Determining drivers of spatio temporal changes in mangrove extents in hai phong city, vietnam

MINISTRY OF EDUCATIONAL TRAINING MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF FORESTRY  AMENA EASMIN DETERMINING DRIVERS OF SPATIO-TEMPORAL CHANGES IN MANGROVE EXTENTS IN HAI PHONG CITY, VIETNAM MASTER THESIS IN FOREST SCIENCE Hanoi, 10/2018 MINISTRY OF EDUCATIONAL TRAINING MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF FORESTRY  AMENA EASMIN DETERMINING DRIVERS OF SPATIO-TEMPORAL CHANGES IN MANGROVE EXTENTS IN HAI PHONG CITY, VIETNAM Major: Forest Science Code:8620201 MASTER THESIS IN FOREST SCIENCE Academic advisor: Assoc/Prof Dr Nguyen Hai Hoa Hanoi, 10/2018 Abstract Mangroves are well-recognized as the ecologically highly diverse coastal areas in the tropics and subtropics Recently it has severe damages due to various land use activities such natural and human driven forces High population growth and migration into coastal areas are found one of the most extensive irresolvable land use changes in recent decades, which is very serious contentions as well as disruptive, this could be resulting from the destructive issues of rapid land use changes in the coastal areas of Hai Phong, Vietnam As coastal areas are already in the risk of climate change impact.The future trend of this land use could bring us to an extreme alarming stage, such as natural calamities, coastal erosion, and waste-land This study provided the assessment of spatiotemporal changes of mangroves extent using remotely sensed data and what are the drivers of it In this study, Landsat and Sentinel-2 data were utilized to quantify the spatiotemporal changes in land use and land cover (LULCC), andfocused onthe periods of 1994-2001, 2001-2010, 2010-2015 and 2015-2018, and decadal changes.The unsupervised classification was selected to determine the land use and land cover Error-matrix based accuracy assessment was accomplished after ground truthing Results revealed that the biggest expansion of mangroves occurred during 1994-2001 due to the support of mangroves plantation project „Planting mangroves, preventing disasters‟ Case study areas Bang La and Dai Hop communes were found to be well-managed by local communities,while Tien Lang area found as a vulnerable to natural disaster and human activities, due to its individual management and extensive practices of aquacultures This paper demonstrates the congruous development of relevant key drivers of coastal mangrove changes, with an emphasis on the land use change drivers Meanwhile this study not only would be helpful to future research but also illustrated an applicable plan for sustainable mangrove management Keywords: Remote Sensing, Spatial resolution, Sentinel-2,Sustainable mangrove management, Mangroves extents,Land use land cover change i PUBLICATION DURING MASTER THESIS Easmin, A., Hai-Hoa, N., Zuklin, T., Huu-Nghia, N (2018) Determining drivers of spatial-temporal changes in mangrove extents in HaiPhong city Journal of Ocean and Coastal Management (Submited and Under Review) Huu-Nghia, N., Hai-Hoa., N., Thanh-An, L., Ngoc-Lan, TT.,Easmin, A., MinhTu, NT (2017) Using SPOT to estimate biomass and carbon stocks of Pinusmerkusii plantation in DinhHai commune, ThanhHoa province Journal of Forest Science and Technology 5:84-94 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This research is funded by Vietnam National Foundation for Science and Technology Development (NAFOSTED) under grant number 105.08-2017.05 First and the foremost, I would like