Standards. None of these book lists has been endorsed by the Colorado State Board of Education. GRADES 5-8 As students in grades 5-8 extend their knowledge, what they know and are able to do includes • telling and writing stories, reports, and letters with greater detail and supporting material; • choosing vocabulary and figures of speech that communicate clearly in writing and speaking; • drafting, revising, editing, and proofreading for a legible final copy; • critiquing and editing the written work of others; • applying skills in explanation, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation in their writing and speaking; • incorporating source materials into their speaking and writing (for example, interviews, news articles, encyclopedia information); • writing and speaking in the content areas, using the technical vocabulary of the subject accurately; and • recognizing and using stylistic elements such as voice, tone, and style in reading, writing, and speaking. GRADES 9-12 As students in grades 9-12 extend their knowledge, what they know and are able to do includes • creating and presenting complex written and spoken works; • using fictional, dramatic, and poetic techniques in writing; • conveying technical information in a written and spoken form appropriate to the audience; • supporting an opinion using various forms of persuasion (factual or emotional) in speaking and writing; • incorporating material from a wider range of sources (for example, newspapers, magazines, interviews, technical publications, books) in their writing and speaking; • selecting a focused topic and drafting, revising, editing, and proofreading a legible final copy; • writing and speaking for various audiences in specialized fields such as career and academic interest areas (for example, scientific, technical, business, and electronic communication video); and • experimenting with stylistic elements such as voice, tone, style, and audience in writing. STANDARD 2: Students write and speak for a variety of purposes and audiences. Denver Public Schools Reading and Writing page R–8 Note: A reference list of sources of book lists can be found at the end of the Reading and Writing Standards. None of these book lists has been endorsed by the Colorado State Board of Education. In order to meet this standard, students will 3.1 recognize, understand, and use formal grammar in speaking and writing; 3.2 apply formal usage in speaking and writing; 3.3 use correct sentence structure in writing; 3.4 demonstrate correct punctuation, capitalization, and spelling; and 3.5 recognize and know when it is appropriate to use dialectical, idiomatic, and colloquial language, including awareness and appreciation of cultural and dialectic variance. Rationale. Recognition, understanding, and use of formal English is essential to effective communication. Students recognize, understand, and use formal English. Proficiency in this standard plays an important role in how the writer or speaker is understood and perceived. All skills in this standard are reinforced and practiced at all grade levels and should be monitored by the teacher, student, and parents to develop lifelong learning skills. GRADES K-4 In grades K-4, what the students know and are able to do includes • recognizing, understanding, and using subject- verb agreement; • recognizing, understanding, and using correct modifiers; • recognizing, understanding, and using correct capitalization, punctuation, and abbreviations; • spelling frequently used words correctly using phonics rules and exceptions; and • using spoken and written language situationally. STANDARD 3: Students write and speak using formal grammar, usage, sentence structure, punctuation, capitalization, and spelling. page R–9 Content Standards Standards for Success Note: A reference list of sources of book lists can be found at the end of the Reading and Writing Standards. None of these book lists has been endorsed by the Colorado State Board of Education. GRADES 5-8 As students in grades 5-8 extend their knowledge, what they know and are able to do includes • identifying and using correctly the parts of speech such as nouns, pronouns, verbs, adverbs, adjectives, conjunctions, prepositions, and interjections; • using correct pronoun case, regular and irregu- lar noun and verb forms, and subject-verb agreement in writing and speaking; • recognizing and manipulating parts of a sentence; • using modifiers, homonyms, and homophones in writing and speaking; • using simple, compound, complex, and com- pound/complex sentences in writing and speaking; • punctuating and capitalizing titles and direct quotations, using possessives, and formal paragraphing in writing; • using prefixes, root words, and suffixes correctly in writing and speaking; • expanding spelling skills to include a variety of complex words; • demonstrating use of conventional spelling in their published works; • using resources such as spell checkers, dictionaries, and charts to monitor their spelling accuracy; and • recognizing the appropriate use of colloquial language in daily conversation. GRADES 9-12 As students in grades 9-12 extend their knowledge, what they know and are able to do includes • using pronoun reference correctly in writing and speaking; • using phrases and clauses for purposes of modification and parallel structure in writing and speaking; • using internal capitalization and punctuation of secondary quotations in writing; • using manuscript forms specified in various style manuals for writing (for example, indenting for extended quotations, precise placement and form, page numbers, appropriate line spacing); • refining spelling, grammatical skills, and syntax, and becoming self-evaluators of their writing and speaking; • applying formal verb tense; and • refining the use of increasingly complex sentence patterns. STANDARD 3: Students write and speak using formal grammar, usage, sentence structure, punctuation, capitalization, and spelling. Denver Public Schools Reading and Writing page R–10 Note: A reference list of sources of book lists can be found at the end of the Reading and Writing Standards. None of these book lists has been endorsed by the Colorado State Board of Education. STANDARD 4: Students apply thinking skills to their reading, writing, speaking, listening, and viewing. In order to meet this standard, students will 4.1 make predictions, analyze, draw conclusions, and discriminate between fact and opinion in reading, writing, speaking, listening, and viewing; 4.2 use reading, writing, speaking, listening, and viewing to gather data, define the problem, and apply problem-solving skills; 4.3 recognize, express, and defend points of view orally and in writing; 4.4 identify the purpose, perspective, and historical and cultural influences of a speaker, author, or director; and 4.5 evaluate the reliability, accuracy, and relevancy of information. Rationale. Students use reading, writing, speaking, listening, and viewing to think and learn. By