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She didn’t go to class: đây là mệnh đề chỉ kết quả được giới thiệu bởi so Chú ý : dùng so để diễn tả kết quả thì hai mệnh đề được ghép lại bởi so đều là mệnh đề chính và trước [r]
(1)Units Language focus Pages
1 o The past simple
o The past simple with Wish 2,3
2 oo The present perfectThe passive (Review) 4,5,6
3
o Modal could with wish o The past simple with wish o Prepositions of time
o Adverb clauses of result
7,8
4 oo Modal verbs with Direct and reported speechif 9,10,11
5 oo Tag questionsGerunds after some verbs 12,13
6
o Adjectives and adverbs
o Adverb clauses of reason
(as; because; since)
o Adjective + that clause
o Conditional sentence: type 1
14,15
7
o Connectives: and, but, because, or, so, therefore,
however.
o Phrasal verbs
o Make suggestions:
Suggest + V-ing
Suggest + (that) + should
16,17
8 oo Relative clause Adverb clause of concession 18,19,20
9 oo Relative pronounsRelative clauses (continued) 21,22,23
10 o Modal: may, might
(2)ENGLISH GRAMMAR 9
UNIT 1: A VISIT FROM A PEN PAL 1 The past simple
a Form:
S + V(ed) + O + A (+)
S + did not + V(infinitive) + O + A (-)
Did + S + V(infinitive) + O + A? (?)
b Usages:
Thì khứ đơn diễn tả hành động tình bắt đầu kết thúc thời điểm cụ thể khứ (Express an activity or situation that began and ended at a particular time in the past.)
I walked to school yesterday
He lived in Paris for ten years, but now he is living in Rome I bought a new car three days ago
Thì khứ đơn diễn tả thói quen khứ với “used to would” (Express a habit in the past with used to or would)
When she was a little girl, she used to cry
We would play soccer when we were in grade But now we don’t
c How to add –ed (Cách thêm -ed)
Đối với động từ hợp quy tắc
want → wanted
need → needed
Nếu tận chữ e bỏ e thêm d
live → lived
arrive → arrived
Nếu tận y, trước y phụ âm, đổi y thành i thêm ed
try → tried
study → studied
Nếu động từ có âm tiết, tận phụ âm, trước phụ âm nguyên âm, thêm –ed, ta gấp đôi phụ âm thêm
stop → stopped
rub → rubbed
Nếu động từ có âm tiết, âm tiết thứ nhấn, âm tiết tận phụ âm, trước phụ âm nguyên âm, thêm –ed, ta gấp đôi phụ âm thêm
occur → occurred
prefer → preferred
d How to pronounce –ed (Cách phát âm –ed)
Đọc: [id] sau động từ tận cùng: [t], [d]
want → wanted
need → needed
wait → waited
Đọc: [t] sau động từ tận cùng: k, s, t~, ~, f, p
o Packed o passed o watched
(3)Các trường hợp cịn lại đọc [d] e Adverbs in the past simple:
o Yesterday: hôm qua
Yesterday morning / afternoon / evening o [1 khoảng thời gian] + ago (cách đây)
A week ago / two years ago / months ago / 100 years ago o Last(đã qua) + N(time)
Last night / last week / last month / last year / last Sunday …
f The past simple with wish.
Dùng [wish (that) + S + V (Chia khứ giả điịnh)] để diễn đạt hối tiếc tình
huống để ước điều khơng có thật
I’m sorry I don’t know his address I wish I knew his address I’m sorry I can’t drive a car I wish I could drive a car
I’m sorry he isn’t coming with us I wish he was coming with us S + wish + S + V(ed / v2) + O
Dùng [ wish (that) + S + V(Chia khứ hoàn thành)] để diễn đạt hối tiếc tình
huống khứ
I was sorry I spent too much money I wish I hadn’t spent too much money She was sorry she didn’t wear raincoat yesterday She wishes she had worn a raincoat (She wished she had worn a raincoat.)
S + wish(ed/es) + (that) + S + had + PP
Dùng [ wish (that) + S + would + V(bare infinitive)] để diễn đạt khơng vừa lịng với
hiện ước muốn thay đổi tương lai
I wish he would answer my letter Tôi mong anh trả lời thư I wish they would change the menu Tôi mong họ thay đổi thực đơn I wish they would stop making bombs Tôi mong họ ngưng sản xuất Bom I wish it would stop raining Tôi mong trời tạnh mưa
I wish the sun would come out Tơi mong mặt trời ló dạng I wish prices would come down Tôi mong giá hạ xuống I wish the train would come Tôi mong tàu đến
Practical exercise Use wish to rewrite the following sentences a) I’m sorry I don’t live near my work
b) I’m sorry our garden doesn’t get any sun c) I’m sorry I called him a liar
d) I’m sorry I can’t drive
(4)UNIT 2: CLOTHING 1 The present perfect
a Form:
S + have / has + V(pp) + (O) + (A) (+) S + have / has + not + V(pp) + (O) + (A) (-) Have / Has + S + V(pp) + (O) + (A) ? (?)
Subject (Chủ ngữ) Have / Has + V(pp)
I / You / We / They have already had lunch Lan and Hoa have already gone to bed Students have already done it He / She has already come home
It has been finished
Lan has not cooked dinner yet
A student has learned English for weeks b Usages:
Diễn tả việc xảy khứ, thời gian không xác định (Express a thing that happened in the past, unidentified time.)
They moved into a new apartment Have you ever visited Mexico? I have already seen that movie I have never seen snow
She has eaten this food before
Diễn tả việc xảy khứ, kéo dài đến tiếp tục tương lai (Express a thing that happened in the past, lasted at the present time and will be able to continue in the future.)
We have had four tests so far this semester
I have written my wife a letter every other day for the last two weeks I have met many people since I came here in June
She has been here since seven o’clock We have been here for two weeks
I have had this same pair of shoes for three years I have liked cowboy movies ever since I was a child He has known her for many years
Diễn tả việc vừa xảy thường với trang từ “just” Lan and Hoa have just had dinner
Nga has just come back from Ho Chi Minh City
c. How to use yet and already in the present perfect (Cách dùng yet already
thì hồn thành)
Meaning: Yet: chưa; Already: Usages:
Yet: dùng câu hỏi câu phủ định, vị trị cuối câu Have you turned it on yet?