to thank my adviser and I am deeply indebted to my supervisor for his constant and genuine support as well as guidance; It would not be possible to learn GIS without him Associate Professor Dr Nguyen Hai Hoa, heartfelt thanks for encouraging me during my difficult times and pushing me to complete my tasks I would like to acknowledge, The Vietnam National University of Forestry for providing me the scholarship It would not be possible to study for masters without your support I would like to express my gratitude to Erasmus Plus to grant me scholarship for student mobility program I am also thankful to the George-August University of Goettingen to letting me study for a semester Thanks to DAAD for your wonderful cooperation in the „Tropical International Forestry (TIF)MasterProgram‟ I extend my sincere thanks to all of my teachers in VNUF, they always encourage me to be work done I would like to express my sincere thanks to the staff of the VNUF for your continuous help; your support and consideration were so important Thanks to Commune‟s Red Cross and Commune People‟s Committee and local people in Bang La, Dai Hop and Tien Lang, Hai Phong City for supporting us when collecting data iii List of Contents Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION Chapter 2: LITERATYRE REVIEW 2.1 Overall GIS and Remote sensing 2.1.1 GIS 2.1.2 Remote sensing Mapping 10 2.2 Application of GIS and remote sensing to detect land use and land cover change 10 2.3 Application of GIS and remote sensing to detect mangrove extents 11 2.3.1 World scale 11 2.3.2 In Vietnam 11 2.4 Mangroves 12 2.6 Mangroves in Southeast Asia 14 2.8 Importance of mangroves 17 2.5 Case study 21 Chapter 3: RESEARCH OBJECTIVES AND METHODOLOGY 24 3.1 Research goal and objectives 24 3.1.1 Goal 24 3.1.2 Objectives 24 3.2 Research scope 25 3.3 Methodology 25 3.3.1 Rationale of study 25 3.3.2 Detailed methods 27 3.3.3 Satellite data collection 27 3.3.4 Investigation of the status of spatial mangrove extents and current mangrove management schemes 28 3.3.5 Construction of coastal mangrove thematic maps in selected years 29 3.3.5.1 Image pre-processing 29 3.3.5.2 Image interpretation 30 3.3.5.3 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) 31 3.3.5.4 Supervised Classification 31 3.3.5.5 Unsupervised Classification 32 iv 3.3.5.6 Accuracy assessments 33 3.3.6.3 Land use land cover change detection analysis 35 3.3.6.1 Key drivers of change identification 36 3.3.7 Recommendation for sustainable mangrove management 36 Chapter 4: SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND GEOGRAPHIC CONDITIONS OF HAI PHONG 37 4.1 Geographic features 38 4.2 Climatic features 39 4.3 Land use type 39 Chapter 5: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 43 5.1 Current land cover Status of mangroves and its management scheme 44 5.1.1 Current land cover status 44 5.1.2 Accuracy Assessment 48 5.1.3 Mangrove management scheme 51 Mangroves management in Bang La and Dai Hop 51 Socio-economic features 55 5.2 Spatiotemporal changes in mangroves extents 56 5.2.1 Temporal changes of mangroves from 1990-2018 56 5.3 Mangrove change detection and key drivers 58 5.3.1 Land cover change detection in selected periods 58 5.3.2 Key drivers of changes in mangrove extents 64 5.3.3 Spatiotemporal changes in mangroves extents over the last three decades 67 5.4 Feasible solution for better management of mangroves 70 Chapter 6: GENERAL CONCLUSION AND RESEARCH IMPLICATION 75 6.1 General conclusion 75 6.2 Limitation of the Study 76 v List of