Mấy bài học từ những đóng góp và hạn chế của Nguyễn Trường Tộ

Bài viết nghiên cứu về tư tưởng cũng như đóng góp và hạn chế của Nguyễn Trường Tộ, rút ra bài học cho công cuộc đổi mới hiện nay của đất nước ta lại được chú ý đúng mức nhất là bài học từ những đóng góp của nhà tư tưởng canh tân lỗi lạc.

M A Y Bfir HQC TCr NHCifNG OdNG Q6P Vfl H6N CHE Cdfl NGCIYEH TRat^NG TQ TRAN VAN THtrC TRAN VAN DAI LOI* L au nay, gidi nghien cflu va ngodi nfldc dd bdn nhilu v l danh si Nguyin Trfldng To Mpt sd' ngfldi da d l cdp din nghieh I^ canh tan, bi kich Nguyin Trfldng To, nguygn nhdn thd't bai tfl tudng canh tdn cua dng vd cua cdc nhd canh tdn t h i ky XIX Tuy vdy, dilu quan trpng hdn Id rflt bdi hpc cho cdng cudc doi mdi hipn cua dd't nfldc ta lai chfla dflpc chfl •^ dflng mflc, nhd't Id bdi hpc tfl nhflng ddng gdp cua nhd tfl tfldng canh tan loi lae ndy Nguyin Trfldng To sd'ng eupc ddi kha ngin ngui Ong sinh ndm 1828 (hay 1830?) vd trfldc v l vdi Chfla ngdy 22-11-1871, each day dflng 140 ndm, dng dd kip dg lai mpt Sil nghiep sang chdl Thud nhd dng hpc chfl Han d nhd vdi than phy Nguyin Qud'c Thfl Tfl ndm 1840 dng theo hpc t h i y Tu Giai (Dfldng Dodn Huy) d Bfli Ngoa; ndm 1847 - 1850 theo hpe thiy Cd'ng Hflu (Dinh Trpng Thfl) d Idng Kim Khg; ndm 1852 1856 theo hpc quan huypn Dja Linh (Udng Nhdt Han) tai xd Tdn L$c Thdng minh, dUdc bijn bg suy tdn Id "Trang Tp" nhung dng sdm td khdng ' TS Khoa Ljch sfl - Trudng D§ii hpc Vinh " Tlis Thdnh phd Hi Chf Minh mdn md gi vdi dudng md cac nho si bd'y gid deo duoi Id di hpc, di thi, dat vd ldm quan (1) Trinh dp Han vdn cua dng, theo Linh muc Vo Thanh Tam: "Ong khdng dd dgt gi cd (dflng Id dng khong h i dfl thi khoa nao) md viet dieu trdn bang Hdn vdn mpt cdch thdng thgo, dung lugt li, ro rdng, duyin ddng khii'n cdc vi khoa bdng triiu dinh Hui'bdy gid eung phdi kinh phuc Di'n nhu eu hodng gidp Huynh Thdc Khdng, thu khoa thi huang, thi hpi, chi thi dinh mdi thd ba md cung nhgn la Nguyin TrUdng Tp ed ldi viet Hdn vdn khuc chiet vd rdn roi' (2) GS Lg Tri Viin thi cho ring "bdi Trdn Tinh cua Nguyin TrUdng Tp cd the xep la mpt dng vdn xudi trQ tinh rdt hay chdng kem gi Nguc Trung ThU cda Phan Bpi Ch&u" (3) Ndm 1856, Nguyen Trfldng To dfldc gido xfl Xd Dodi giao trpng trach day chfl Hdn cho Gidm muc Gauthier (tgn Viet Nam Id Ngd Gia Hdu, v l giao xfl Xa Dodi tfl ndm 1846), dong thdi dfldc Gidm mue day gido Iy, tig'ng Phdp, tie'ng La tinh vd cung cd'p cho b i n dich chfl Han cua cdc sdch phUdng 62 Tdy Diu nam 1859, chfnh sach "cd'm dao" cua trilu dinh H u i dUde diy manh bude Gidm muc Gauthier phai rdi Vipt Nam, dua Nguyin Trudng To di theo sang Hong Cdng, Singapore, Ma Lai (chu ylu la Poulo Pinang, ndi ed chung vign miln Dong Nam A) Nhim muc dfch ddo tao dng thdnh thay giing, ldm "vi§e