Bài viết nghiên cứu nhà ngục Sơn La và cuộc đấu tranh của các chiến sĩ Cộng sản đến tháng 12/1339; Chi bộ Cộng sản nhà ngục Sơn La thành lập và lãnh đạo phong trào cách mạng địa phương.
VAI NET VE CHI BO CdNG SAN NHA NGUC SON LA • • • (12/1939-8/1945) PHAM VAN Ll/C* R a ddi hoan canh dac biet lao tQ cua de qudc (12-1939), nhQng tQ lap, Chi bp Cpng san Nha ngyc Sdn La da diy manh cdng tac tuyen truyen giac ngp each mang ddi vdi quin chung, gay dQng cd sd each mang ddng bao cac dan tdc ben ngoai nha tu, diu tranh de ty giai thoat va lanh dao nhan dan cac dan tpc Sdn La khdi nghia gianh chfnh quyen thang 8-1945 t h i n g lpi Ket qua cd the ndi la m i u myc cua vipc trien khai, van dung sang tao chu tradng dadng ldi each mang ciia Dang vao dja phadng mien nui cd nhieu dan tpc thieu sd sinh sdng, trinh dp dan tri t h i p Nha nguc Stfn La va cuoc dau tranh cua cac chien si Cong san den thang 12-1939 Sdn La la mpt tinh d trung tam khu vyc Tay Bic, dja hinh hiem trd, khf hau khic nghipt 'T,am sdn chadng khf', diu the ky XX giao thdng chaa phat trien, d day lai cd nhieu dan tpc thieu sd sinh sd'ng, b i t ddng ve ngdn ngQ; dac bipt h i u het ddng bao cac dan tgc Sdn La luc dd deu khdng biet tie'ng phd thdng Cd the ndi, Sdn La luc a'y tiem thQc mgi ngudi nghe th^t riing rpn: "Ai len Hat Lot, Chieng Le Ngay di thi cd, ve thi khdng" • TS Tradng Dai hgc Tay Bic TQ nam 1908 thyc dan Phap da cho xay dyng d trung tam Thj xa Sdn La mgt nha tu, luc d i u de giam tu thadng pham, tie'ng Thai gpi la nha tdi (hUdn myt) Theo thiet ke cua Sd kie'n true trye thupc Nha Cdng chfnh Bic Ky (10-1907) Nha tu Sdn La dupc xay dyng cd dipn tich 500m^; gdm cd budm giam ldn, budng giam nhd (1) Ngay tQ dat nhQng vien gach d i u tien cho vipc xay dyng nha tu, thyc dan Phap da nghien cQu, thiet ke khu nha ch6o r i t dac biet Tadng nha tu dapc xay bing da hoc, mai Ipp tdn, buc tu cung dapc xay bing da hgc, mat lang xi mang, mep ngoai cQng cd gin cum dai bing chieu dai cua bye Vdi ldi kien true nay, khu nha da tao khdng khf dac bipt: mua he ndng nhQ thieu nha dot, mua ddng lanh tha'u xadng Lien vdi budng giam la budng de tu chet Trong mdi budng giam deu cd thung dyng phan khdng cd n i p day Xa lim vdn da chat chdi, nggt ngat lai them mui phan nong nac, khdng khf bj d nhiem, ngadi tu bj giam dd rat khd chju Cach thiet ke da de doa trye tie'p tam 15^ ngadi bj giam d day Vdi so tu nhan kha ddng nhdt xa lim chat hpp, sud't dem phai ngiii mui phan ndng nac se khien ngadi bj nhdt dd cd cam giac ve mgt cugc sd'ng e che tdm 50 Rghien eiru Lich sil' so 2.2010 Cudi nam 1931 (sau cao trao each mang 1930-1931), chung tiep tuc dQa hai doan tu cd 90 ngadi tQ nha giam Hoa Ld (Ha Npi) len giam giQ d Sdn La tadng bao cd mdt dadng de b'nh gac di tuin Dac bipt, dpt md rpng nay, chung xay mpt day xa lim ngam n i m sau dadi d i t 3,5m, gdm xa lim va mpt budng giam cd mpt ldi di hep qua cic xa lim Trong bndng tdi, cd cum sat tap the g i " chat vao bye giam tQ 3-5 ngQdi tren mpt dipn tfch hdn 8m^ Tren canh cQa bang