Tables Table 2.1 Types of series of Landsat imagery Table 2.2 Mangroves in Southeast Asian countries 16 Table 3.1 Remotely sensed data used in this study 29 Table 3.2 Useful bands for mapping 31 Table 3.3 NDVI values for various cover types 32 Table 3.4 Description of different land cover classes of the study area 33 Table 3.5 Selected ground truthing points in this study 35 Table 5.1 Land use land cover status of the study area (ha) 47 Table 5.2 Accuracy assessment for Tien Lang area 2018 50 Table 5.3 Accuracy assessment for the Bang La and Dai Hop area 2018 50 Table 5.4 Average income from mangroves resources 56 Table 5.5 Mangroves changes in Tien Lang from 1994-2018 (ha) 57 Table 5.6 Change detection of mangrove extents in Tien Lang(T), Bang La and Dai Hop (B) 63 Table 5.7 Decadal changes in mangroves extents (ha) 69 Table 5.8 Dynamic of mangroves extents in three decades (ha) 70 vi List of Figures Fig 2.1 GIS Data Layers Fig 2.2 Various use of GIS Fig 2.3 Mangroves in Bang La 12 Fig 2.4 Spatial distribution of mangroves in the world 14 Fig 2.5 Spatial distribution of mangroves in Southeast Asia 15 Fig 2.6 Spatial distribution of mangroves in Vietnam 17 Fig 2.7 Mangroves function 19 Fig 4.1 Geographic map of study area 39 Fig 4.2 Mangroves vegetation in Bang La(left) and Tien Lang (right) 42 Fig 5.1 Land cover status in Bang La, Dai Hop and Tien Lang 47 Fig 5.2 Land Cover Map of Study area……………………………………… 50 Fig 5.3 Oil splitting(left) and plastics pollution(right) in Bang La 51 Fig 5.4 Residents in Tien Lang district deal with the aftermath of Typhoon Bebinica 51 Fig 5.5 Mangroves extents in Bang La, Dai Hop and Tien Lang 58 Fig 5.6 Land use land cover change graph of Tien Lang 62 Fig 5.7 Land use land cover change graph of Bang La and Dai Hop 62 Fig 5.8 Land use land cover change map of mangrove extentsin Tien Lang, Bang La and Dai Hop 64 Fig 5.9 Decadal changes in mangroves extents in Tien Lang, Bang La and Dai Hop 70 vii List of Diagrams Diagram 3.1 Flowchart of image classification method used in this study 28 Diagram 5.1 The Provincial management structure of mangroves management in Bang La and Dai Hop commune 54 Diagram 5.2 Sustainable mangroves management model for Tien Lang 73 viii Hossain, M I., Nabi, M R., Ansari, M N A., Latif, A., Mahmud, M R., Islam, M S 2016 Ecosystem Services of The World Largest Mangrove Forest SundarbanIn Bangladesh International Journal of Innovation And Scientific Research, 27 Hossain, M And Islam, M 2016, Ship Breaking Activities and its Impact on the Coastal Zone of Chittagong, Bangladesh: Towards Sustainable Management Hoppe-Speer, S., Adams, J., Bailey, D 2014 Present State of Mangrove Forests along the Eastern Cape Coast, South Africa (Vol 23) Hue, L.T.V., Scott, S., 2008 Coastal livelihood transitions: socio-economic consequences of changing mangroves forests management and Land allocation in a commune of Central Vietnam Geographical Research 46 (1), 62e73 Huxham, M., Dencer-Brown, A., Diele, K., Kathiresan, K., Nagelkerken, I and Wanjiru, C., 2017 Mangroves and People: Local Ecosystem Services in a Changing Climate In Mangrove Ecosystems: A Global Biogeographic Perspective(pp 245-274) Springer, Cham Huxham, M., Whitlock, D., Githaiga, M and Dencer-Brown, A., 2018 Carbon in the coastal seascape: How interactions between mangrove forests, seagrass meadows and tidal marshes influence carbon storage Current Forestry Reports, pp.1-10 Ibrahim, E., Adam, S., Monbaliu, J 2009 Assessment of Unsupervised Classification Techniques For Intertidal