dao", gidm miic cdn dUa dng sang La Md Do dng qua tha thig't vdi "vipc ddi" nen lai dupc dUa vl Paris hpc Dai hpe Sorbonnes Day Id thdi k;^ dng migt mdi hpc cdc ngdnh khoa hpc ky thudt, khoa hpc xd hdi, khoa hpe qudn sil, hdng hai, kie'n true, hda hpc, cdng nghigp Ngodi hpc t^i trudng, dng cdn tu hpe vd di nhilu dia phudng di tham quan, hpc hdi, tai nghe mit thd'y t^i cdc nhd mdy d§t, cdc vflng md than phfa Bic, cdc xf nghi$p luygn kim miln Ddng Id nhflng vflng cdng nghiep phdt trien cua nUde Phap Hodn cinh dfla diy, TJguyin Trfldng To sdm tie'p xflc vdi vSn hda phfldng Tdy qua Thien Chua gido, cd dip ddt chdn den nhie'u vflng dd't la, gdp gd vdi nhieu yeu nhdn d Phdp, La Md, Hudng Cing, cd t h i dng da gdp Ito Hirobumi (Y Ding Bdc Vdn) mpt nhd cii cdch ldn cua Nhdt Bin Nhilu tu lifu eho thd'y Nguyin Trudng T5 da cd nhflng ddng gdp xud't sdc cho ddi vd cho dao Tfl thang 9-1862 dg'n ngdy 18-7-1864 dng da ve dn vd dilu khien cdng trtnh xay cd't tu vign Thanh Phao-Ld d Sdi Gdn (sd Tdn Dflc Thing, Thdnh phd Ho Chf Minh hign nay) gom nhd d, nhd nguyen, vi|n mo edi, ddc bift ngpn thdp kieu gd-tich duygn ddng vut eao trgn nin trdi dg'n vin edn du sflc hd'p din du khach d qug hfldng Nghg An, dng da giflp xay dflng khu vflc Nhd chung Xa Dodi gom nhd Dflc giam miic, nhd nguyfn vd nhd trdng La Tinh hinh chfl thdp cao ting quen gpi R g h i ^ cflu Lich sfl, sd 6.2012 Id nhd Tdy Di qua bom d^n chie'n tranh vd Sil huy hoai cua thdi gian hdn 150 ndm md khu nhd vdn gifl dupe kilu dang kiln true Nguygn Trudng To thig't kl Ong cdn quy hoach lai ldng Xuan My qug me, dfla Idng ndy tfl cho i m thd'p, liy lpi len cho cao rdo, sach sg Chfnh ong Id ngfldi ve dfldng, phan Id cho cdc hd hpp 1^, khoa hpc Ngdy 19-6-1866, theo Idi mdi cua Tong die An Tinh Hodng Td Viem, dng da edm moc, chi dao thdnh cdng viec ddo Kenh Sdt doan ndl sdng Cd'm vdi sdng Vinh, mdt cdng trinh dflpc khdi cdng tfl thdi Tilt dp sfl Cao Bien nfla sau t h i ky IX, roi vua Ho Qu^ Ly cho ldm tiep vdo dau thg' ky XV nhUng vin dd dang vi gdp phii nhilu da ngim Ddc biet, 10 ndm euol ddi (1861 1871), Nguyin Trfldng Td da lign tilp gfli len trilu dinh hdn 60 ban dilu t r i n (md'y bin da md't, Linh mue Tiln si sfl hpc Trfldng Bd Cin tdp hpp dflpc 58 bin, dich vd in sdch Nguyin TrUdng Tp ngudi vd di thdo, Nxb Thdnh Ho Chi Minh, 1988; tai bin 2002) trtnh bdy dl nghi canh tan todn di$n dd't nude he't sflc mdi me, ddc dao Mpt s i tfl lipu vl hdnh trang cua Nguyin Trudng To vd nhflng trfch din cae dieu t r i n (Trfldng Ba Cin gpi Id di thdo) bai ndy chu yeu Id'y tfl sach tren, nhflng trich ddn khac se cd chfl thlch rigng Dl tila sdch Nguyin TrUdng Tp Thdi the vd tu cdch tdn (Nxb Vdn nghp Tp Ho Chf Minh, 2001) cua nhd sfl hpc Hodng Thanh Dam, GS Phan Ngpc vilt: "Nguyin TrUdng Tp