go kien cd' cd mdt Id nhd trdng ldi di Mdi budng tdi cdn cd mpt c^a s i t , cd d khoa ldn Budng xa lim ca nhan r i t hpp (l,68m^) cd bp nam dai Im g i n cQm s i t D i u be cd mpt hoc lien vdi buc, tren de cdm, nQdc, dadi de bd dyng phan va nadc tieu Mdi xa lim ca nhan cd mdt Id thdng hdi nhd, canh ciia gd ddng lai thi mdi xa lim ca nhan bien mdt hpp kfn, ngadi tu n i m khdng cya quay dapc va cung khd phan bipt dapc rgay va dem , Thang 2-1933 doan tu chfnh trj thQ gdm 210 ngadi lai bj thyc dan Phap day len nguc Sdn La, dd cd cac ddng chf Vu Thipn Chan (tQc Chan Bua), T Q Nghj (tQc Giang Ky) De'n cudi nam 1933, tdng so' tu chfnh trj bj thyc dan Phap daa len giam giQ d nguc Sdn La la 324 ngadi Doi dien vdi day h i m n g i m la mpt be ldn chQa nadc chim sau dadi dit Toan bp khu xa lim chi cd mpt ldi xudng bing 21 bac da nhd hep, cd mpt cvta s i t kien cd dem khoa chat, khien cho khdng khf xa lim n g i m luc nao cung i m adt, hdi ham va ve ban dem thi rat lanh Sy cd mat cua cac doan tu chfnh trj da lam thay ddi h i n tfnh chat cua Nha tQ Sdn La Nha tu Sdn La khdng cdn la nha tu hang tinh dung de giam giQ tQ thadng pham nQa ma da bj thyc dan Phap bie'n mdt trung tam giam giQ, day tu chfnh trj ldn d phfa Bic Viet Nam va Ddng DQdng Cudi nam 1930, thQc dan Phap cho md rpng Ngyc Sdn La phfa sau gip l i n dien tich thiet ke ban dau tQ SOOm^ (1908) len ISOOm^ (1930) (3) Tadng bao quanh nha tQ cung dapc xay dyng xong cung vdi he thd'ng nha giam mdi, gdm nha giam chi'nh, Id cdt cd chdi canh d gdc va mdt sd' gian dung lam xadng xay lua, nha kho, bep, nha thud'c va ban giiy Phfa Khu nha bep dapc chung xay dyng tren trai ldn cu, ldi len xud'ng h i m ngim nam dadi bep NhQng tu nhan mdi de'n khd cd the phat hipn day h i m ngim va ldi len xudng cua nd 1dm de d i n de'n nhQng y nghi bi quan tieu cyc, chan ddi Them vao dd thyc dan Phap cdn lpi dung sQ k h i c nghiet cua tQ nhien de dung mudi rQng Andphen va mgt loat "hd' xf ndi" phdng giam lam ndi truyen benh nhanh chdng TQ nam 1930, lpi dung hiem the ciia Sdn La thyc dan Phap da bien ndi day ndi day cac chien si each mang Cudi nam 1930, doan tQ chfnh trj d i u tien gdm 24 ngQdi d l bj thQc dan Phap daa len giam gJQ d day; phan tu nhan luc cd ca tu chi'nh trj "cpng san" va tu Qud'c dan dang (2) Vdi ldi xay dyng n h a tren, ac y cua ke thu la lam cho tinh t h i n nhQng ngadi bj giam ludn cang t h i n g Thdi tiet khic nghiet, nha giam u am, che quan If nha tu khac de lam cho tu nhan giam sut nghj lyc va y chf De dung vdi ban c h i t ciia nd, LU r.im 1930, thyc dan Phap cung ddi ten gpi Nha tu Sdn La Ngyc Sdn La (tQ Prison ddi Pentencier) Vai nef ve Chi bp Cong s^n Am mQu tham ddc dd da dapc ten cdng sQ Sanhpuldp (Saint Poulope) ndi r i t ro bao cao giii thdng sQ Bic K^: " Chi cin mpt thdi gian khdng lau, sdt rdt, bpnh tat va cdng vipc khd sai se tieu hao chung (tQc tu chfnh trj) mpt each em thim" Mpt bao cao khac, ten lai qua quye't ring: "Chi thang, vi trung sdt r6t se lam cho chung (cac tu chfnh trj) trd nen hien lanh, dl bao " (4) Cung vdi sy phat trien cua phong trao each mang chdng de qudc phong kie'n cua nhan dan ta, nhieu q u i n chung au tu va chie'n si kien trung ciia Dang bj thyc dan Phap b i t va day len Sdn La Trade sy ddng dao cua tu chfnh trj, d i u nam 1940 thQc dan Phap lai cho md rpng Nha ngyc Sdn La lin thQ hai L i n chung cho xay them mgt trai giam ldn gdm gian canh trai Ifnh khd xanh va gianh mgt trai giam nhd cho nhQng ngadi thupc loai an tri (nhQng can bp each mang daa di tap trung ma khdng xii an), gpi la trai tap trung (Camp de concentration) Ngyc Sdn La dapc md rpng ddng thdi cung vdi nhieu nha giam khac ca nadc nhang v i n khdng du chd de giam cim cac chie'n si each mang Trong vipc xay dyng va md rpng nha tu, thyc dan Phap d^c bipt chu f tdi cac nha tu: Cdn Dao, Sdn La va Budn Ma Thuat Mpt nha tu dapc xay dyng tren mdt hdn dao chdi vdi giQa bien ca menh mdng, hai nha tu xay dyng giQa vung rQng nui hoang vu, hiem trd Ca ba nha tQ deu d vao the bipt lap vdi xa hpi Do dd, mpi boat dpng cua cac chie'n si each mang gap r i t nhieu khd khan Nha vay, ban d i u tQ mpt nha tu hang tinh dQng de giam giQ tu thadng pham, Nha tQ Sdn La da dapc thyc dan Phap bidn Ngyc Sdn La - mpt trung tam giam 51 giQ, day tu chfnh trj ldn d phfa Bic Vipt Nam va Ddng Dadng Dapc thiet ke theo kieu nha ngyc, cpng vdi che dp lao tu tan bao va sy khic nghipt cua khf hau thdi tiet da lam cho cupc sdng cua cac chien si cpng san bj day d day trd nen cung cyc la "dja ngyc" ciia t r i n gian The nhang, tQ nhQng diu dat chan len Sdn La, mac du chQa lap dapc Chi bg tu, lai chaa thdng thd dja hinh nhang cudc d i u tranh chd'ng che lao tu tan bao ciia cac chie'n si cdng san vin dien manh me va quyet lipt Md d i u la cugc d i u tranh cua anh em tu chfnh trj dien vao thang 12-1930 ddi cai thipn che dp lao tu, chdng danh dap va ddi phai phat them q u i n ao i m de lao dpng Tie'p de'n la cudc d i u tranh cua tu chfnh trj 10-1933 daa yeu sach cho Toan quyen Ddng Dadng Patskie (Pasquier) ten len Sdn La dy budi khai tradng dadng Sanh Pu Ldp (Qudc lp hipn nay) va kiem tra lai am mau giet hai nhQng ngadi cpng san d Nha tu Sdn La Trong thdi gian tQ 1934-1935, thQc dan Phap lai dQa hai doan tu chfnh trj hdn 100 ngadi len Sdn La, dd cd cac ddng chf Sao Dd (tQc Nguyen Ladng Bing), Dang Vipt Chau, Pham Quang Ljch Cung cd ddng chf bj day len Sdn La l i n thQ hai nhQ ddng chf Tradng Chinh, BQi Vu Try Do bj giam cim qua nhieu nha tu de qudc, mpt sd ddng chf da phai trai qua nhQng cudc diu tranh sinh tli vdi quan thu, tfch luy dQpc nhieu kinh nghipm d i u tranh tu, n h i t la hai ddng chf Nguyen LQdng Bing va Pham Quang Ljch DQng trQdc tinh hinh dd, td chQc dai dien tu chfnh trj da van dpng anh em da'u tranh chdng che dp lao dpng khd sai, ddi dapc hadng che dp tu chfnh trj Do thai dp da'u tranh kien quyet khdn kh6o cila ta, ke djch da phai giam hinh ph?it lao 52 ddng khd sai cho tu chfnh trj T h i n g lpi cua cupc da'u tranh da gdp p h i n khang djnh them t i c dung va tam quan trpng cua cupc da'u tranh tu cua