Not yet I haven’t turned it on yet
Already: dùng câu khẳng định, vị trí câu cuối câu She has already gone to Hanoi
(5)d. How to use for and since in the present perfect (Cách dùng for since hồn thành)
Meaning: for: được; since: từ, từ Usages:
For: theo sau khoảng thời gian For a week / two months / 100 years … Since: theo sau mốc thời gian
Since Monday / Tuesday / Thursday … Since 1999 / 2000…
Since ten o’clock… Since winter… e Adverbs in the present perfect.
Before now : trước
It’s the first time …: lần … So far :
So far this morning …: sáng Up till/to now :
Up to the present :
Ever (in questions) Từ trước đến
Not ….ever or never (in statements): chưa , không Ever since : suốt từ đó, mãi từ
Since then : từ hồi
Practical exercise Transformation: rewrite the following sentences
1) I didn't call her up days ago
→ I haven't……… 2) Did you finish the test an hour ago?
→ Have……… ? 3) I started playing tennis last year
→ I've……… 4) He began to use the computer when he was 19
→ He has……… 5) She didn't learn hard in 2005
→ She hasn't……… 6) Peter watched this film when he came home
→ Peter has……… 7) It's a week since I last saw her
→ I haven't ……… 8) The boys began playing soccer a year ago
→ The boys have……… 9) Did Dad start to work here when I was born?
→ Has……….? 10) When did you first see her?
→ How long………? 11) The last time We saw her was months ago
(6)2 The passive (review) a Form:
The present simple: S + (am/is/are) + V(pp) + by + O I am usually taken to my school by my father They are made from rice
The lamp is imported from Hong Kong
The present perfect: S + have/has + been + V(pp) + by + O Dinner has never been cooked by her
Have these books ever been read by you? The past simple: S + (was/were) + V(pp) + by + O
This bicycle was bought by my elder brother yesterday Cars were brought back to our company last night The future simple: S + will/shall + be + V(pp) + by + O
These products will be exported to Russia tomorrow We shall be punished in 20 minutes
The modal verbs: S + Modal + be + V(pp) + by + O The problem can be solved right now
She should be given some advices by us
Life might be found on the other planets by us
Schools in big cities have to be improved by authorities A new bridge is going to be built in this area
Practical exercise Change Active into Passive.
1) People built Giac Lam Pagoda in the spring of the year 1744 2) Ngo Viet Thu designed Reunification Palace
3) Famous tropical botanist J.B Louis Pierre supervised the building of The Zoo and Botanical Garden
4) Poets, writers and musicians have mentioned the ao dai in poems 5) Traditionally, both men and women wore a long silk tunic
6) Some designers have printed lines of poetry on the ao dai 7) Who used to wear the ao dai traditionally?
8) What have fashion designers done to modernize the ao dai? 9) People will modernize traffic road in the countryside
10) She can wear a plain suit to attend the birthday party
11) Other designers have taken inspiration from Vietnam’s ethnic minorities 12) In the 1960s, many university and college students wore jeans
13)In the 18th century, people made jean cloth completely from cotton
14) Lan is going to buy a new car
15) You have to your home works right here 16) Maryam will visit Hanoi next summer 17) Hoa usually invites Lan to Kuala Lumpur 18) Lan writes to Maryam twice a week
19) Primary school children learn three languages at school 20) People speak only Malay in Malaysia
(7)UNIT 3: A TRIP TO THE COUNTRYSIDE 1 Prepositions of time (giới từ thời gian)
At: lúc (đứng trước thời gian giấc số danh từ thời gian) She often gets up at ten o’clock
Lan never goes to the countryside at Christmas My friends always meet together at night
At last, I met her
At least, you must buy 10 bowls of noodles
Till / up to: tới, (đi theo sau giới từ là: giờ, ngày, tuần, tháng, năm, mùa…)
The meeting will last till 3.50 in the afternoon She will be in the USA from January up to April
On: vào (đi theo sau cụm thời gian đầy đủ ngày tháng năm, ngày tuần, ngày lễ …)
Goodbye! See you on Sunday
She is going to have a wedding party on December 12, 2010 My parents go on holiday in China
On March 8, my school will hold a contest to arrange flowers After: sau, before: trước (đi theo sau danh từ thời gian)
All of us are going to come back home after eleven o’clock in the evening The building of my house will have been completed before my birthday Between ….and ….: giữa….và … (cái ta dịch là: từ đến … )
They will meet together between 7.00 am and 9.00 am
The Great Wall of China was built between 221 and 204 B.C
In: vào (đi theo sau là: buổi ngày, mùa, tháng, năm, tháng năm) My son was born in September, 2005
They bought this bike in 1879
This work will be finished in October Hoa never goes walking in the winter
Nam usually listens to music in the evening For: (đi theo sau khoảng thời gian)
They went by bus for two hours to reach Ba’s village Students have learned English here for years
2 Adverb clause of result (mệnh đề trạng từ kết quả) Diễn tả mệnh đề kết với (so: thế, cho nên)
Yesterday, she was sick, so she didn’t go to class
(Hơm qua, bị đau, không học được) She was sick: mệnh đề nguyên nhân
She didn’t go to class: mệnh đề kết giới thiệu so Chú ý: dùng so để diễn tả kết hai mệnh đề ghép lại so mệnh đề trước so phải có dấu phẩy
Reason Adverb clause of result S + V + O ,so + S + V + O You are here, so you may give me a hand
You were too lazy, so you failed the semester exam
(8)3 Adverb clause of reason (mệnh đề trạng từ nguyên nhân) Diễn tả mệnh đề nguyên nhân từ: Because, since as Mệnh đề trạng từ đứng trước mệnh đề
Adverb clause
Subordinates Subordinate clause Because
Since As
S + V + O,
Because Lan was tired yesterday, she couldn’t help her mom prepare dinner Since it was too dark to go on, we camped there