Id eon ngUdi nhdt d Viet Nam qua 58 bdn di thdo dd trinh bdy mpt nhgn thdc ddy du vi tinh hinh Viet Nam, nhdng bdt lgi eua nd trUde tinh hinh mdi vd nhQng bien phdp de thay ddi vi mgi mat chinh tri, ngogi giao, hgc thuat, kinh ti, qudn su, vdn hda Cho din cdng TB£y hhi hpc tfl nhung ddng gdp- 63 khdng cd mdy ngUdi n6u lin dUOc mpt bdn cung Iudn Iudn dm d'p mdng cdng danh trinh bdy tdng quan ddy du nhU vgy" Ci Nguyin Cdng Trfl viet: xfla lin nay, thdt hilm ed ngfldi dat din Dd mang tidng d trdi ddt, tim tri thflc bdeh khoa nhfl Nguyin Phdi cd danh gi vdi ndi sdng Trfldng Td Linh myc Vo Thanh Tdm tflng (Di thi tfl vinh) so sanh dng vdi Leonardo da Vinci (1452 hodc: 1519) cua nfldc "^ vd eho ring "so ve cac mdt chfnh tri, ngoai giao, kinh tl, quan sil, Cd trung hiiu nin ddng trdi ddt, quIc phdng chfla di Vinci dd vfldt qua Khdng cdng danh thdi nat vdi eo cdy dfl^c Nguyin Trfldng To " (4) (Ganh trung hilu) Ddng gdp cu the v l cae Iinh vflc eua Cdn Nguyin Trudng Td, thud hpc vdi nhd bde hpe Nguyin Trfldng To da dUde thiy Cong Hflu, bdi v&n sach "lugn vi nhilu ngfldi nghign cflu O day, chflng tdi tri binh" cua trd To da ed cdu "bdt ndng tg chi muon tim hieu thdm nhd dau Nguyin U tri qudc chi cdng, nhi mUu ky vinh thdn Trfldng To cong hiln dfldc nhilu nhfl vdy? phi gia chi ki" (khong ngn mUpn vifc ldp Bdi hpc dng de lai cho chung ta hien Id cdng cho nfldc dl Idm k l vinh than phi gia) gi? ' " (6) Trong Trdn tinh - Di thdo sd3, dng da Thd nhd't, Nguyin Trfldng To sinh tai ldng Bfli Chu, thude xa Hflng Trung, huyfn Hflng Nguygn, Nghp An Ong da ke thfla dflijc truyin thing hilu hpc, khd hpe vd hpc gidi eua gia dinh vd que hfldng xfl Ngh$ Trong mdt so bdi vilt gin ddy, chung toi da cd djp chflng minh: xfl Nghf thdi Ly Trin cdn Id dd't trai, nhflng den thdi Lg Trung Hflng dd theo kip tfl trd'n ngodi Bic vd din thdi Nguyin da vfldn Ign dflng diu ca nfldc v l thdnh tflu khoa bing (5) Nguyin Trfldng Td cd thdng minh trdi phfl, I?ti hdn ngfldi d dflc tfnh chdm chi hpe tdp vd Idm vipc; ^ chf nhdn nai, theo duoi myc dfch tdi cflng ngn t i m kiln vdn cua dng bd'y gid ft bi kip Thd hai, Nguyin Trfldng To ed dpng cd hpc tdp rd't khac ngfldi Dfldng thdi, nho si mai milt theo dud'i I(ji danh Sinh trfldc Nguyin Trfldng Tf dung nfla t h i ky, vd chi md't trfldc 13 ndm, danh si dong hfldng xfl Nghf Nguyin Cdng Trfl (1778-1858), mdt ngfldi cd tdi kinh bang t l the, cd tfl tfldng mdi me, tao b?io khdng mdng din 1(^1, nhflng thing t h i n ndi ve chf hudng cua minh: "Td be tdi da than trgng viic giao du, thieh yin tinh, ddi vdi tdt cd nhdng sU cdu danh, ldn lUdt, gidnh cdng, tham lpi, toi diiu eoi nhu mdy bay, nUde chdy" Trong Di thdo so 5, dng dau ddu noi lo vdn nude hiem nghgo: "Td 15 ndm nay, tdi dd biit ro chde chdn phdi ed mdi lo nhU ngdy