cac chie'n si cpng san TQ nam 1935, lpi dyng Mat tran Binh dan Phap len Sdn La dieu tra ve sy ngQpc dai cua thyc dan Phap ddi vdi tu nhan va yeu cau bpn cai nguc phai an xa cho chfnh trj pham cac chien si cpng san da tim each giii ddn cho phai doan dieu tra vach t r i n tdi ac cua chung Ke't qua, bpn chua nguc d Sdn La bupc phai an xa cho tu chfnh trj " Dpt vao thang 7-1936 cd 35 tQ chfnh trj dapc daa ve Ha Npi; ddt thQ hai cd them 60 ngadi dapc an xa daa ve Ha Ngi Nguc Sdn La luc g i n n h a bj giai the chi cdn mgt so' it tu chinh trj dd la cac ddng chf Nguyen Ladng Bing va ddng chf Pham Quang Ljch, Hoang Dinh Dong bj ket an nang 20 nam khd sai cung ngadi tu Qud'c dan dang bj coi la nhQng p h i n tQ "nguy hiem" khdng dapc an xa " (5) Thyc te da'u tranh ciia cac chien si cdng san Ngyc Sdn La cho t h i y sy cin thie't phai lap dadc Chi bp Cpng san tu de td chQc va lanh dao cupc d i u tranh cua cac chien si cdng san mdi cd the gianh dQdc t h i n g lpi; tuyen truyen giac ngp each mang ddi vdi ddng bao cac dan tdc, tien tdi gay dyng cd sd each mang ben ngoai nha tu Cd the ndi, day la ddi hdi bQc thiet cua cupc da'u tranh cua cac chien si cpng san nha ngyc va phong trao each mang Sdn La luc Rghien eiru Lieh sii" so 2.2Q10 lai bj thyc dan Phap day len Sdn La, dd cd mpt sd ddng chf la can bp Qu tii va q u i n chung kien trung cua Dang da trai qua cac nha tu de qudc, trai qua cac cupc da'u tranh sinh tii vdi ke thu, cd kinh nghiem td chQc lanh dao cupc d i u tranh tu Cac ddng chi tha'y ro sy cin thiet phai g i p n i t lap Chi bp cpng san de lanh dao va td chQc cugc d i u tranh nha tQ mdi cd the gianh t h i n g ldi Tren tinh t h i n dd t h i n g 12-1939 cac dang vien nha tu da hpp va bf mat lap Chi bd Cpng san lam thdi gdm 10 ddng chf Ddng chf Nguyin LQdng Bing dapc cti iam Bf t h a Chi bp (6) Nam 1940, thQc dan Phap tiep tyc dQa hai doan tu chfnh trj nQa len Sdn La, dd cd cic ddng chf Van Tie'n Dung, Trin Huy Lipu, Nguyen Van Phuc, Td Hipu, Ngd Minh Loan, Le Quang Hoa Mdi nam tQ chfnh tri bj day len giam cim d Sdn La cang ddng, thyc dan Phap phai lien tyc cho md rpng nha tu Chung cdn tim cich " rut bdt k h i u p h i n an, b i t tu nhan phai lao dpng cQc nhpc, mpi sd s u i t cdng viec va sinh boat deu bj chung danh dap tan n h i n Khdng ft nhQng chien si each mang d i u tranh da bj chung daa xud'ng xa lim n g i m va bj tra t i n cyc hinh " (7) Chi b o C o n g s a n N h a n g u c Scfn La t h a n h lap va lanh dao phong trao each m a n g d i a phiicfng (12/1939 - 3/1945) De td chQc va lanh dao anh em d i u tranh chd'ng che dp lao tu tan bao cua de qudc P h i p , t h i n g 2/1940 Chi bp cpng san lam thdi Ngyc Sdn La dQdc chuyen chi bp chfnh thQc, ddng chf T r i n Huy Lipu dQdc cd lam Bi thQ Chi bp, ddng chf Td Hipu lam Chi uy vien Trong cac cupc d i u tranh ty phat ciia nhan dan cac dan tpc v i n lien tyc dien thi t h i n g 12-1939 doan tu chfnh trj thQ Den t h i n g 5-1940, chi uy bf mat tripu tap Dai hpi Chi bp de thao luan, quye't djnh cac chii trQdng cdng tac