As it rained heavily, Hoa didn’t go to school by bike Mệnh đề trạng từ đứng sau mệnh đề
Main clause Adverb clause
Subordinates Subordinate clause S + V + O
because since as
S + V + O
Lan couldn’t help her mom prepare dinner Because she was tired yesterday, We camped there since it was too dark to go on,
Hoa didn’t go to school by bike as it rained heavily, Practical exercise
Rewrite the following sentences by using so
1) We went home late because we missed the bus
2) Since the bus was broken, we arrived in the village very late in the evening 3) As I forgot to bring blankets, my friends didn’t have anything to sit on picnic 4) My parents are very lucky as they caught the last bus
5) Because Maryam is not Vietnamese, she can’t speak Vietnamese 6) Now she is very angry since she waited for you over 20 minutes
7) As Van’s mother usually goes home from work late, she has to the chores in her family
8) Because Mr Parker is a farmer, he often works on the farm
9) Since there are not enough goods in grocery store, she must go to the market to buy more
10) You should eat more fruits and vegetables since they are very good to your health 11) As Liz likes the village very much, she took a lot of photos to show them to her friends
12) They walked up the mountains because they wanted to visit the shrine of Vietnamese hero
13) They sat down to have a snack under the tree at the entrance to the village since they felt hungry
14) Ba didn’t go boating in the river as he didn’t know how to swim
15) Many people go to the countryside to have a rest because the air is very fresh there 16) Because Hanoi is far from my house, I and my friends went there by train
(9)9
UNIT 4: LEARNING A FOREIGN LANGUAGE
1 Modal verbs with if
Can / may / might dùng với if để diễn tả khả có thể sự cho phép If + S + V(present simple) , S + can / may / might + V(bare infinitive)…
If he doesn’t come soon, he might miss the train If there is a storm, plane may be delayed
Ought to / should dùng với if để diễn tả Lời khuyên.
If + S + V(present simple) , S + ought to / should + V(bare infinitive)…
If you want to lose weight, you ought to / should morning exercises Must / have to dùng với if để diễn tả nghĩa vụ hoặc nhiệm vụ.
If + S + V(present simple) , S + ought to / should + V(bare infinitive)…
You must the housework if you want to go out If you want to get good grades, you have to study hard 2 Direct and reported speech
a. Reported speech with statements: để chuyển câu phát biểu từ trực tiếp sang gián tiếp ta ý tới số chi tiết sau:
o Đổi động từ tường thuật cần đổi said to thành told
He said to Nga, “I hate meat.” (direct) He told Nga that he hated meat.(indirect)
o Đổi chủ ngữ câu trực tiếp sang câu gián tiếp cho phù hợp với chủ ngữ động từ tường thuật cần
He said to Nga, “I hate meat.” (direct) He told Nga that he hated meat (indirect)
o Đổi tân ngữ tính từ sở hữu câu trực tiếp cần She said to me, “ I hate you.” (direct)
She told me that she hated me (indirect) Lan said to Hung, “I don’t like your car.”
Lan told Hung that she didn’t like his car (indirect) o Đổi trạng từ câu trực tiếp chuyển sang câu gián tiếp
Mai said, “I am listening to music now.” (direct)
Mai said that she was listening to music then (indirect)
o Nếu động từ tường thuật khứ đơn phải lùi câu trực tiếp chuyển sang gián tiếp
Dưới bảng biến đổi từ trực tiếp sang gián tiếp:
Direct speech(trực tiếp) Indirect speech(gián tiếp) Present simple Past simple
Past simple Past perfect
Present progressive Past progressive Present perfect Past perfect
Past progressive Past perfect progressive Future simple Conditional tense (would)
Can Could
May might
must must
(10)Dưới bảng biến đổi trạng từ thời gian, từ thị từ trực tiếp sang gián tiếp: Direct speech(trực tiếp) Indirect speech(gián tiếp)
this that
these those
here there
now then
today that day
tomorrow the following day / the next day
next week / month / year the following week / month / year the day after tomorrow in two days’ time
yesterday the day before
the day before yesterday two days before
last week / month / year the previous week / month / year
b. Reported speech with Yes/No questions: để tường thuật câu hỏi dạng Yes/No question ta dùng cấu trúc sau: …if / whether ……… (or not): có …….hay khơng
Nam said to me, “Do you like pop music?” (direct)
Nam asked me if / whether I liked pop music (or not) (indirect)
Để chuyển câu trực tiếp dạng câu hỏi Yes/No question sang gián tiếp, ta thực biến đổi tất thành phần nêu phần statement. Chỉ ngoại trừ: ta không đổi said to thành told mà ta đổi said to thành asked
S + asked + (O) + if / whether + S + V(lùi thì) + (O) … (or not)
Cuc said to Nam, “Am I beautiful today?” (direct)
Cuc asked Nam if / whether she was beautiful that day (or not) (indirect)
c. Reported speech with wh-question words: để tường thuật câu hỏi dạng dùng cấu trúc sau:
S + asked + (O) + wh-question word + S + V(lùi thì) + (O)…. She said to Nam, “What is the name of your school?” (direct)
She asked Nam what the name of his school was (indirect) He said to me, “When does your school vacation start? (direct) He asked me when my school vacation started (indirect)
She said to Minh, “How old are you?” She asked Minh how old he was
Aunt Thanh said to Hoa, “Where is Ba?” Aunt Thanh asked Hoa where Ba was
(11)Practical exercise Change direct into indirect.
1) Maryam said, “Lan takes me to Hoang Kiem Lake.”
2) Lan said to Maryam, “Are you really impressed by the beauty of Hanoi City? 3) Lan said to Maryam, “We will keep in touch.”
4) Lan said toMaryam, “It all depends on my parents.”
5) Maryam asked Lan, “Would you like to come and visit me next summer?” 6) Lan said, “I would walk past the mosque on my way to primary school.” 7) Lan said, “I enjoy the peaceful atmosphere while Maryam is praying.” 8) Lan asked Maryam, “Is it very different from Hanoi?”