Sediments Paper Presented at the Remote Sensing for a Changing Europe: Proceedings of the 28th Symposium of the European Association of Remote Sensing Laboratories, Istanbul, Turkey, 2-5 June 2008 Jha, K H., Joshi, N 2018 Impact of Coal Dust Handling on Mangrove Ecosystem AroundKandla Port, Gujarat, India Annals of Plant Sciences, 7(6), 2328-2337 Jhaveri, N., Nguyen T D., and Nguyen K D 2018 TGCC Report: Mangrove Collaborative Management in Vietnam and Asia USAID Jhonnerie, R., Siregar, V P., Nababan, B., Prasetyo, L B., Wouthuyzen, S 2015 Random Forest Classification for Mangrove Land Cover Mapping 84 Using Landsat TM AndAlosPalsar Environmental Sciences, 24, 215-221 Imageries Procedia Jusoff, K 2009 Geospatial Information Technology for Conservation of Coastal Forest and Mangroves Environment in Malaysia (Vol 1) Kathiresan, K., 2003 How mangrove forests induce sedimentation? Revista de biologia tropical, 51(2), pp.355-360 Keller, J.A., Grimes, K.W., Reeve, A.S and Platenberg, R., 2017 Mangroves buffer marine protected area from impacts of Bovoni Landfill, St Thomas, United States Virgin Islands Wetlands ecology and management, 25(5), pp.563-582 Kitaya, Y., Yabuki, K., Kiyota, M., Tani, A., Hirano, T and Aiga, I., 2002 Gas exchange and oxygen concentration in pneumatophores and prop roots of four mangrove species Trees, 16(2-3), pp.155-158 Khairuddin, B., Yulianda, F and Kusmana, C., 2016 Degradation Mangrove by Using Landsat TM and Landsat OLI Image in Mempawah Regency, West Kalimantan Province year 1989-2014 Procedia Environmental Sciences, 33, pp.460-464 Lamsal, P., Atreya, K., Pant, K.P and Kumar, L., 2017 People‟s dependency on wetlands: South Asia perspective with emphasis on Nepal In Wetland Science (pp 407-419) Springer, New Delhi Lewis, M.A and Russell, M.J., 2015 Contaminant profiles for surface water, sediment, flora and fauna associated with the mangrove fringe along middle and lower eastern Tampa Bay Marine pollution bulletin, 95(1), pp.273-282 Lo, C.P and Choi, J., 2004 A hybrid approach to urban land use/cover mapping using Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) images International Journal of Remote Sensing, 25(14), pp.2687-2700 Lugo, A E 2002 Conserving Latin American And Caribbean Mangroves: Issues And Challenges Madera Y Bosques, 8(Es1) Ma, Z., & Redmond, R L 1995 Tau Coefficients for Accuracy Assessment of Classification of Remote Sensing Data Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 61(4), 435-439 85 McNally, R., McEwin, A., Holland, T 2011 The potential for mangrove carbon projects in Vietnam SNV-Netherlands Development Organisation REDD Marra, P P., Hobson, K A., & Holmes, R T 1998 Linking Winter and Summer Events In A Migratory Bird By Using Stable-Carbon Isotopes Science, 282(5395), 1884-1886 Mendes, L.W and Tsai, S.M., 2018 Distinct taxonomic and functional composition of soil microbiomes along the gradient forest-restingamangrove in southeastern Brazil Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 111(1), pp.101-114 Miller, S.D., Schmit, T.L., Seaman, C.J., Lindsey, D.T., Gunshor, M.M., Kohrs, R.A., Sumida, Y and Hillger, D., 2016 A sight for sore eyes: The return of true color to geostationary satellites Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 97(10), pp.1803-1816 MFF (2015) Evaluating Present Status and Socio-Economic Effects of Mangrove Forests in Communities of Tan Thanh, Bang La and Dai Hop – HaiPhong City Mangroves forthe Future Micheli, F., Gherardi, F., Vannini, M 1991 Feeding and Burrowing