Ddng chf Td Hipu Vai net ve Chi bo Cong san dapc b i u lam Bf t h a Chi bd Dai hdi da de nhiem vy cdng tac ldn, dd la: Chi bd lanh dao toan dien hoat ddng cua nha tu Tang cadng cdng tac tuyen truyen, giao dye va ren luyen dao dQc each mang cho dang vien va q u i n chung Dao tao va bdi dadng can bg, h u i n luyen dang vien ve If luan Mac - Le nin va phadng phap d i u tranh each mang nha tu Xay dyng va phat trien cac td chQc quin chung ben va ben ngoai nha ngyc Tim each b i t lien lac vdi xQ uy va Trung adng Dang de xin y kie'n chi dao cua cip tren ddi vdi chi bd nha tu Ngay tQ ddi, Chi bp Nha tu Sdn La da diy manh cdng tac tuyen truyen giac ngp each mang ddi vdi quin chung, gay dyng cac cd sd each mang ddng bao cac dan tdc Tren cd sd nghj quyet cua Chi bp, dya vao dadng ldi chuyen hadng chien lapc each mang thdi ky mdi cua Trung adng va tinh hinh thyc te d dja phadng, Chi uy, Chi bp Nha tu Sdn La chii tradng: + Tang cadng tuyen truyen vain dpng, xay dyng cd sd each mang d ben ngoai nha tu, tien tdi vu trang khdi nghia d Sdn La cd du dieu kipn + Tfch cyc dao tao can bp, td chQc vapt ngyc, daa can bp ngoai hoat ddng De dat dapc muc dich tren, Chi bd da day manh cdng tac tuyen truyen, giao dye lam cho mpi ngadi hieu ro tinh hinh va nhipm vy mdi Chi uy td chQc viet lai tinh thin nghj quyet Trung adng de lam tai lieu hpc tap Chi bp va phd bie'n rpng 53 rai cho q u i n chung; bao "Sudi reo" gdp p h i n tuyen truyen van dpng each mang khien mpi ngadi rat p h i n khdi, tin tadng Dac bipt, de cdng tac tuyen truyen each mang mang lai hieu qua cao, Chi uy cdn lap cac ban: tu van, binh van, dan van Do cd chu tradng dung dan, phu hpp nen chi mdt thdi gian ngin Chi bd Nha nguc Sdn La da cam hoa dapc nhieu quan chung, nien tfch cyc trd hat nhan de gay dyng phong trao, tieu bieu nha: Ld Van Sdn (Ifnh khd' xanh), Quan Madi, Dgi That, Ddi The (tQc Toan), Dgi Chfnh (tQc Cim Hien), Cai Pieng, Cim Van Inh (y ta), Binh Chung (tQc Di b6o), Be Nhat Huan (cdng chQc iam vipc d Tda sQ), Phan Du, Giao DQc va ba Quang Thj Khieu, dng Ld Van Hae, dng Tdng Van Ddi, ba Ld Thj Dpn (d phd' Chieng Le), Tdng Van Ddi, Ld Thj Dpn (Madng La) Ket qua diu nam 1943 hai td chQc each mang diu tien ddng bao Thai d Sdn La da dapc lap, dd la: + Td nien Thai cQu (tie'ng Thai gpi la Mu Ndm gdm cd: Chu Van Thjnh, Nguyen Phuc, Quang Ddn, Thjnh phu trach qud'c d tinh ly chit madng), Tdng Lanh, Chu Van + Td Thanh nien Thai cQu qud'c d chau Madng La (tieng Thai gpi la Mu Ndm chit madng) gdm cd: Cim Van Thinh, Ld Van Gia, Ld Van Phui, Ld Xuan, Cam Van Thinh phu trach (8) Hai td chQc nien cQu qud'c boat dgng theo nguyen tic va dieu lp cua Dgi Thanh nien cQu qud'c Mat tran Viet Minh Vdi nhiem vu tuyen truyen, van dgng va xay dyng cac td chQc each mang d dja phQdng Cd the ndi, Hdi ngQdi Thai cQu qud'c va Dpi Thanh nien Thai cQu qud'c thyc sy la chiec ciu ndi giQa Dang vdi ddng bao 54 cac dan tpc; hai td chQc dQpc sy lanh d^o trye tie'p ciia Chi bp nha ngyc, tiep nhan chii tradng dadng ldi cua Dang tQ Chi bp Nha