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S6 (244)-2016 N G N NGf & Ddi S6NG 37 DA THANH TRONG CAU HOI TU TlT THE POLYPHONY OF RHETORICAL QUESTION Lfe THI THU HOAI (TS; Dai hgc KHXH & NV, DHQG Hd NOi) Abstract: This paper points out the rhetorical questions are typical polyphonic utterances It's often used when there are opposite ideas between two voices The first idea is belong to other people (not Speaker), it is difference with speaker's idea at the time of speech.The second idea is belong to Speaker, it deities the first idea The Speaker points out the mcorreetness of the first idea and asks the interlocutor to change his or her idea As the second voice in rhetorical questions is always the speaker, the first voice have many eases: An interlocutor's idea that was told directiy or existed in presupposition, an idea of tiie third person, the other idea of the Speaker, an idea that was inferred from someone's action, an ' idea that the Speaker guesses someone in a possible world can say or think of ' K^ words: rhetocical questions; polyphony; first voice; second voice; opposite idea I I Doi tuong eda bdi viet Id nhdm I nhfing phat ngdn thudng dm?e ggi bdng '• thudt ngfi edu hdi tu tir Tuy nhifin, c ^ phdi i luu "if rdng, cdc tdi li$u nghifin ciiu hi$n : nay, thuat ngii cdu hdi tu tir cd thi duoc hilu theo nhihig nghia rdng hep khdc Cdu i) hdi tu tir theo nghia rdng, hay edn duge ggi I ehung la cau hdi khdng chinh danh Id nhthig edu cd hinh thiie hdi nhung lai mang mdt gifi f tri ngdn trung khdc, thi hifn nhihig hanh vi , ngdn ngfi tai ldi gidn tifip khac Cdn cau hdi tu tfi theo nghia h^p (ciing chinh Id ddi tugng md chiing toi quan tam) Id nhttng phat ngdn , mang nhung d|c dilm chung ca bdn gdm: a Cd lunh thurc nghi van,- b Bao gid cimg n g ^ in mOt n$i dimg phdn dodn khdng ^ djnh hay phu dinh.; c Nfiu cau cd ehua tfi phfi dinh thi ngim In ngi dung khdng dinh m$nh dfi tuong fing, vd ngugc 1^, neu cau ' khdng chua tfi phu djnh thi ngim in ngi dung phu dinh m?nh dl tucmg iing Vi dy: l.Tdi ddnh nd bao gid? ' Thdng dy thi ldm dupc viec gi^ • Cdphdi tdi ghet nd ddu? Anh chdng dd giup^ nd Idgf! '• Ai chdm thich ngdi mdt dn bdt vdng? S ^ tdi lgi khdne hiiu? Nhfing cdu hdi kilu nhu trfin xuit hifin d$c biet phi biin giao tilp hdng ngdy vd cd nhfing phong edeh chfic ndng khdc cfia ngdn ngfi, ehdng h^n, cde tdc phim vdn hge, cdc vdn bdn man^ tinh nghi lu|n, ehinh Iu$n, DT nhifin, tin sd xuit hifn eiia ehung ede vdn bdn cu thi cdn ph\i thugc vao chien luge l\ra chgn cdc hinh thdi bilu hi$n cfia tfing ed nhdn vd phu thuOc vdo ede nhdn tl khde cua tinh hudng giao tilp Song, dieu dd ciing dfi ndi Ifin rdng, nhfing dang edu hdi nhu vdy cd mOt vai trd quan trgng hi?n thue giao tilp Chfnh vi vay, nhdm cau hdi ndy tix Idu da thu hfit dugc s\r chu y cua nhilu tde gid nhu Trin Trgng Kim, Nguyen Kim Thdn, Hodng Trgng Phifin, Di|p Chuang Ban, Cao Xudn H90, Tuy nhifin, khdo sdt cdu hdi tu tfi cdc tde gid thudng chi dfing 1^ d vi$e nfiu Ifin mgt so nh§n xfit