Ecology of two East African Mangrove Crabs Marine Biology, 111(2), 247-254 Muller, D., Zeller, M., 2002 Land use dynamics in the central highlands of Vietnam: a spatial model combining village survey data with satellite imagery interpretation Agric Econ 27, 333–354 My, V C., and Hoa, M P V 2009 The Effect of Mining Exploit for Environment in Quang Ninh Province International Federation of Surveyors Nagelkerken, I., Blaber, S J M., Bouillon, S., Green, P., Haywood, M., Kirton, L G., Somerfield, P J 2008 The Habitat Function of Mangroves For Terrestrial And Marine Fauna: A Review Aquatic Botany, 89(2), 155185 Nicholls, R.J., Wong, P.P., Burkett, V., Woodroffe, C.D and Hay, J., 2008 Climate change and coastal vulnerability assessment: scenarios for integrated assessment Sustainability Science, 3(1), pp.89-102 86 Nguyen, N-H., Nguyen, H.-H., 2017 Evaluating Policy Effectiveness on Coastal Mangrove Management: Case Study in Kien Thuy and Do Son District, Hai Phong City Journal of Forest Science and Technology, (2), 45-54 Nguyen, L C., Notteboom, T 2016 Dry Ports as Extensions of Maritime DeepSea Ports: A Case Study of Vietnam Journal of International Logistics And Trade, 14(1), 65-88 Nguyen, H.-H., Mcalpine, C., Pullar, D., Johansen, K., Duke, N C 2013 The Relationship of Spatialetemporal Changes In Fringe Mangrove Extent and Adjacent Land-Use: Case Study of Kien Giang Coast, Vietnam Elsevier, 13 Othman, M.A., 1994 Value of mangroves protection Hydrobiologia, 285(1-3), pp.277-282 in coastal Observatoire des mangroves dans la zone Indo-Pacifique, University of Nouvelle-Caledonia Parnell, S and Walawege, R., 2011 Sub-Saharan African urbanisation and global environmental change Global Environmental Change, 21, pp.S12-S20 Pathak, V.M., 2017 Review on the current status of polymer degradation: a microbial approach Bioresources and Bioprocessing, 4(1), p.15 Peacock, R., 2014 Accuracy assessment of supervised and unsupervised classification using Landsat imagery of Little Rock, Arkansas Master of Science thesis Northwest Missouri State University, Maryville, MO Pedersen, A., Thang, N H 1996 The Conservation of Key Coastal Wetland Sites In The Red River Delta Hanoi: Birdlife International Programme Pervin, M., 2016 Attitudes Towards Inclusion of Pupils with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), A Survey of Regular Primary School Teachers in Bangladesh (Master's thesis) Pham, T D., Yoshino, K 2016 Characterization of Mangrove Species Using ALOS-2 PALSAR InHaiPhong City, Vietnam Paper Presented at The IOP Conference Series: Earth And Environmental Science 87 Pham, T.D and Yoshino, K., 2015, March Mangrove mapping and change detection using multi-temporal Landsat imagery in HaiPhong city, Vietnam In Int Symp on Cartography in Internet and Ubiquitous Environments Pramanik, A., Sengupta, S and Bhattacharyya, M., 2019 Microbial Diversity and Community Analysis of the Sundarbans Mangrove, a World Heritage Site In Microbial Diversity in the Genomic Era (pp 65-76) Academic Press Pham, T.D 2012 Mangrove Area Change Analysis for Coastal Environmental Management in HaiPhong city, Vietnam using Remote Sensing and GIS (Doctoral dissertation, school of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Tsukuba) Pham, T.D and Yoshino, K., 2012, November Mangrove analysis using ALOS imagery in HaiPhong City, Vietnam In Remote Sensing of the Marine Environment II (Vol 8525, p 85250U) International Society for Optics and Photonics Primavera, J H 2005 Mangroves And Aquaculture in Southeast Asia