nay, nin tdi dd sdc tim tbi hgc hoi tri khdn cua mgi ngUdi de cd them sU hieu biit cho minh, chd khdng phdi chi mpt ngdy'' Tfl mdi lo dd, dng chdm ehi hpc tdp todn difn: " khdng mdn ndo toi khong diy tdi: cdi cao eua thien vdn, edi sdu cua dia ly, edi phiin todi cua nhdn sU, cho den lugt lich, binh quyin, tgp gido, di nghi, cdc mdn cdch tri, thudt so', khong mon ndo tdi khdng khdo edu, nhd't Id diy nghiin citu vi sU thi dgc ngang, tan hpp thien hg" (Di thio so 3) Ong hpc de ed dip mang cii sd hpe cua minh din ddp lai "cdi md trdi cho tdi hgc duac" nhfl chfnh cich ndi cua dng Thd ba Id bdi hpe v l nhdn each, phim gia eiia mdt ke si Cd muc dfch hpc tdp 64 dung din vi Nguyin Trudng To cd nhdn each ldn Binh sinh dng chi nghi de'n viec fch nude, ldi dan md khdng h i quan tam df^n hanh phuc rieng cua minh: "Vd lgi, tdi khdng ham thieh kinh doanh, khdng thieh chuyin vO con, dogn tuyet vdi hai cgm bdy tai sdc" {Trdn tinh - Di thio s i 3) Tfl thud thilu nign dng da nudi chf ldn la dem nhflng hieu bilt sau rpng minh dd hpc tdp dUde de ldm eho ddn gidu, nude manh PhUdng phdp tu cua dng Id Iudn ludn ddl chieu gifla 1^ ludn vd thflc tiin Trong Di thdo sd30, dng vilt: "Mdy chuc ndm nay, tdi bdn tdu thiin hg, thu thdp nhQng tinh thebii'n thiin xUa dem nhdng diiu dd hgc sdch nghiim viic ddi" Khdng cd chflc quyin de du dilu kifn thflc hifn mue dfch, dng chi cdn bilt trinh bdy k l sdch cua minh qua cdc dilu trin dang Ign vua vd trilu dinh Sflc khde suy kift, ngodi ba mfldi tuoi dng da mang bfnh ndng phii nim ngfla md viet: "Nhdn vi chdn tbi bi ti bgi sdp thdnh phe nhdn, ndm ngia md vii't, tinh thdn buon bUe rdi loan, tU bidt ndi ndng khdng thd tU " (Di thao so 6) Ong vilt he't dilu trin ndy din dieu t r i n khde dfl ludn gdp phii "noi im ldng ddng sd" cua vua vd cdc dai thin vi dng quan nif m: "Bii't md khdng ndi Id bdt nhdn, ndi md khdng ndi hi't Id bdt nghla'' (Di thao so' 1) Dflng cim ndi h i t sil thdt khdng sp hilm khfch, nghi ky, khdng S(J nguy hiem din tfnh mfnh (do dng Id ngudi cdng gido da tiing phuc vu Phap tfl 1862 1864) bdi vi dng khdng nghi gi dg'n b i n thdn minh, chi nghl dg'n fch nfldc I ^ ddn: "That khdng nd thdy ddt nude bi chia eat, trdm hg bi lia tan, cho nin khdng nghl minh d dia vi thdp hen, ddm cd gan ndi ra" (Di thao sd 1) Thd tu Id bdi hpe giao Iflu Cd 35 di thio td'ng s i 58 di thio hifn ed cua Nguyin Trfldng To ed ndi v l quan hf gifla Rghian cflu Lich sfl sg 6.2012 nude ta vd the gidi, tfl dd dl xud't chiln Ifldc ngoai giao eua Vift Nam (trong dd cd di thio md diu Bdn vi nhQng tinh thd ldn thiin hg vd di thio cudi cflng Nin md cda, khdng nin khep kin cdn dang vilt dd) din vdn khdng h i cfl, nhd't Id tinh hinh ndng bdng trgn bien Ddng hifn Nhflng d day ehung toi chi muln dl cdp giao Iflu cua ngudi