9) Nam said to her, “How many regions is Malaysia divided into?” 10) Yoko said to Paul, “What you like in Vietnam?”
11) Paul said, “I love the temples and churches in Vietnam.” 12) Maryam said, “I live in Kuala Lumpur.”
13) Maryam said to Lan, “Have you been to Kuala Lumpur?”
14) Paul said to Jane, “Why you love the people, food and the beaches in Vietnam?” 15) Jane said to Paul, “What is the national language in Malaysia?”
16) Laura said to Yoko, “How many languages are spoken in Malaysia?”
17) Yoko said, “There are four languages: Malay, English, Chinese and Tamil.”
18) I said to Mary, “Why the majority of Vietnamese women prefer to wear modern clothing at work these days?”
19)Mary said to me, “What have fashion designers done to modernize the ao dai?” 20) Nga said to me, “Why you wear these clothes?”
21) Reporter said to girls, “What is your favorite type of clothing? 22) Paola said to Lan, “What is your name?”
23) Paola said to Lan, “Where you come from?” 24) Paola said to Lan, “Do you live with your parents?”
25) Paola said to Lan, “When did you begin studying English?” 26) Paola said to Lan, “Why are you learning English?”
27) Paola said to Lan, “Do you speak any other languages?”
28) Paola said to Lan, “How did you learn English in your country?” 29) Paola said to Lan, “What are you going to learn?”
30) Paola said to Lan, “What are your hobbies?”
31) Paola said to Lan, “What aspect of learning you find most difficult?” 32) Paola said to me, “What questions did she ask you?”
33) Paola said to me, “Did you pass?”
34) She said to me, “You must practice listening to English tapes.” 35) She said to me, “How will you use English in the future?” 36) Hoa said to Ba, “What you wish?”
37) Nam said to Lan, “Where you buy maize?”
38) Van said to Mr Robinson, “Who will feed chickens?”
39) Parker said to Van, “You will learn a lot about life on a farm.” 40) Mr Parker said, “I grow corn on my farm.”
41) Van said to Maryam, “Where is your home village?”
(12)UNIT 5: THE MEDIA 1 Tag questions (Câu hỏi đuôi)
Đây từ ngắn thêm vào câu để hỏi đồng ý hay xác nhận Sau câu khẳng định ta dùng nghi vấn phủ định
Affirmative sentence + Negative tag → Affirmative answer expected Mary is here,
You like tea, They have left,
isn’t she? don’t you? haven’t they?
→ Yes, she is → Yes, I → Yes, they have Sau câu phủ định ta dùng nghi vấn khẳng định
Negative sentence + Affirmative tag → Negative answer expected Mary isn’t here,
You don’t like tea, They haven’t left,
is she? do you? have they?
→ No, she isn’t → No, I don’t → No, they haven’t Các trường hợp bất quy tắc:
Chủ ngữ I
I’m late, aren’t I?
Let’s có câu hói shall. Let’s go, shall we?
Chú ý:chủ từ câu hỏi đuôi luôn đại từ viết tắc cho đuôi phủ định.
It dùng thay cho từ: this, that, everything, nothing Còn they dùng cho từ:
everyone, everybody, someone, somebody, no one, nobody Các ví dụ cho câu hỏi đi:
She doesn’t like music, does she? Music is very interesting, isn’t it? They are playing sports, aren’t they? Lan isn’t watching TV, is she?
Lan and Mai bought a new hat yesterday, didn’t they? Students have just finished their home works, haven’t they? Hoa will go to Hanoi tomorrow, won’t she?
Practical exercise Add the question tags to the sentences below.
1) People use the Internet for many purposes, ………
2) Internet is not only time-consuming and costly but also dangerous, ……… 3) Internet users sometimes suffer various risks such as spam or junk mails, ………… 4) I cannot easily get access to the internet, ………
5) This isn’t a good occasion for me to explore the net, ……… 6) You don’t know which website is useful for you, ………
7) Nobody can deny the benefits of the internet in our life, ……… 8) The internet is available only in cities, ………
9) The internet is a very fast and convenient way for us to get information, ……… 10) The internet is a wonderful invention of modern life, ………
11) You don’t like foreign film, ………
(13)2 Gerund after some verbs.
Verbs Examples
1 Like (thích) Love (yêu thích) Enjoy (thích)
4 Dislike (khơng thích) Hate (ghét)
6 Consider (xem xét) Deny (từ chối) Discuss (thảo luận) Finish (Hoàn tất) 10 Keep (tiếp tục) 11 Practice (thực hành) 12 Suggest (đề nghị) 13 Mind (phiền) 14 Mention (đề cập)
Lan likes watching advertisements We love listening to music
She enjoys traveling abroad
My mother dislikes walking in the evening My father hates reading articles
I’ll consider going out with you tonight He denies leaving school
They discussed opening a new store
Students finished studying at about ten o’clock I keep hoping that he will come
They practiced throwing the ball
Her brother suggested going to a movie Would you mind helping me with this? She mentioned going to the market
Practical exercise Fill gerund or full-infinitive in the spaces.
1) My father likes (watch) …………sports, but my mother doesn’t she loves (listen) ………… to music
2) Lan wants (read) ………detective stories, but Hoa hates (read) ……….them 3) My sisters dislike (play) ………badminton, but they prefer (play) ………….tennis 4) I suggest (use) ………….the Internet to look up the information
5) You should practice (do) ………home works more
6) I spend most of time (wander) ………… because I don’t know which website is useful for me
7) Do you agree (work) ………… with me tonight?