SEAFDEC Aquaculture Department Quach, A V 2018 Shrimp Farming Vulnerability and Adaptationt Climate Change in CA MAU, Vietnam Murdoch University QuangBao, T 2011 Effect of Mangrove Forest Structures on Wave Attenuation in Coastal Vietnam Oceanologia, 53(3), 807-818 Refinda, G 2017 An Analysis on Policy Direction of Community Based Management ifMangorove Ecosystem in Sungai PisangBungusTelukKabung District In Padang City Sumatra Journal of Disaster, Geography And Geography Education(2), 193-196%V 191 Richards, D R., Friess, D A 2016 Rates and Drivers of Mangrove Deforestation in Southeast Asia, 2000–2012 Proceedings of The National Academy of Sciences, 113(2), 344-349 Rossiter, D.G., 2004 Statistical methods for accuracy assessment of classified thematic maps Technical Note Enschede: International Institute for Geo-information Science & Earth Observation (ITC) 88 Radabaugh, K.R., Moyer, R.P., Chappel, A.R., Powell, C.E., Bociu, I., Clark, B.C and Smoak, J.M., 2018 Coastal Blue Carbon Assessment of Mangroves, Salt Marshes, and Salt Barrens in Tampa Bay, Florida, USA Estuaries and Coasts, 41(5), pp.1496-1510 Rahman, K.M., Rakhimov, I.I and Khan, M.M.H., 2017 Activity budgets and dietary investigations of Varanussalvator (Reptilia: Varanidae) in Karamjal ecotourism spot of Bangladesh Sundarbans mangrove forest Basic and Applied Herpetology, 31, pp.45-56 Rogan, J and Chen, D., 2004 Remote sensing technology for mapping and monitoring land-cover and land-use change Progress in planning, 61(4), pp.301-325 Rudiastuti, A.W., Yuwono, D.M., Pramono, G.H and Rahmanto, B.D., 2016, November Overview of National Thematic Data Integration (An Experience on One Map Mangrove Sulawesi) In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol 47, No 1, p 012012) IOP Publishing Ruiz-Luna, A and Berlanga-Robles, C.A., 2003 Land use, land cover changes and coastal lagoon surface reduction associated with urban growth in northwest Mexico Landscape Ecology, 18(2), pp.159-171 Saigoneer 2014 Vietnam Has Lost 60% of its Mangrove Forests over the Last 70 Years Saigoneer.Com Saenger, P., 1999 Sustainable management of mangroves.Epubs.scu.edu.au Sarma, V.V., 2018 Obligate Marine Fungi and Bioremediation In Mycoremediation and Environmental Sustainability (pp 307-323) Springer, Cham Schild, J.E., Vermaat, J.E., de Groot, R.S., Quatrini, S and van Bodegom, P.M., 2018 A global meta-analysis on the monetary valuation of dryland ecosystem services: The role of socio-economic, environmental and methodological indicators Ecosystem Services, 32, pp.78-89 Shalaby, A and Tateishi, R., 2007 Remote sensing and GIS for mapping and monitoring land cover and land-use changes in the Northwestern coastal zone of Egypt Applied Geography, 27(1), pp.28-41 89 Souza, I.D.C., Arrivabene, H.P., Craig, C.A., Midwood, A.J., Thornton, B., Matsumoto, S.T., Elliott, M., Wunderlin, D.A., Monferrán, M.V and Fernandes, M.N., 2018 Interrogating pollution sources in a mangrove food web using multiple stable isotopes Science of The Total Environment, 640, pp.501-511 Salam, M.A., Ross, L.G and Beveridge, C.M.C., 2007 The use of GIS and remote sensing techniques to classify the Sundarbans mangrove vegetation J Agrofor Environ, 1(1), pp.7-15 Sari, S.P and Rosalina, D., 2016 Mapping and monitoring of mangrove density changes on tin mining area Procedia Environmental Sciences, 33, pp.436-442 Shapiro, A C., Trettin, C C., Küchly, H., Alavinapanah, S., Bandeira, S 2015 The Mangroves of the Zambezi Delta: Increase In Extent Observed via Satellite