tri thflc Nlu ba bdi hpe trfldc Id cin cfl, chdm ehi, kidn nhin; xac dinh ddng cd hpc tdp dflng din; cd nhdn each Idn mpi tri thflc diu ed thg hpc tdp d Nguyin Trfldng To, thi d bdi hpc ndy no lflc chu quan cua moi ngfldi trf thflc chfla du, md cdn cin phai cd dilu kifn khdeh quan thudn lpi nfla Nhfl trgn chflng tdi dd ndi, Nguyin Trudng To da may mdn ddt chdn din nhieu ndi trgn the' gidi, cd dip tig'p xue vdi nhilu nhieu nhd khoa hpc, chinh khach noi tig'ng, tdm minh vdn hda phUdng Tdy, tilp thu tinh hoa vdn hda nhdn loai ngn mdi ed t i m nhin di trudc thdi dai hdng trdm ndm nhfl chung ta dd thd'y qua cac dilu t r i n Ma khdng rigng gi Nguyin Trfldng To, cac thi hdo xfl Nghf trfldc dng nhfl Nguyin Du, H i Xudn Hfldng, Nguyin Cdng Trfl; cde chfnh khach sau dng nhfl Phan Bdi Chdu, Ho Chf Minh diu phai vUpt khdi nfli Hong, sdng Lam, giao Iflu hpc hdi khip ndi mdi dat din t i m vi nhdn nhfl vdy! Hdn hit, cde cd'p ldnh dao hifn cin tao mpi dilu kifn thudn ldi cho cdc nhdn tdi que hUdng dflpc giao luu rdng rai dl hp cd the phat huy h i t k h i ndng cua minh phuc vu cpng dong! Thd ndm Id bdi hpc v l boi dfldng vd trpng diing nhan tdi Nguyin Trfldng To kig'n nghi trilu dinh cfl ngudi du hpc, tfly tdi md ddi ngd vd sfl dung ngudi tdi dung vdi sd trudng Cd t h i ndi, trilu Nguyin da bd phf mdt tdi ndng ldn, mpt nhd thig't k l xuit sdc cdng cude canh tan d i t nude Bi gf^Y bai hpc tfl nhflng ddng gdp kich ndy phii chdng dau chi Id bi kich ridng ca nhdn Nguyen Trfldng To! Cdn cd mdt tfl tfldng ldn cua Nguyin Trfldng To di lai bdi hpc thilt thilc eho chung ta hdm Id tfl tudng til tdn gido Nguyin Trfldng To sdm biet dUde da tam ngfldi Phap nflp bong ton gido de mUu chfnh tri, Idc trilu dinh Til Dflc chi biet gidn ca chgm thdt, dan dp tdn bao cdc chign vd tdi, vd hinh trung tao cd cho bpn xam lUdc Phan bift rach rdi tdn giao vd chfnh tri, Di thdo so' dng thdng thig't dl nghi: "Ndi tdm lgi, bdt ky dgo gido ndo, hi phdn nghieh logn thudng diu Id ngudi ddc tpi ldn gido, cd dp dung hinh phdp khong tha dicho dgo gido dugc sgeh Cbn yin phan tudn theo phdp Iudt thi dicho hg tU nhien ed hgi gi ddu? Ddng hdnh md khdng nghieh Id dupe, edn gi bdt phdi nhdt ti nhdng cdi ma tgo vgt khdng thi nhdt ti, cOng khdng cdn thii't phdi nhdt ti, de ldm tdn thUOng hba khi?" Tfl tudng tfl tdn gido, tfn ngudng eua Ho Chf Minh.vd tinh t h i n chfnh sdch tdn giao cua Dang vd Nhd nfldc ta hien khdng khde gi nhilu tu tfldng Nguyin Trfldng Tp (7) Sinh thdi cde dilu tran sang sudt vd diy tam huylt cua Nguyin Trfldng To gfli de'n trilu dinh h i u nhfl khdng cd hoi dm Ong vl cdi vinh hing mdt each Idng le vi ngfldi ddi chua t h i hilu dng Bi kich cua dng Id bi kich eua nhQng ngUdi di trfldc thdi d^i! Nhieu nhd nghign cflu da chi nhflng nguyen nhan chu quan, khdeh