8) Let me try (remember) ……… Ah, she asked me what my name was 9) If you want (attend) ………….the course, you must pass written exams 10) She promised (finish) ………this job two days ago
11) We’ll decide (play) ……… computer games tonight 12) She hopes (see) ………you tomorrow
13) Next week, many people’ll come here, so now we are preparing (welcome) …… them 14) I need (have) ………… your opinion
15) Lan dislikes (watch) ………….TV, but she likes (listen) …………to music
16) My brother loves (read) ………….newspaper, but he hates (read) ………….magazines 17) Nam enjoys (write) ………….emails, but Hoa would like (write) ………….a letter with
a pen
18) Most of us are interested in (use) ………….the Internet 19) Our English teacher enjoys (tell) …………jokes
20) Do you mind (buy) ………… me a newspaper on the way home? 21) My brother dislikes (watch) ……….violent films
(14)UNIT 6: THE ENVIRONMENT 1 Adjectives and adverbs
a. Adjective (tính từ): thường đứng trước danh từ để bổ ngữ cho danh từ.
An important problem A good student
b. Adverb (trạng từ): có nhiều loại trạng từ trạng từ mức độ, thường xuyên, thể cách, … Tuy nhiên ta tìm hiểu trạng từ thể cách
Để có trạng từ thể cách ta làm sau: Adjective + ly → Adverb of manner
Adjectives Adverb of manner
important sudden careful stupid rapid cheap quick
importantly suddenly carefully stupidly rapidly cheaply quickly
Ngoại trừ có số tính từ bất quy tắt làm sau:
Adjectives Adverb of manner
good fast happy far hard
well fast happily far hard
Vị trí trạng từ thể cách đứng sau động từ sau tân ngữ động từ
She sleeps well
She does her home works quickly Practical exercise Choose adjective or adverb to complete sentences.
1) The baby walks ……….to her mother (slow / slowly) 2) She speaks English very ……… (well / good) 3) Nam is a ……….student (good / well)
4) My father drives his car ……… He is a ……….driver (careful / carefully) 5) She is a ………girl because her mother and father love her very much (happy / happily)
6) Nga felt very ………… when she failed her exam (sad / sadly)
7) You shouldn’t eat ……… It’s not good for your health (quick / quickly) 8) Hoa is studying ……….for her exams (hard / hardly)
9) We feel very ………today (happy / happily)
(15)2 Conditional sentence: type 1
Câu điều kiện thành lập với chữ ‘ if ’ Chúng ta dùng câu điều kiện loại để diễn tả việc xãy tương lai
If + S + V(present simple) , S + will (not) + V(bare infinitive)
(Mệnh đề phụ ) ( Mệnh đề )
Hoặc
S + will (not) + V(bare infinitive) if + S + V(present simple)
If we go on wasting water, we will not have enough water to use If you have over 35 million VND, you will buy an Air blade If the rice paddies are polluted, the rice plants will die
Practical exercise
Exercise 1: Give the correct form of verbs in brackets: present simple or future simple. 1) If we (keep) ……….on using more and more motors, we (run) ……… out of oil 2) If we (run) ……….out of oil, we (need) ……….other kind of energy
3) If we (use) ……….more oil and coal, pollution (increase) ……… 4) If pollution (increase) ………, more and more trees (die) ………… 5) If more and more trees (die) ……… , the climate (change) ……… 6) If the climate (change) …………., we (meet) ……….with natural disasters 7) If we (try) ………….to control pollution, it (be) …………very expensive 8) But if we (not control) ………… pollution, it (be) …………too late Exercise 2: Use given words to make up sentences with if.
1) She / come / late again / , / she / lose / her job
……… 2) It / be / quicker / we / go / plane
……… 3) You / need / more bags / I / give / you / some
……… 4) I / give / the award / to the unlucky people / I / win / this competition
……… 5) We / throw / these bottles over the hedge / that / pollute / the wood
……… 6) It / be / cheaper / we / go / train
……… Exercise 3: write full answers to the questions Use words in brackets.
1) What will you if you don’t see me tomorrow? (call up)
2) What will we if the weather is good tomorrow? (go swimming) 3) What will she if it rains? (stay at home and watch TV)
4) What will they if we don’t lend them our tools? (work with their hands) 5) What will the students if they fail exams? ( take the exams again)
6) What will my mom if she doesn’t buy any meat? (buy fish)
7) What will we if we don’t have money? (borrow money from relatives) 8) What will you if your mother doesn’t stay at home? (play computer games) 9) What will you if it’s cold? (wear coat)
(16)UNIT 7: SAVING ENERGY
1. Connectives: and, but, because, or, so, therefore, however. And (và, còn): dùng để liên kết mục loại lại với nhau.
You and I : anh
She buys fish, meat and vegetables: cô mua cá, thịt rau I shall go and you stay here: tơi cịn anh lại
Or (hoặc): dùng để đưa lựa chọn.
Call Lan or Hoa: gọi điện cho Lan Hoa He has to stay at home or you have to stay at home He or you have to stay at home
But (nhưng), however (tuy nhiên): hai từ dùng để liên kết hai mệnh đề có ý nghĩa tương phản Hoặc diễn tả trái nghịch Tuy nhiên khác cách dùng đấu câu
He is small but strong
She likes fruits, but he dislikes them
My brother asked me to turn off the lights, but I don’t want to that
Lighting accounts for 10% to15% of the electricity bill However, this amount can be reduced by using energy-saving bulbs
Lan really wants to go to the movies However, she must clean floors before doing that
Students didn’t work hard However, they passed the final exam
So (vì thế, cho nên), therefore (vì thế, cho nên): hai từ dùng để diễn tả kết Tuy nhiên khác cách dùng dấu câu
She got up late, so she went to school late
She got up late Therefore, she went to school late Practical exercise
Change sentences with words in brackets.
1) Although she used a washing machine to wash her clothes, they are still dirty (but) 2) Because North American and European countries are interested in saving money and
natural resources, they imported energy-saving bulbs from Japan (therefore)
3) Baths use twice as much water as showers Therefore, I suggest taking showers (so) 4) As a dripping faucet can waste 500 liters of water a month, we must save water
(therefore)
5) I got a plumber to make sure there are no cracks in pipes, but I had to pay 300,000 VND for water bill each month (however)
6) I remember turning off all faucets before leaving home However, when I come back, water is full of rooms (but)
7) Ann won her school’s best student prize this year since she studied every subject very hard (so)
8) My hobbies are playing soccer I also like collecting stamps (and)
9) Nga can’t go out tonight because she will have to look after her little girls (so) 10) Because you are here, you may give me a hand (therefore)
11) As you were too lazy, you failed the semester exam (so)
(17)2. Phrasal verbs (Đoạn câu động từ)
Đoạn câu động tự thành lập cách lấy động từ thường kết hợp với hay nhiều giới từ tiểu trạng từ chúng mang nghĩa thành ngữ
- Account for (giải thích, chiếm): The water bill accounts for 30 percent of electricity bill - Come back to (đưa lại cho): When you finish reading my book, please come back to me - Come up with (đạt tới, theo kịp): Finally, I also come up with her
- Come over to (ghé sang): Will you come over to my place on weekend?