tii Sdn La, tuyen truyen anh sang each mang, tap hpp, doan ke't q u i n chiing de tda rpng va phat trien phong trao toan tinh Theo chii trQdng cila Chi bp nha tu Dpi Thanh nien Thai cQu qudc d MQdng La da bat tay vao van ddng q u i n chung d ban Thai d xa Chieng Xdm (nay la Huyen Madng La) da'u tranh chdng sau cao thue nang, ddi giam thue, giam rupng chQc, bdt ddng gdp thdc kho Dac bipt, 5-81943, Chi bp nha ngyc da bd tri cho ddng chf: Nguyen T u i n Dang (tQc T r i n Dang Ninh), Nguyen Van Tran (bf danh la Dipu), Lau DQc Hieu (tQc LQU Quyen), Nguyen Ladng Bang vapt nguc t h i n g lpi; ngadi d i n dadng la Ld Van Gia - Doan vien Thanh nien cQu qudc Madng La Cuoi nam 1943 d i u nam 1944, de dap Qng sQ phat trien ciia phong trao each mang dja phadng va ca nadc, Chi bp Nha Ngyc Sdn La chu tradng xay dyng cSn cQ dja each mang d Sdn La va cii ddng chf Chu Van Thjnh di khao sat tinh hinh chpn dja diem Xa Madng Chanh thupc thapng ngudn sadi Nam Na, each thj xa khoang 20 km, cd mang ladi giao thdng thuan tipn TQ Madng Chanh cd the di len Thuan Chau, cd the sang sdng Ma, tdi Thapng Lao, vao Thanh Hda, Nghe An; cd the xud'ng Mai Sdn dadng 41 (nay la Qudc lp 6), mang ladi giao thdng i y dam bao vipc tie'n, thoai, cd dpng va bf mat; nhan dan Madng Chanh giau truyen thd'ng yeu nadc, cam thu de qud'c thyc dan va bpn phia, tao tay sai; day lai la dja phadng cd nhieu q u i n chung la nhQng nien hpc sinb, cdng chQc hpc tap va lam vipc d thj xa Sdn La dapc Chi bp Rghien ciru Lich siir so 2.2Q1Q nha tu (thdng qua ddng chf Binh Trung va Be Nhat H u i n ) tuyen truyen giac ngp trcl hat nhan de gay d i ^ g phong trao Vdi lpi the dd, Madng Chanh da dapc Chi bp nha tu Sdn La dat hadng lau dai xay dyng can cQ dja each mang, ma trade tien la xay dyng Madng Chanh cd sd de cd cho lam ndi lien lac vdi Trung adng va ndi t n i chan cho cac dong chf tu vapt ngyc (9) Dapc sy chi dao cua Chi bp nha tu, ddng chf Chu Van Thjnh da tdi Madng Chanh tuyen truyen gay dicing cd sd each mang; cudi nam 1943, Hpi ngadi Thai cQu quoc (Tie'ng Thai gpi la Cdn tay c h i t mQdng) gdm 12 hpi vien da dapc lap Ngay tQ lap Hpi ngQdi Thai cQu qudc d Madng Chanh da phat huy anh hQclng tdt q u i n chiing ndng dan Hpi da cd nhieu hinh thQc van dpng niia cdng khai niia bf mat de giac ngp q u i n chung, phat trien hgi vien mdi Hgi da hQdng d i n cac "Hgi dpt anh" (Hpi ket nghia anh em lap tQ nam 1939) doin ke't d i u tranh ddi bdt phu, giam thue, chdng phia, tao dja phQdng ldi dyng quyen the lam nhan dan Trade tinh t h i n dau tranh manh me ciia nhan dan Tda sQ Sdn La bupc phai cii phd sQ Valangxo xud'ng tan ndi tuyen bd cha'p nhan yeu c i u cua q u i n cnv^t? '"k each chQc chQc djch mdi d Madng Chanh cupc da'u tranh da thu dQdc t h i n g ldi Tren cd sd dd, Hgi ngQdi Thai cQu qudc Madng Chanh tie'p tyc d i y phong trao len cao hdn Vy thue nam 1944, hg da diu tranh vdi phia gianh dapc 14 trau, 50 Ipn, 10 ta'n lua rdi dem mgt p h i n chia cho quan chung, p h i n cdn lai nhap quy Hgi De bao vp nhQng cupc d i u tranh