quan ddn den thd't bai dau ddn cua Nguyen Trfldng To Theo GS Dinh Xudn Ldm: "Nguyin nhdn ehu yiu ldm cho cdc diiu trdn cda Nguyin TrUdng Tp thdt bgi chinh la thdi dp bdo thu, phdn dpng eua vua quan triiu 65 dinh trUde sau khdng khdng ddi lap vdi mgi sii thay ddl Ni'u ed luc tinh the thuc bdch phdi thiic hien mpt vdi ddi mdi ndo dd thi le te, ehdp vd, mien cUdng, vgi vd Cdc diiu chinh, sda ddi chUa kip phdt huy tdc dung thi dd bi dinh chi' Cung theo GS Dinh Xudn Lam, bdi hpe cho hifn Id: "Qua sii thdt bgi cua Nguyin TrUdng Tp eUng thdy rdng mudn ddi mdi thdnh cdng khong thi chi ddi mdi vi kinh timd quan trgng Id phdi ddi mdi cd tu tudng, ehinh tri, cdn dieu chinh cO cdu bp mdy chinh quyin that thick hop de ddm bdo cho cdng cupc ddi mdi ddng bp trdt lgt Dd Id nhQng bdi hgc kinh nghiim ldn di'n nguyen gid tri ly lugn vd thUc tiin vd cd the van dung hieu qud vdo cdng cupc ddi mdi cua ddt nUdc dang dUpc tii'n hdnh trin quy md ldn cd nUdc" (8) Ngfldi ta cung cho rdng cdc bin dilu tran cua dng deu ndng md phdng, chgp bgn ngodi md thig'u cd sd vdt chat ben Nguyin Trudng To lai qua io tudng, ddt h i t nilm tin vdo mot trilu dinh dd muc ruong nhu trieu Til Dflc, biet thoi gid vdo nhd md vdn cfl lam! Chfla ke cd luc dng cdn md ho v l muc dich xam lUdc cua Phap: "Vd lgi, nhQng diiu md nUdc Phdp xin, chdng qua Id di md ben tdu, lap phd xd, thong cda be de buon bdn, lap nhd thd de gidng dgo md thdi" (Di thio sd 1) Ong lai thd gfli gdm "vdn menh" dd't nude vdo cac giam mue nfldc ngoai, md hdu hg't sd ndy diu mfldn cd truyin dao de hoat dpng gidn diep; qud tin vdo dfldng 151 ngoai giao "thfldng thuyg't" vdi chfnh phu Phdp tai Paris, vdi 'Tdy sodi" d Sdi Gdn! Lai lim lflc qua cfldng dif u sflc manh cua Phap! Cd the day cflng Id sil nhe da, c i tin, mdt nhfldc diem ban tinh nhu: g ngudi xfl Nghf chdng? Tfl nhp da, ea tin din md't canh giae chfnh tri chi each gang tie! 66 Diu the ky XX, nhd quo'c vi dai Phan Bpi Chau dong hUdng vdi dng eung ed lflc c i tin nhu thi, ngdy thd chu trUdng "Phdp - Vift dl hug"", roi ed lflc Cu lai ca ngdi Ngd Dinh Difm y tfl chflc thfldng thfl, hay ca ngdi Chaten thong sfl Bic Kj> Vifn si Trin Huy Lifu viet: ' Theo Cu thi hdu he't cUng tdt, cUng yiu nUdc cd Di'n cd bgn Bui Quang Chieu d Nam luc dy da phdn dpng mat, Cu cUng chUa thdy cdi xdu xa cua nd Tdi cung khdng lg gi sau ndy Cu nghe tin Phgm Td vii't bdi ca nggi thdng Chdten, Thdng sQ Bdc Ky Tdi hoi thi Cu ndi: T6i cd biet gi ddu! Nghe Phgm Td ndi tdt thi tdi cung tudng nd td't that" (9) Trd lai vdi han e h l cua Nguyin Trfldng To Nha sfl hpc Hodng Thanh Dam eho ring: "Vi chUa thdy liic lUOng nh&n d&n la nhdn td quydt dinh vdn minh ddt nUdc nin dng dd niu mpt lugn diim chinh tri sai ldm Trong bdi "Ngdi vua Id quy, chde quan la trgng" cd dogn 