from 1994 To 2013 Remote Sensing, 7(12), 16504-16518 Sheng, Y P., Zou, R 2017 Assessing the Role of Mangrove Forest in Reducing Coastal Inundation During Major Hurricanes Hydrobiologia, 803(1), 87-103 Storey, J., Roy, D P., Masek, J., Gascon, F., Dwyer, J., Choate, M 2016 A Note on the Temporary Misregistrationof Landsat-8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) And Sentinel-2 Multi Spectral Instrument (MSI) Imagery Remote Sensing of Environment, 186, 121-122 Sremongkontip, S., Hussin, Y.A., Groenindijk, L and Detection, C., 2000 Detecting changes in the mangrove forests of Southern Thailand using remotely sensed data and GIS International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 33(B7), pp.567-574 Sunwoo, W., Nguyen, H., Choi, M 2018 Coastal Wetland Change Detection Using High Spatial Resolution KOMPSAT-2 Imagery Terr Atmos Ocean Sci, 29, 1-13 Tanaka, N., 2009 Vegetation bioshields for tsunami mitigation: review of effectiveness, limitations, construction, and sustainable management Landscape and Ecological Engineering, 5(1), pp.71-79 Tsuchiya, M., Mimura, I., Yano, Y., Oldiais, N.W., Golbuu, Y., Fujita, Y and Miyakuni, K., 2015 Mangrove Forest Ecosystem Services with 90 Reference to the Transportation of Organic Materials to Coral Reefs: A Preliminary Study in Palau In Marine Productivity: Perturbations and Resilience of Socio-ecosystems (pp 373-379) Springer, Cham Tao, Van Dang, Fenn, M., and Jhaveri, N 2017 Vietnam Coastal Spatial Planning and Mangrove Governance – Implementation Plan Washington, DC: USAID Tenure And Global Climate Change Program Thakur, S., Dey, D., Das, P., Ghosh, P., De, T 2017 Shoreline Change Detection Using Remote Sensing in the Bakkhali Coastal Region, West Bengal, India Indian Journal of Geosciences, 71(4), 611-626 Tien Bui, D., Le, K.-T., Nguyen, V., Le, H., Revhaug, I 2016 Tropical Forest Fire Susceptibility Mapping at the Cat Ba National Park Area, HaiPhong City, Vietnam, Using GIS-Based Kernel Logistic Regression Remote Sensing, 8(4), 347 Thom, B., Snedaker, S., & Snedaker, J 1984 The Mangrove Ecosystem: Research Methods The Mangrove Ecosystem: Research Methods Monographs On Oceanographic Methodology, 3-15 Thomas, N., Lucas, R., Bunting, P., Hardy, A., Rosenqvist, A., Simard, M 2017 Distribution andDrivers of Global Mangrove Forest Change, 1996-2010 PLOS ONE 12(6): E0179302 Toming, K., Kutser, T., Laas, A., Sepp, M., Paavel, B., Nõges, T 2016 First Experiences in Mapping Lake Water Quality Parameters with Sentinel-2 MSI Imagery Remote Sens 8(8), 640 Tuan, S.M., 2016.Mangrove-related policy and institutional framework in Vietnam.MFF -FAO –Final workshop for “Income for Coastal Communities for Mangrove Protection” Project Uddin, M S., Steveninck, E d R v., Stuip, M., Aminur, M., & RahmanShah (2013) Economic valuation of provisioning and cultural services of a protected mangrove ecosystem: A case study on Sundarbans Reserve Forest, Bangladesh ScienceDirect, (2013) e88–e93 Umroh, Adi, W., Sari, S P 2016 Detection of Mangrove Distribution in Pongok Island Procedia Environmental Sciences, 33, 253-257 Vu, T.P., Do Nguyen, H and Vo, T.C., 2017 Application of Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) Technique to Evaluate the Combined Impact 91 of Coal Mining on Land Use and Environment A Case Study in the Ha Long City, QuangNinh province, Vietnam International Journal of Environmental Problems, (3), pp.54-58 Viera, A.J., Garrett, J.M., 2005 Understanding Inter-Observer Agreement: The Kappa Statistic Family Med 37, 