hit sfie chung ehung vl d§c dilm hinh thfie vd n^i dung cua chfing nhu: cd hinh thfic hdi nhung ngi dung th\ic chat la khdng dinh hay phfi dinh mOt dilu gi dd; ed tinh bilu edm eao, Rieng vl mdt y nghia, cdc edu hdi tu tfi thudng dugc thuyet gidi bdng m0t cdu tudng thu§t tuong fing hodc nlu chi tilt hon, thi dugc gdn vdi phgm 38 NGON N G C & B d i S N G vi bdc b6 hay phii dinh siOu ngOn ngii Theo suy nghi cua chung toi, nhiing nhdn xdt ndy diu dung nhung chiing v§n chi Id nhitng nhdn xdt rat khdi qudt, cdm nhan ciia ting ngu&i, khong c6 hO thing, S6, chua cho phdp nhin nhgn dugrc mgt cdch thiu ddo bdn chdt cua doi tugng C6 thi thiy, vigc khdo sat cdu hoi tu tit, dac biOt Id ve mdt ngii nghia - ngii dyng, vl CO che hinh thdnh vd dilu kiOn stt dyng chiing, chira thyc sir dugrc chii ^ day dd, diing miic ViOc nghiOn cihi cdc cdu hdi tu tir, v6i nhilu vdn dl phiic tgp vd thii vi vSn doi hoi phdi dugc tiep tyc tiln hdnh nhilu hon vd sdu hon Bdi viet cua chung toi Id mpt CO gdng dl thyc hiOn dieu d6 Tuy nhidn, cdu h6i tu tit c6 nhilu d ^ trung ngtt nghia - ngii dyng khdc nhau, bdi vilt ndy chung toi chl tgp trung phdn tich ve tinh da cua cdu hdi tu tir Da (Polyphony) Id mgt hiOn tupng thii vi ngdn ngtt vd dd dugc nhieu tdc gid quan tdm, chii ^ tir lau Mgt phdt ngOn da la mgt phdt ngon d6 ton tgi nhttng quan diem, ^ kiln hay IM ndi thuOc nhilu chii thi khdc cd thi triing hodc khong triing vdd quan diem cda ngu&i ndi tai thdi dilm ndi Da ngon ngtt gdn liln vdi bdn chit tuong tdc giao tilp, sy dli thoai vd tdc dOng qua lai tin tai bOn phdt ngon Chinh vi vdy md S.Bally gpi hiOntirgngndy Id sy dli thogi hda tixing phdt ngOn Cdn nhd nghien ciiu vdn hgc Nga noi tilng M.Bakhtin thi ddc biOt quan tdm din hiOn tugng "da thanh" ngdn ngtt vdn hgc vd da xem nd Id mOt doi tugng nghien ciiu quan trgng ciia ty sy Cd thi ndi, tir nhttng nghiSn Cliu xuit sdc cua M.Bakhtm, thudt ngtt "da thanh" da thu hdt dugc sy chii ^ ddc biOt ciia nhilu nhd nghien ciiu vd hiOn dd dugc sft dyng rOng rdi cdc cdngtilnhnghiOn cuu vl ngon ngtt giao tilp, vl vdn bdn hpc cd lidn quan din tu su S6 (244)-2016 Ngu&i ta thu&ng vi mii quan hg gild ngu&i ndi vd cdc chii ngdn phdt ngSn giong nhu moi quan hg giOa tdc gid ciia mjt vo kich v6i cdc nhdn v^t vd kich d4i Ngu&i ndi la ngu&i cUu trdch nhigm vl phit ngdn, vd cung Id ngu&i dua vdo phdt ng3n nhttng chil ngfln, nhflng gipng ndi kh4t nhau; moi chu ngdn chiu trdch nhiem vl mOt gigng ndi, mgt f kiln Ldp tru&ng, quan diem ciia ngu&i ndi dugc the hign thdng qua mgt nhflng chii ngdn dy vd cd thi dugc ding nhdt vdi mOt chu ngdn ndo dd Cdc chu ngon ton tai dtmg hgp vdi mgt chinh thi phdt ngdn vd chdng ta chl cd thi thdy dugc qua qud trinh phdn tich dyng hgc BOn cgnh dd, thuOc tinh da mSi phdt ngdn cung cd miic dO hl^n ngdn khdng gilng cho nen nd ddi hii ngu&i nghiOn cftu phdi thyc hign cdc thao t^ phdn tich mdi xdc dinh dugc cdc gigng ndi, cdc chd ngdn tin tai phdt ngOn S^ cho ta thdy sy da dgng, biin hda df' ngon ngfl, va cung cho ta thdy chiic nSng giao