- Consist of (bao gồm): The lesson consists of two sections - Die from (chết “cái gì”): He died from traffic accident - Die of (chết “bệnh”): She died of AIDS
- Fall in love with (đem lòng yêu ): The prince falls in love with Little Pea immediately - Find out (tìm ra): I found out who stolen my bike
- Get tired of (chán): My friends got tired of my jokes
- Go on (tiếp tục): They go on walking
- Go up and up (ngày tăng): The price of goods go up and up - Laugh at (cười nhạo): They often laugh at me because I’m bad - Lead to (dẫn tới): This led to the invention of telephone
- Listen to (nghe): She is listening to music
- Look at (nhìn): Teacher asks students to look at your book
- Look after (chăm sóc): She must stay at home to look after her younger sisters
- Look for ( tìm): Nam is looking for the lost pen
- Look forward to (trông mong): Hoa really looks forward to hearing something about you - Make of (làm từ “vật chế tạo nhận diện được”): The table is made of wood
- Make from (làm từ “vật chế tạo không nhận diện được”): The wine is made from rice - Move to (chuyển đến): We moved to Paris
- Pick SO up (đón “ai”): Every afternoon, he picks me up at my home to play soccer
- Provide Sth for SO (cung cấp “cái gì” cho “ai”): They provided facilities for these migrants
- Put out (tắt, dập tắt): Please, put out your cigarette
- Reach “SO” at “phone number”(liên hệ với “ai” “số”): Reach me at 672102
- Separate ….from….(tách…ra khỏi ): First, you have to separate rice from the husk - Speak to (nói với): Can I speak to Lan, please?
- Suck up (hút): The tornado will suck up everything on its way
- Take up (chiếm): Bao’s volunteer work takes up a lot of time
- Take … off /out of … (lấy …ra khỏi … ): Take the mesh off the cloth - Take part in (tham gia vào): We take part in many activities
- Talk about (nói chuyện về): Ba talks about three of his friends - Talk to (nói chuyện với): She is talking to Nam
- Think of / about (nghĩ về): What you think of / about her? - Throw away (ném, vứt): People throw garbages away on the street
- Turn on (bật, mở): She asked me to turn on the fan because it was hot
- Turn off (tắt): It was too windy, so I ask him to turn off the doors - Wear out (rách): The jean cloth is difficult to wear out
(18)UNIT 8: CELEBRATIONS 1 Relative clause (Mệnh đề quan hệ)
Mệnh đề quan hệ hay cịn gọi mệnh đề tính từ dùng để bổ ngữ cho danh từ Nó dùng để mô tả, xác định cung cấp thêm thơng tin cho danh từ trước
a. Using subject pronouns (dùng đại từ làm chủ ngữ): Who, Which, That
Who: dùng cho người, Which: dùng cho vật, That: dùng cho hai người vật. I thanked the woman She helped me.(1)
(a)I thanked the woman who helped me
(b)I thanked the woman that helped me
Hai mệnh đề in nghiêng (who helped me, that helped me) câu (a) (b) mệnh đề tính từ, bổ ngữ cho danh từ woman Trong who that đóng chức chủ ngữ, thay cho chữ she câu (1).
The book is mine It is on the table (2)
(c) The book which is on the table is mine
(d)The book that is on the table is mine
Hai mệnh đề in nghiêng (which is on the table, that is on the table) (c) (d) mệnh đề tính từ, bổ ngữ cho danh từ book Trong which that đóng chức chủ ngữ, thay cho chữ it câu (2)
b. Using object pronouns (dùng đại từ làm tân ngữ): Who(m), Which, That
b.1 Pronouns used as the object of a verb. The man was Mr Jones I saw him.(3)
(e)The man who(m) I saw was Mr Jones (f) The man that I saw was Mr Jones (g)The man Ø I saw was Mr Jones
The movie wasn’t very good We saw it last night.(4)
(h)The movie which I saw last night wasn’t very good
(i) The movie that I saw last night wasn’t very good (j) The movie Ø I saw last night wasn’t very good
b.2 Pronouns used as the object of a preposition. She is the woman I told you about her.(5)
(k) She is the woman about who(m)I told you
(l) She is the woman who(m) I told you about (m) She is the woman that I told you about (n) She is the woman Ø I told you about The music was good We listened to it last night (6)
(o) The music to which we listened last night was good (p) The music which we listened to last night was good (q) The music that we listened to last night was good (r) The music Ø we listened to last night was good
(19)Use relative pronouns to combine two sentences into one.