ciia q u i n chung Hpi cdn td chQc Dpi ty vp bf mat Cira Vinh Chi chi huy Chfnh tQ td Vai net ve Chi bo Cong s£n chQc da tao cd sd, nen tang cho sQ ddi mpt hinh thQc d i u tranh mdi - d i u tranh vu trang cua q u i n chung Dpi ty vp bf mat ddi da kjp thdi t r i n ap bpn tay sai, mat tham chuyen di dd la tin tQc cho djch, dpi da khd'ng che dapc ca ten phia dQng d i u vung TQ Madng Chanh phong trao da nhanh chdng anh hadng tdi cac dja phadng tinh nha: Ban Lim, Xanh Pai (thupc xa Tranh D i u - Thuan Chau), Madng Lim (sdng Ma) (10) Cd the ndi, sy ddi cua cac td chQc each mang ddng bao Thai d Thj Xa, Madng La, Madng Chanh cudi nam 1943 d i u nam 1944 danh d i u bade tradng vadt bac ciia phong trao each mang Sdn La Dac biet sy ddi cua Dpi du kfch Madng Chanh da chQng td bade phat trien nhay vpt ve chit ciia phong trao each mang Sdn La dadi sy lanh dao ciia Chi bd Nha ngyc Sdn La mpt hinh thQc d i u tranh mdi, d i u tranh vu trang da x u i t hipn, tao au the cho phong trao ciia quin chung cang phat trien manh me ve sau TQ dau nam 1945, Chien tranh the gidi thQ Hai bade vao giai doan cudi vdi au the thupc ve quan dddng minh Phe phat xft bj diy lui khdi nhieu chien tradng khien ke djch lo sp Nhat - Phap v i n tam thdi hda hoan vdi nhau; nhang "sy hda hoan cd khac chi mpt cai nhpt bpc chQa chit ben biet bao nhieu vi trQng va mau mu, chi chd djp chin la vd tung ra" Viet Nam tinh the each mang trye tiep da chin mudi Khiing hoang chfnh trj d dja phadng cang t r i m trpng Phong trao chien tranh du kfch d cac chien khu vdi phong trao q u i n chung ndng thon va thj ket hpp chat che, tao nen mpt khdng khf syc sdi each mang, chd hanh dgng 55 Tai Nha nguc Sdn La, vdi sy nhay cam cua cac chien si cpng san va qua tin tQc tQ cac cd sd ben ngoai Chi bd da n i m b i t dapc nhQng dien bien ciia tinh hinh va di den nhan djnh: Ne'u Nhat dao chfnh Phap thi Phap se cd hai thai dp ddi vdi tu nhan Mgt la giQ thai dn hda ben ngoai nhang ben tiep tyc quan ly chat che tu nhan, nit bdt k h i u p h i n va khdng cho tu nhan ngoai nha trade Hai la chung se thing tay dan ap, tan sat trade Nhat den TQ nhQng nhan djnh dd, Chi bg chu tradng phai he't sQc tinh tao, than trpng, tranh khieu khfch hoac bj khieu khfch tiep tuc chuan bj cho mgi dieu kien ve tinh than, vat chat chu dao, xay dyng lyc lapng manh cho du tinh hinh binh thadng hay cd tinh hudng xau Chi cd xay dyng lyc lapng va dapc td chQc tdt mdi d i p Qng dapc ddi hdi thdi cd den TQ chii tradng tren, mpi boat dpng chuin bj nha tu dapc tie'n hanh mpt each khan tradng nhang cung het sQc bf mat Ban kinh te chuin bj ladng thyc, thyc pham, quy dy trQ, ban cQu te chuin bj thud'c men, tang cadng chQa benh, bdi dadng sQc khde cho tu nhan yeu; ban quan sy tang cadng luypn tap quan sy, ty tao va cit giiu vu khf; ban binh van tang cadng tiep xuc, gay cd sd binh Ifnh, nim tinh hinh, ban ke hoach phdi hpp hoat dpng; cac cd sd Viet Minh d tinh ly, Madng La, Madng Chanh, va cac vung xung quanh tie'p tuc dapc cung cd va tang cadng chi dao Ngay 