tiep va khd ndng bilu dgt tuygt voi cila ngdn ngtt Nhu chung ta da bilt, mgt nhiiil| myc dich giao tilp md ngu&i ndi hudng d% ngu&i dli thogi Id nhdm gay mgt tdc dOng ndo dd dl tao sy bien doi nhdt dinh quan dilm cua ngu&i doi thogi, dl tft dd c6 thi hiOu chinh hdnh vi hay dl hinh thdnh ngu&i dli thoai mOt thdi dd cdn thiit dli vdi thyc tien Ngdn ngtt da cung cdp cho nguii ndi nhttng phuong tiOn can thiit dl dgt du?c myc dich dd Bdng sif lya chpn, td chiic hgp li vd cd y thftc cdc don vi ngdn ngtt dl tao nhiing phdt ngdn, ngu&i ndi cd thi dgt dirge myc dich md mhih hudmg tdi Trong hojt ddng giao tilp thi sy ludn phien tdc ddng qua lai nhu thi gitta ngudi ndi vd ngttdi nghe y | hinh tao nen mdt cudc "ddu tranh gidnh quyen lyc" xem quan dilm ndo vd qua» dilm cfta culi cung sS dugc thiia nhdnCdc cdu hdi hi tfl Id mgt kilu cau cd hoSn cdnh giao tilp diln htoh theo kilu nhu v|y So (244)-2016 NG6N NGU* & Ddi S6NG 39 Trong dd, ngudi hdi tien hdnh dli thogi, Vi du (1): Trong phdt ngdn Tdi ddnh nd tranh li^n, phdn doi mgt quan dilm, y kiln bao gi&? ton tgi hai quan diem dli l|lp nhau: khde; dong thdi tfi dd bOc lg quan dilm, - Chfi ngdn - Y kiln ciia ngufii khdc: cung nhu thdi d0, ddnh gid cfia minh dli vdi eho ring "ngudi ndi dd ddnh mdt ngu&i ndo ^ kien dd Bdng cdch iy, ngudi ndi dua dd" mgt cdch trd ldi vdi higu qua c\rc mgnh theo - Chfi ngdn - ^ kiln cfia ngudi ndi: mdt chiln thuat giao tiep duge to chfic bfing phan bdc lgi f kien trfin bdng cdch phfi dinh cac phuong tign ngdn ngu tucmg dli on rfing "tdi chua bao gi& ddnh nd" kfim thfim dinh, dd chinh Id cdc cau hdi tu tfi Cd the mOt ylu tl chit vin ndi, edu hdi tu tfi la logi cdu hgi dfi nhung Vi dy (2): Trong phat ngdn Thdng dy thi dilu ki$n cin vd dfi dfi hinh thdnh nfin mgt ldm dupec vi$c gi? ciing tfin tgi hai quan dilm phat ngfin da difin hhih khdng ding nhdt vdi nhau: Cy thfi Id, nhung bdi viet trufiic efing Chfi ngdn - Y kiln cfia ngudi khdc: dfi cgp din dli tugng ndy [xem 8, 9], chfing cho rdng "tf^ng dy" cd thi ddm nhi$m mpt tfii ^ chi co chl hinh thdnh cdc mgnh de cdng vi$c gi dd ngim in cau hdi tu tu, dd Id ngudi ndi Chfi ngfin - Y kien cfia ngudi ndi: tam chip nhgn vd su d\ing chinh cdi ^ kiln phdn bdc lgi ^ kien trfin bang cdch ndi phfi i khac, y kiln dli ldp, dua chfing vdo dinh: "tdi khdng tin "thdng ay" cd du ndng mgnh dfi edu hdi vd bifin chung trd thdnh dli l\ec vd phdm chdt di ldm bdt cie vi$c gi", I tugng chju tdc dgng cfia nhfing ddnh gid tinh n^di ndi dd thuylt phyc ngudi doi thoai : thdi ma chu the danh ^ a ehinh Id ngudi ndi bdng m$t hdnh dOng chdt van, vd ddi hdi I Bfing cdch dd, ngudi ndi da bgc 1$ 6u^c ngudi dd hdy thay doi quan diem cfia minh quan diem, y kien cfia minh; tao m^t Vi dy (3): Trong phdt ngon Anh chdng i phuang thfic trd ldi cue mgnh ggt bd y kien dd giup nd Id gi? ton tai hai quan diem trai da dugc dua vdo mgnh dfi cdu hdi vd khdng ngugc nhau: j dinh y kiln dli lgp Vdi co chl hinh thdnh vd - Chfi ngdn - 'i kiln cfia ngufii khdc: I hoat dOng nhu the ed the thay