1 This is my teacher He taught me during the secondary school Easter is a joyful festival It is celebrated in many countries
3 People crowd the streets to watch colorful parades They live near my house Family members live apart They try to be together at Tet
5 Tet is a festival It occurs in late January or early February
6 There are a lot of celebrations They are held throughout the year
7 Young children receive chocolate or sugar eggs They are friendly and lovely Hoa brings to class a new picture She has painted it
9 Our houses are cleaned and decorated again They often become old at the end of year 10.Passover is celebrated in Israel and by all Jewish people It is also called an ancient
spring festival
11.The girl is my sister You spoke to her on the phone yesterday
12.Volunteer students give lessons to poor children They are very generous and kind 13.The solar energy cannot provide enough power for the world’s population It gets to
the earth
14.Solar panels are installed on the top of a house They receive the energy from the sun 15.Consumers want products They will not only work effectively, but also save money 16.My friend is the most adventurous He likes an exciting holiday
17.She would like to make friends with the foreign students They are living in her neighborhood
18.He is really energetic He plans our school visits in town
19.He has lots of good ideas on exciting and amazing program It attracts all class members
20.He likes reading DIY books They teach him to things by himself
21.He often watches TV programs They report different celebrations in the world 22.The meeting was interesting I went to it
23.The man was very kind I talked to him last night 24.I must thank the people I got presents from them 25.The picture was beautiful They were looking at it
26.The man is standing over there I was telling you about him 27.Have you told Tim about the funny hat? You bought it in France
28.On our friend’s birthday, we’ll give him a gift He dreamt of it for a long time 29.We all likes sticky rice cakes They are often made by our mother
30.Do you know the name of a festival? It has three competitions: water-fetching, fire-making and rice-cooking
31.People in Israel are going to celebrate their festival It is named Passover 32.Where are the photos? They were taken at the Christmas
33.This is an interesting book about special celebrations of a tribe You bought it at the New Year fair last week
34.I really enjoyed the firework It was displayed on the National Day
35.Jill is in a hurry because she does not want to miss the colorful parade It is about to take place in the city
(20)2 Adverb clause of concession(Mệnh đề trạng từ tương phản)
Mệnh đề trạng từ tương phản thành lập từ sau: although, though, even though Cả ba từ có nghĩa là: mặc dù
Mệnh đề trạng từ tương phản đặt trước sau mệnh đề Nếu đặt trước ngăn cách với mệnh đề dấu phẩy ‘,’
Chúng ta dùng loại mệnh đề để diễn tả ý nghĩa đối lập Although
Though + S + V, S + V
Even though
- Although I got up late yesterday morning, I went to class on time
(Mặc dù sáng hơm qua thức dậy muộn đến lớp giờ)
- She passed the final exam even though she was too lazy to study
(Cô thi đổ tốt nghiệp cô lười học)
- Though it was cold, I went swimming Practical exercise
Write sentences Use the words/phrases to write a sentence with although, though or even though.
Exercise 1
1 It / rain / my father / go to work
2 It / cold / Mr Brown / wait for the bus
3 Lion dancing / popular in Vietnam / my friend Anny / not / enjoy it Bob / live / city / he / always / walk to school
5 My house / near the beach / I / rarely / go swimming
6 Video games / popular / today / my brother / love / reading Paul / Australian / he / enjoy / Vietnamese New Year
8 Most children / go / see / firework show / Linh and Lan / stay home / watch TV Exercise 2: Rewrite the following sentences by using words in brackets.
1 My mom can sing very well, but she has never sung a song in public.(though) The children love going to birthday parties, yet their parents don’t let them go
(although)
3 I booked a train ticket to Ha Long Bay However, I have to cancel the trip to there this summer (even though)
4 My sister can draw very beautifully Nevertheless, she has never take part in any drawing competitions.(although)
Exercise 3: Use although, though or even though to combine pairs of sentences. I learn English very well I can’t sing English songs
2 My school is far from the city Many students still walk to school
3 Sue didn’t come to my birthday party last Sunday I sent her an invitation card Mrs Thuy was tired She helped Toan with his homework
5 Liz has an exam tomorrow She is watching TV now Minh wasn’t very hungry He ate a lot of food
7 The keyboard wasn’t working well I finished the letter
(21)UNIT 9: NATURAL DISASTERS 1 Relative clauses(continued)
a. Relative pronouns (Đại từ quan hệ): who, which,that, whose
Trong 8, tìm hiểu cách dùng who, which that Vậy học hơm nay, ta tiếp tục tìm hiểu đại từ quan hệ whose
Whose: (ai đó, gì) Dùng để thay cho tính từ sở hữu: his, her, its their
Quan sát ví dụ:
I know the man His bicycle was stolen I know the man whose bicycle was stolen
(Tôi biết người đàng ông mà xe đạp người bị lấy cắp.) The student writes well I read her letter
The student whose letter I read writes well
(Em học sinh mà đọc thư cô viết hay.) Mr Catt has a painting Its value is inestimable
Mr Catt has a painting whose value is inestimable
(Ông Catt có tranh mà giá trị khơng thể ước tính được.) The girls are very lovely Their hair is long
The girls whose hair is long are very lovely
(Những gái mà tóc họ dài đáng yêu.) Practical exercise
Use whose to combine pairs of sentences into one. The man called the police His wallet was stolen
2 I met the woman His husband is the president of the company The professor is excellent I am taking her course
4 Mr North teaches a class for the students Their native language is not English I come from a country Its history goes back thousands of years
6 The people were nice We visited their house
7 I live in a dormitory Its residents come from many countries
8 I have to call the man I suddenly picked up his umbrella after the meeting I always bring a raincoat Its color is yellow
10.In my neighborhood, there is a man His sons study very well 11.The girl is very sad Her grandma has just died
12.Thuy’s grandmother is very generous and kind Her fame is spread everywhere 13.The people are very kind I am staying at their house
14.The woman is very kind Her daughter helped me repair my house
15.Mount Pinatubo is in Philippines Its eruption is the world’s largest ever volcanic eruption
16.The man is a teacher His daughter has just had a traffic accident 17.The engineers are very sad Their salary is reduced
18.The doctor is very kind His patients come from remote areas 19.This is a pencil Its color is black
(22)b. Relative pronouns (Đại từ quan hệ): where and when
Ta dùng where để thay cho danh từ nơi chốn (city, country, room, house, etc.) Dùng when cho danh từ thời gian (year, day, time, century, etc.)