moving beyond a literal interpretation of text to an analysis of an author’s, playwright's, speaker’s, or director’s purpose and perspectives, students practice and improve their higher-level thinking skills. Students need to recognize and evaluate different points of view and to follow a line of reasoning to its logical conclusion. Students need to evaluate their writing and reading skills and work toward improvement. GRADES K-4 In grades K-4, what students know and are able to do includes • recognizing an author’s/playwright's point of view; • predicting and drawing conclusions about stories and plays; • differentiating between fact and opinion in written and spoken forms; • using reading, writing, speaking, listening, and viewing to gather data, define the problem, and apply problem-solving skills; • responding to written and oral presentations as a reader, listener, actor, and articulate speaker; • formulating questions about what they read, write, hear, and view; and • using listening, reading, speaking, writing, and viewing skills to understand directions. page R–11 Content Standards Standards for Success Note: A reference list of sources of book lists can be found at the end of the Reading and Writing Standards. None of these book lists has been endorsed by the Colorado State Board of Education. GRADES 5-8 As students in grades 5-8 extend their knowledge, what they know and are able to do includes • recognizing an author’s, playwright's or speaker’s point of view and purpose, separating fact from opinion; • using reading, writing, speaking, listening, and viewing skills to solve problems and answer questions; • making predictions, drawing conclusions, and analyzing what they read, hear, and view; • recognizing, expressing, and defending a point of view, in both writing and speaking in an articulate manner; and • determining literary quality based on elements such as the author’s/playwright's use of vocabu- lary, character development, plot development, description of setting, and realism of dialogue. GRADES 9-12 As students in grades 9-12 extend their knowledge, what they know and are able to do includes • recognizing an author’s/playwright's point of view, purpose, and historical and cultural context; • using reading, writing, listening, articulate speaking, and viewing to solve problems and discern meaning; • critiquing the content of written, oral, and visual presentations; and • applying principles of formal logic to written and oral texts. STANDARD 4: Students apply thinking skills to their reading, writing, speaking, listening, and viewing. [...]... be found at the end of the Reading and Writing Standards None of these book lists has been endorsed by the Colorado State Board of Education page R–15 Content Standards Reading and Writing STANDARD 7: Students use appropriate technologies to extend comprehension and communication skills in reading, writing, speaking, listening and viewing GRADES K-4 In order to meet this standard, a student will 7.1... Content Standards Reading and Writing STANDARD 6: Students read and recognize literature as a record of human experience GRADES K-4 In grades K-4, what students know and are able to do includes In order to meet this standard, students will 6.1 know and use literary terminology; 6.2 read literature to investigate common issues and interests in relation to self and others; 6.3 read literature to understand.. .Reading and Writing STANDARD 5: Students read to locate, select, evaluate, and make use of relevant information from a variety of media, reference, and technological sources GRADES K-4 In order to meet this standard, students will In grades K-4, what students know and are able to do includes 5.1 select relevant material for reading, writing, and speaking purposes; 5.2 understand the structure,... recording, videotape, filmed dramatic presentation); and • using technology to create real-world reading, writing, and oral products Note: A reference list of sources of book lists can be found at the end of the Reading and Writing Standards None of these book lists has been endorsed by the Colorado State Board of Education page R–17 Content Standards Reading and Writing GLOSSARY Appropriate technology creates... critical, and creative users of print and spoken language as well as the visual language of film and television, commercial and political advertising, photography, and more It also means being able to use technologies to gather information page R–18 and communicate with others" (International Reading Association, 1995) Based on this expanded definition of literacy, the Reading/ Writing standards address... reading that carry over into adult life • reading, viewing, listening, responding to, and discussing a variety of literature such as fables, folk tales, legends, myths, rhymes and poems, fiction, nonfiction, and content area reading; • reading, responding to, and discussing literature and the fine arts as a way to explore the similarities and differences among stories and the ways in which those stories... plays, films, biographies, and autobiographies by male and female speakers and writers The study of literary traditions offers a perspective on enduring questions, a glimpse into human motives and conflicts, and a sense of the beauty and power of spoken and written language In addition, literature transmits and transforms culture; it also enables students to think, communicate, and participate in society... found at the end of the Reading and Writing Standards None of these book lists has been endorsed by the Colorado State Board of Education Denver Public Schools page R–14 Standards for Success STANDARD 6: Students read and recognize literature as a record of human experience GRADES 5-8 As students in grades 5-8 extend their knowledge, what they know and are able to do includes • reading, viewing, listening,... know and are able to do includes • reading, viewing, listening, responding to, and discussing novels, poetry, short stories, nonfiction, content area and technical material, plays, essays, speeches, and fine arts; • using literary terminology accurately, such as theme, mood, diction, idiom, perspective, style, and point of view in oral and written discussions of literature; • reading, responding to, and. .. they know and their specific needs; • using organizational features of electronic text to locate information with available technology; • producing a carefully documented product using available technology to access information and conduct research; • locating information appropriate for their reading and writing purposes such as career and academic interest, leisure time, and selfimprovement; and • synthesizing . in reading and writing; and • monitoring the implementation of content standards for reading and writing instruction. Reading and Writing Content Standards. workplace, and in postsecondary education. These reading and writing standards set forth clear expectations for student achievement in the areas of reading and writing