cdc cdu hdi tu phu dinh mOt hdnh dOng ndo dd cfia minh, \ tfi thu$c logi nhttng phat ngdn da diln dgi ^ la "tdi dd khdng ldm mpt vi^c gi dd vdi hinh Chfing thudng xudt hi$n ede tinh muc dich de giup nd " j huong tin tgi ho§c tilm tang tin tgi nhttng y - Chfi ngdn - Y kien efia ngudi ndi: I kiln, quan dilm doi lap, trdi nguge nhau, phfi djnh Igi f kiln trfin bfing edeh khfing j hay khdng cd sy: thing nhit, ding tinh giuB dinh: "tdi biit hodc tdi cd bang chieng chdc I hai chfi ngfin Khi dd, hai ehu ngfin cdc chdn rdng anh dd giup nd " j cdu hdi tu tir dugc xac dinh la: Vi dy (4): Trong phdt ngdn Sao tdi lgi , - Chfi ngfin - V kien cfia mOt ngudi khdng hiiu? cd the thay: I khdc, khdng trimg vdi ^ kiln, quan dilm cfia Chfi ngdn - Y kiln cfia ngufii khdc: I ngu^ ndi tgi thdi difim phat ngfin cho rang "ngu&i ndi chdc dd khdng hiiu vi mpt l&i ndi hay hdnh dpng ndo dd caa minh - Chfi ngdn - Y kiln efia ngufii ndi, hoai nghi, phfi dinh f kien thfi nhat, dong hodc cda mdt ngu&i ndo kMc " Chfi ngon - Y kien efia ngufii ndi: I thoi khdng dinh dieu ngugc lgi Ngudi ndi ed thi chi tfnh thilu edn cfi efia ^ kiln thfi phu dinh Igi y kiln tren bdn^ cdch khfing nhit, ehit vin, ddi hdi ngudi dli thogi xem dinh "chdc chdn Id tdi hiiu diiu dd " vfii su tham gia efia mgt yeu to chat vin j xfit lgi f kiln cfia minh Khdng thi phfi nhan la, cdc cdu hdi , Chfing tdi sfi phan tfch mgt so vf d\i dl tu tfi luon tin tgi nhung chfi the khdc , lam ro d|c diem ndy: 40 NG6N NGC &D6ffS6NG vdi nhfing y kiln, quan diem khac nhau, khdng dong nhat vdi Nhu v^y, cd till khdng dinh Id, da Id mgt d|e dilm ngtt dung noi bat, ludn gdn liln voi cdc eau hdi tu tfi Hon nua, qua vigc phdn tieh cdc vi dy cy thi trfin, chfing ta dd thay edi phuong thfie md cdc can hdi tu tfi dugc xde lip, ngudi ndi (chfi ngfin 2) dd lay chinh cdi quan difim khac, quan difim doi lap (efia chu ngdn 1) lam CO sd dl chat van ngudi dli thoai, xem y kiln dd nhu la doi tugng tde dgng cfia nhttng danh giatinhthdi md ngudi ndi ddng vai chfi thfi Day cung chhih Id mgt nhttng co chl quan trgng hlnh thdnh nfin nhdra cdu hdi So (244)-2016 - Kiep cUng the thoi, cy g\ tdi suns su&nz han chdne? (Lao Hgc, Nam Cao, tr.78) phdt ngdn ndy, f kiln ciia ngudi m^ thogi (ldo Hgc) da dugc ndi m$t c d c h ^ ngdn Id: dng hda kiep cho chd dl nfi IM kiip ngufii vi mong rdng cd thi kiip n ^ P sung su&ng han kiip chd Nhung ngudi n6i (dng gido) da sfi dyng m$t edu hdi tu ti^ d^ bdc bd suy nghi cfia Ldo Hgc rdng: !d^ ngu&i, md cy the & day Id kiip tdi chdn^ sung su&ng gi han kiep chd Vf dy 8: - May may cdi ddi xanh hit nhieng mu&i ddng phdi khdng? Tim tdi nhu ngitng dap lgi trudc cdu Arfi ndy Tdi da may gidu m? tdi, gfii bin hdng xdm, md mg tdi vdn biet? Kh6r^ thi chdi duprc, tdi lien cu&i nUng niu: - Con may ddu nao? Tien ddu md i nhitng chuc bad Con mua lgi caa chj em bgn ba ddng dy md dd trd nd ddu? (Vy:c thfim - Nguyfin Hing) '^ kiln cfia ngudi dli thogi (ngudi m?) c6 tiln gid dinh la: ngudi da may m0t c&\ ddi xanh Vd ngufifi ndi (ngudi con) bic bd