The building is very old He lives there (in that building).(1) The building where he lives is very old.(a)
The building in which he lives is very old.(b) The building which he lives in is very old.(c) The building that he lives in is very old.(d)
The building Ø he lives in is very old.(e)
Note: Nếu dùng chữ where chữ in bỏ
I’ll never forget the day I met you then (on that day) (2) I’ll never forget the day when I met you (f) I’ll never forget the day on which I met you (g) I’ll never forget the day that I met you (h) I’ll never forget the day Ø I met you (i)
Note: Đối với danh từ thời gian giới từ đặt trước which, câu (g), cịn ngược lại bỏ giới từ
Practical exercise
Use where and when to combine the following pairs of sentences. Monday is the day We’ll come then (on that day)
2 7:05 is the time My plane arrives then (at that time)
3 1960 is the year The revolution took place then (in that year)
4 July is the month The weather is usually the hottest then (in that month) Yesterday is the day We came to his party then (on that day)
6 Tomorrow is my birthday I’ll have a party then (on that day)
7 The dog or horse can predict the time The volcano will erupt then (at that time) Yesterday was a beautiful day My family had a picnic then (on that day)
9 1991 is the year Mount Pinatubo erupted in that year 10.That is the room We have class there
11.She shows me the cafeteria We have lunch there 12.Nam shows me the street He lives on that street
13.I introduce you a bank You will keep your money at that bank 14.My home village has a lake We go swimming there
15.Nga told me that it was the town She grew up there
16.The field is very big and comfortable The soccer match between class 12A and 12C will take place in that field
17.The city is Kobe It was struck by a huge earthquake in 1995
18.The Pacific Rim is also called the Ring of Fire There are a lot of volcanoes there 19.The evening is the time She learns her lessons in that time
20.We live in a place There are a lot of rivers
(23)2. Punctuation of relative clauses (Đánh dấu câu mệnh đề quan hệ)
Mệnh đề quan hệ chia làm hai loại: cần thiết (essential) không cần thiết (nonessential) Mệnh đề quan hệ cần thiết không đặt hai dấu phẩy Mệnh đề quan hệ khơng cần thiết đặt hai dấu phẩy Mệnh đề cần thiết khơng bỏ Mệnh đề khơng cần thiết bỏ
• Khơng sử dụng dấu phẩy mệnh đề quan hệ cần thiết để xác minh cho danh từ mà bổ ngữ
The professor who teaches Chemistry 101is an excellent teacher.
• Sử dụng dấu phẩy mệnh đề quan hệ đơn giản cung cấp thêm thông tin khơng cần thiết xác minh danh từ bổ ngữ
Professor Wilson, who teaches Chemistry 101, is an excellent teacher. • Ta dùng dấu phẩy mệnh đề quan hệ bổ ngữ cho danh từ riêng
Hawaii, which consists of principal islands, is a favorite resort.
Mrs Smith, who is a retired teacher, does volunteer work at the hospital. • Nếu dấu phẩy khơng sử dụng đại từ
dùng mệnh đề quan hệ Thậm chí đại từ làm tân ngữ lượt bỏ The man who(m) / that / Ø I met teaches Math.
• Khi dấu phẩy sử dụng đại từ that khơng dùng ngoại trừ who, whom, which, where when Đại từ làm tân ngữ lượt bỏ
Mr Lee, whom I met yesterday, teaches Physics. Practical exercise
Underline which clause is essential or nonessential If it is nonessential, add commas to them.
1 Alaska where was struck by the tidal wave last year is in America The house in which she is living is very old
3 The tornado which went through my village damaged many properties and injured lots of people
4 Miss Lan whom you met last night is my sister
5 Thousands of people whom scientists warned about the eruption were saved Tornadoes are funnel-shaped storms which pass overland below a thunderstorm Mrs Quyen who has just come back from San Francisco is Lan’s mother
8 The word ‘typhoon’ which comes from Chinese means ‘big wind’ Liz whom we met at lunch time likes watching TV
10.I like the postcard which has a very beautiful sunrise
11.Alan and Jackie who did not come to class yesterday explained their absence to the teacher
12.Only people who speak Russian should apply for the job 13.The rice we had for dinner last night was very good
14.Mr Brown whose son won the first prize in the English-speaking contest is very proud of his son
15.The Mississippi River which flows south from Minnesota to the Gulf of Mexico is the major commercial river in the USA
16.The river which is polluted is not safe for swimming
(24)24
UNIT 10: LIFE ON OTHER PLANETS
1. Modals: may(có thể, có lẻ), might (có thể, có lẻ)
Chúng ta dùng may might để phán đốn Ví dụ ta nhận hộp q, ta khơng biết bên ta nói này:
It may be a book It might be a game
Cả hai câu giống nghĩa Tuy nhiên có đơi chút khác biệt hai từ May có khả cao might Điều có nghĩa mức độ phán đốn xác người nói dùng may cao dùng might
2. Conditional sentences (Câu điều kiện): type and type 2
a. Type 1: Câu điều kiện loại dùng để diển tả hoạt động tình
huống xảy tương lai
If + S + V(present simple) + (O), S + will + V(bare infinitive)+ (O).
If I have enough time tomorrow, I will write to my parents S + will + V(bare infinitive)+ (O) + If + S + V(present simple) + (O).
I will write to my parents if I have enough time tomorrow
b. Type 2: câu điều kiện loại dùng để diển tả hoạt động tình
huống khơng có khả xảy tương lai If + S + V(past simple) + (O), S + would + V(bare infinitive)+ (O).
If I were a woman, I would be a good wife
I don’t teach this class If I taught this class, I wouldn’t give tests S + would + V(bare infinitive)+ (O) + If + S + V(past simple) + (O).
I don’t teach this class I wouldn’t give tests if I taught this class, If I were you, I would accept their invitation
Practical exercise Give the correct form of the verbs in brackets. If it (rain) …………this evening, I won’t go out Lan (miss) ………….the bus if she doesn’t hurry
3 Ba is very poor If he (be)……… rich, he (travel) ………around the world Mrs Nga will join us if she (finish) ……….her work early
5 Nga likes playing piano, but she doesn’t have any pianos If she (own) ……… one, she (play) …………well
6 Nam gets up late this morning If he (get) ………….up early, he (arrive) ……… at school on time
7 Mr Loc doesn’t have any cars If he (have) ………… a car, he (drive) ………… to work
8 Tuan is too lazy to study If he (study) ………… harder, he (get) ………better grades
9 If Mrs Binh writes a shopping list, she (not / forget) ………… what to buy