360–363 Wang, D., Cheng, B 2010 An Unsupervised Classification Method of Remote Sensing Images based on Ant Colony Optimization Algorithm Paper Presented at The Advanced Data Mining And Applications, Berlin, Heidelberg Wilson, A.M.W and Forsyth, C., 2018 Restoring near-shore marine ecosystems to enhance climate security for island ocean states: Aligning international processes and local practices Marine Policy, 93, pp.284294 Winton, D., Huxham, M and Cousins, J.A., 2017 Using citizen science to address conservation issues related to climate change and coastal systems In Citizen Science for Coastal and Marine Conservation (pp 39-58) Routledge Woodroffe, C.D., Rogers, K., McKee, K.L., Lovelock, C.E., Mendelssohn, I.A and Saintilan, N., 2016 Mangrove sedimentation and response to relative sea-level rise Annual Review of Marine Science, 8, pp.243-266 Xan, L 2004 Verification of semi-intensive shrimp culture techniques: Vietnam.SEAFDEC Aquaculture Department Yakout, A.A., El-Sokkary, R.H., Shreadah, M.A and Hamid, O.G.A., 2017 Cross-linked graphene oxide sheets via modified extracted cellulose with high metal adsorption Carbohydrate polymers, 172, pp.20-27 Yuan, F., Sawaya, K.E., Loeffelholz, B.C and Bauer, M.E., 2005 Land cover classification and change analysis of the Twin Cities (Minnesota) Metropolitan Area by multitemporal Landsat remote sensing Remote sensing of Environment, 98(2-3), pp.317-328 Zhu, G., Xu, X., Ma, Z., Xu, L., Porter, J H 2012 Spatial Dynamics and Zoning of Coastal Land-Use Change AlongBohai Bay, China, During 1979–2008 Journal Of Coastal Research, 28(5), 1186-1196 92 Zogg, G.P., Zak, D.R., Ringelberg, D.B., White, D.C., MacDonald, N.W and Pregitzer, K.S., 1997 Compositional and functional shifts in microbial communities due to soil warming Soil Science Society of America Journal, 61(2), pp.475-481 Zulfa, A.W and Norizah, K., 2018 Remotely Sensed Imagery Data Application in Mangrove Forest: A Review Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology, 26(3) 93 APPENDIX- 1: Questionnaires Date: Location Name Age Profession Living since How long have the mangroves been here for, has there been any changes to the area since you have been here? Ans: How is the mangrove used in the area? What you use it for? Ans: Do you manage the mangroves in anyway? Ans: Have any areas of mangrove been replanted? Ans: Who owns the mangroves? Ans: What are the main factors contributing to mangrove deforestation? Ans: Is there any fishing or crab collecting at the mangrove? Ans 10.How local communities and indigenous populations benefit from the maintenance of mangroves? Ans: 94 APPENDIX-2: Photographs Map of land use and land cover from 1990-2018: Fig Land use and land cover of Tien Lang, Bang La and Dai Hop using NDVI 95 Fig Land use and land cover of Tien Lang, Bang La and Dai Hop using Supervised Classification 96 Fig Land use and land cover of Tien Lang, Bang La and Dai Hop in 1990 97 During field survey: 98 ...MINISTRY OF EDUCATIONAL TRAINING MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF FORESTRY  AMENA EASMIN DETERMINING DRIVERS OF SPATIO- TEMPORAL CHANGES. .. assessment of spatiotemporal changes of mangroves extent using remotely sensed data and what are the drivers of it In this study, Landsat and Sentinel-2 data were utilized to quantify the spatiotemporal... Sentinel-2,Sustainable mangrove management, Mangroves extents, Land use land cover change i PUBLICATION DURING MASTER THESIS Easmin, A., Hai- Hoa, N., Zuklin, T., Huu-Nghia, N (2018) Determining drivers