6ng vidt: "NgUdi xUa ndi ddn Id gd'c cua nUdc Ndi the khdng dung Toi cho rang vua quan mdi id gd'c cua nUdc vi khdng ed vua quan thi chdng bao Idu ddn se logn Nude du cd vua bgo ngUpc cbn hOn khdng cd vua (10) Hpc gii Cao Tu Thanh lai Idp Iudn khac: "NgUdi ta ciing thdy menh di "ngoi vua Id quy, chde quan la trgng" that dd xud't phdt td cdch dgt vdn di vi mpt td chQc qudn ly ddt nUde vd xd hpi theo tinh thdn phdp quyin tU sdn, d dd vua quan chi Id nhiing vien chde mpt hi thd'ng ehinh tri hdnh chinh vd diu phdi ldm trdn chde trdeh ciing nhU tudn thu phdp lugt, diiu ndy khde hdn vdi tU tudng tdn qudn vd quan niim vi trdt tii xd hpi theo truyin thd'ng Nho gido phUOng Ddng " {11) Cin phii chfl y Id bd'y gid tfl tfldng canh tan cua Nguyen Trfldng To trinh bdy cac dilu trin trade hg't Id gfli de'n vua vd miy vi dai thin, ngn dng hfldng tdi viee de Rghien cflu Lich sfl sg 6.2012^ cao vua quan de thuyg't phuc hp, tranh thu mdt sfl ung hd tfl ben trgn Id dilu de higu! •Vi vdy, n l u cho r i n g cdc b i n dilu t r i n cua Nguyin Tnldng Td "chUa di cap vd tdp trung gidi quyet cdc vdn di cO bdn cua thdi dgi Id gidi quyet mdu thudn cO bdn la mdu thudn giQa todn thi nhdn d&n Viit Nam vdi thUc d&n Phdp x&m lUOc" thi hodn toan dflng, nhung ndi chua de cdp "mdu thudn giQa nhdn dan lao dpng vdi giai edp phong kiin" thi e chUa thdt thda dang, vi nhfl vdy ldm Ipt tai vua vd cdc dai thin! Lai nfla, ndi cdc dilu t r i n "nghiing vi diiu chinh, hba gidi nen chinh nh&n d&n lao dpng sue s6i tinh thdn yiu nUde khdng chii'n cUng to ldnh dgm" (12) cung chi Id v5 dodn, bdi vi nhdn dan lao ddng bd'y gid Idm gi ed (iieu kifn tie'p xflc vdi npi dung eae dilu trin! Ngfldi ta ed the chpn eho minh mdt chf hfldng, mpt hodi bao dl suit ddi theo duoi, nhUng khong cd t h i chpn cho minh thdi digm de sinh Phii chdng Nguyin Trudng To da "diu thai nhim thiky"? Dung Id Nguyin Trudng To edn khong tudng, ndi nhu nhd nghien cflu Trin Bach Ding ldi TUa cudn Nguyin TrUdng Tp, ngudi vd di thdo cua Trfldng Ba Cin: "Ong ndng vpi vd nhdt Id khdng biet eO che cua triiu Tu Ddc khdng bao gid cho phep suy nghi cua ong trd thdnh hiin thiic bdi chung dung din bdc tUdng lgc hdu kinh khung vi hgc vdn, vi khoa hgc, su mu m&m ddu cdc quan lgi cao cdp, ki cd ddng chi ton'' Gin ddy, dpc cudn sdch cua TS Bfli Kha (Vift kilu d My) Nguyin Trudng Tp vd vdn di canh tdn (Nxb Vdn hpe, 5-2011), chung tdi khdng khdi cd mdt s i ban khoan nhflng nhdn dinh mdi vd khac vl Nguyen Trudng To Cd t h i Bfli Kha cdn chu quan dinh kiln ngn nhilu nhdn dinh eua dng rd't OTf^Y bai hoc tfl nhijmg ddng g d p khd chd'p n h d n , nhd't Id cho N g u y i n Trudng To Id "mpt ngUdi vi ngogi bang ma viit nhQng bdn ggi Id dieu trdn gii lin vua Tu Ddc, nhUng lgi dUOc nguy trang sau hde mdn canh tdn diggt triiu