09-3-1945, Nhat dao chfnh lat dd Phap, trade tinh hinh dd, Chi uy Nha ngyc Sdn La da hpp md rpng vdi ban lanh dao nha ngyc de ke hoach lanh dao ta tadng va td chQc chuin bj thoat ngyc cd dieu kipn thuan ldi Qua tie'p xuc, Chi bd n i m dapc am mau cua Phap mud'n bien tu chfnh trj d Sdn La Rghien ciiii Lich siir so 2.2010 55 lyc iQdng chie'n dau chdng Nhat lau dai Bing phadng phap d i u tranh mem deo, hpp ly, hpp tinh, phan tfch ky xu the phat trien cua tinh hinh va qua thai dp cua bpn cai ngyc, binh Ifnh, Chi bd da di de'n chu tradng: Hpp tac vdi Phap de chd'ng Nhat, nhang thyc c h i t tranh thu cd hpi dapc ty do, tim mpi each nhanh chdng trd ve vdi Dang de tham gia phong trao each mang Yeu c i u thyc dan Phap tha toan bd tQ chfnh tri Thyc hipn chu tradng tren, ban lanh dao nha ngyc cii 18 ddng chf lam nhiem vy hpp tac vdi Phap Thyc dan Phap da lpi dung cac ddng chf lam nhiem vy quan bao di trade dieu tra tinh hinh Nhat Cac ddng chf da thd'ng nha't ke hoach va kheo leo thoat khdi sy kiem soat cua chung trd ve vdi phong trao each mang dang sdi syc ca nadc (11) Dadi ap lyc d i u tranh cua tu chfnh trj d Sdn La, trade khf the each mang dang cao CHU ca nadc, tai Nha nguc Sdn La chieu 17-3-1945, giam nguc Ld Bdng bupc phai thdng bao ljch di chuyen tu nhan chuyen toan bp tu Sdn La ve trai giam d Nghia Lp Tren dQdng di, dQpc tin toan bp tu nhan d Nghia Lg da pha cdng ty giai thoat, giam ngyc Ld Bdng va ten Tay Doan sd hai bd chay, ban lanh dao tu da quye't djnh chdp thdi cd vQa tie'p tyc dgi ngu, vQa gap gd tuyen truyen, thuye't phyc binh Ifnh, yeu ciu di theo each mang thi cim sung di cung, cdn khdng theo each mang thi trao lai sung va dapc ty De'n Tu Lp, ban lanh dao tuyen bd': "De'n day t i t ca tu nhan da dapc thoat khdi nguc tu, lap cac nhdm tim mpi each bat lien lac vdi XQ uy va td chQc dang d dja phadng de boat dpng" Nha vEly, nhd cam quan each mang, gin 200 can bg da thoat ngyc trd ve vdi Dang, vdi nhan dan, tham gia lanh dao phong trao, tie'n tdi Tong khdi thang Tam nam 1945 THICH (1), (2), (3) (4), (5), (7), (11) Nhd td San La (1908-1945) Ban Nghien cQu Lich sQ Dang Sdn La, 1982, tr, 33, 41, 44, 49, 61, 53, 66, (8), Cae hoi k^, hoi Qc, hoi tQdng ciia cac can bp lao each mang Sdn La, tai li^u iQu tai Bao tang Sdn La (6), Lich sd ddng bg tinh San La (Tap 1), Nxb Chinh tri Qudc gia Ha Noi, 2002, tr 33 (9), (10) Tai li?u diln da tai Khu can cQ dia each mang MQdng Chanh 12-2007 ... len Sdn La, mac du chQa lap dapc Chi bg tu, lai chaa thdng thd dja hinh nhang cudc d i u tranh chd'ng che lao tu tan bao ciia cac chie'n si cdng san vin dien manh me va quyet lipt Md d i u la cugc... cd sd nghj quyet cua Chi bp, dya vao dadng ldi chuyen hadng chien lapc each mang thdi ky mdi cua Trung adng va tinh hinh thyc te d dja phadng, Chi uy, Chi bp Nha tu Sdn La chii tradng: + Tang... thyc sy la chiec ciu ndi giQa Dang vdi ddng bao 54 cac dan tpc; hai td chQc dQpc sy lanh d^o trye tie'p ciia Chi bp nha ngyc, tiep nhan chii tradng dadng ldi cua Dang tQ Chi bp Nha tii Sdn La, tuyen