dinh " Tuy vdy, chflng tdi dong tinh vdi ^ k i l n cua tdc g i i d nhflng ldi cudi cflng p h i n k i t cuon sach: "Mong mud'n cudi cung cua tdi Id di nghi cdc sd gia chuyen vi lich sd Viet Nam thdi Phdp thupe vd Viin Sd hgc Viet Nam nen cd mpt chUOng trinh vd ke hogch sUu tdm cdc tdi liiu mdt tgi cdc ThU khd Phdp vd tgi cdc Bp Truyin gido Hdi ngogi Paris died mpt sU ddnh gid xdc ddng vi cdc nh&n CHU 67 vgt lich sd thdi bdy gid, cd Nguyen Trudng Tp" Cd t h e N g u y i n T r u d n g To cdn cd mdt so ngd n h d n t r o n g cde dieu t r i n va chflng t a cdn ed n h i l u sai l i m k h i d a n h gid dng c h u a dpc ky cdc di t h a o mpt each he thd'ng vd lien h e chflng vdi h a n h t r a n g N g u y i n T r u d n g To t r o n g boi c i n h lich vdn hda - xd hpi bd'y gid T u y vdy, nhflng gi ma ong da de lai eho ddi vdn du chflng minh tdi n a n g vd t a m h u y e t cua mpt gido dan kinh Chfla yeu Nude, dng mdi mdi vdn Id niem kigu h a n h cua ngfldi d a n xfl Nghf ndi rigng vd cua ngudi d a n Vift N a m ndi chung! THtCH (1) Theo Dinh Vin Niem: Nhitng ngitcH thdy nho hgc vd dil ludn vi cdi chit cua Nguyin TrUitng Tg sach: Nguyin Tritimg To vdi khdt vgng canh tdn ddt nUdc, (Ky ydu Hpi thao khoa hpc tai Thinh phd Vinh, ngiy 10-11-2008), Nghf An, 2009, tr 48-56 (2), (4) Vo Thanh Tam: Nguyen TrUdng To hgc vd hdnh sach: Nguyin TrUdng To vdi khdt vgng canh tdn ddt nitdc, sdd, tr 70 (3) Lg Tri Viin: Mgt tri tue ldn, mgt nhiet tinh ldn khdng cd tieng vang sach Nguyin TrUdng •T$ vdi vdn di canh tdn ddt nUdc, Nxb Di Ning, 2000, tr.l36 (5) Xin xem; Hd SI Hfiy, Trdn Vin Thflc: Nho si Ngh^ An nin vdn hda Thdng Long - Bgi Vift tit thiky XVI den cudi theky XVIII, Ky ydu Hpi thao khoa hpc Thanh Nghe Tinh vdi 1000 ndm Thdng Long - Hd Ngi, Nxb Khoa hpc xa hfi Hi Nfi, 2010, tr 108-115 (6) Theo Hd Ba Quynh; Nguyin TrUdng To ngudi bdt hgnh hay hgnh phdc sach: Nguyen TrUdng Td vdi khdt vgng canh tdn ddt nUdc, (Ky ydu Hpi thao khoa hpc tai Thinh phd Vinh, ngiy 10-11-2008), sdd, tr 321 (7) Xem thgm: Hd ST Huy, Tran Vin ThUc: Tu tin ngudng, tdn gido tit tUdng nhdn vdn H6 Chi Minh, Ky yeu Hoi thao khoa hpc "Boi canh lich sii Bac Hd di tim dudng cUu nUdc", Nxb Khoa hpc xa hpi Hi Npi, 2011, tr 331 337 (8), (12) Dinh Xuan Lam, Nguyen Vin Hdng: Xu hiidng ddi mdi lich sU Viet Nam, Nxb Vin h6a Thong tin Ha Npi, 1998, tr 32-33 (9) ChUdng Thau: Phan Bgi Chdu dong thcti dgi (Binh ludn vd hoi He), Nxb Nghe An vi Trung tam Vin h6a vi Ngon ngii Dong Tay, 2007, tr 578 - 580 (10) Thanh Dam: Khdm phd mgt nh&n cdch ldn lich sd sach: Nguyin TrUdng To vdi vdn di canh tdn ddt nUdc, sdd, tr 266 (11) Cao Tu Thanh: Nguyin TrUdng To gidi hgn vd thdt bgi cua trdo lllu canh tdn ddt nUdc nda sau thiky XIX sach: Nguyen TrUdng To vdi vdn dicanh tdn ddt nUdc, sdd, tr 317