Bài viết chứng minh sự xuất hiện của nước Phù Nam trên vùng châu thổ sông Mê Kông, sự phát triển từ một vương quốc thành một đế quốc hàng hải. Mời các bạn cùng tham khảo bài viết để nắm chi tiết nội dung nghiên cứu.
Nl/dC PHI) NAM VA HAU PHU NAM t.:ityi IV i : LUONG NINH* • • • ' ! • :, : ; : j f - I Ve Vvidng quoc Phu Nam De'n nay, khong cSn phai chiing minh sU -xu&'t hien mot nu6c Phu Nam tren viing chau tho song Me Kong, sU phat trien tijf mpt vufdng quo'c mot de quoc hdng hdi nQa (tiT ciia Wang Gung Wu) Ca vi tri, ten goi, toe ngUcJi, dia diem va ten goi dung ciia kinh cung da dUdc xac dinh ro rang, chdc chin (Xin xem LUdng Ninh: VUdng Quoc Phu Nam DHQG HN 2009, in lan 3) (1); song cung nen xac dinh lai vai diem cho ro rang va dung hOn: 1.1 Mot vai tac gia hinh nhU muo'n nha'n manh r i n g cU dan co Phu Nam la ngUdi noi tie'ng Malayo-Polynesians, tifc la tif bien vao, chQ khong phai noi dia, de iSn v6i Khmer, nen mUdn dung mot tCf cua L.Malleret, ngUcJi Proto-Malais, hieu la Nguyen Md lai, noi tie'ng Ma Lai (?) Dieu khong diing Malleret noi ve nhan chung chil khong phai ngon ngQ Co the tham khao mot doan cua ong: Sau doan mo ta phan tich cua nha nhan chiing hoc, ba Genet-Varcin, ong viet "Chung toi nhan manh sU tUdng dong ve hinh thai va hoa van trang tri dang dUdc nghien cQu, nhUng gid day cung tha'y khong phai nglu nhien ma phat hien nhQng tUdng quan giQa cac hop so nho Melanesiens d Nouvelle Guinea v6i hang 'OS Vi§n Khoa hoc xa hpi Vi§t Nam tien s^ Lang Cudm d Bdc Ky NhQng dac diem chung ciia cac ca the di chi cl ban dao Ca Mau ma ba Genet-Varcin neu len la co voc dang trung binh, hop so tron vQa, CO the co vom hong cao hay trung binh, xUdng hoc mSt nho, tran hdi vat, mat rgng, lu3ng quyen cao, khoang each hoc mat rong, mui tet Toan bo nhQng dac diem cho phep dat chung nhQng ca the ngUdi Tram Pho'vdi nhom Indonesiens hay Proto-Malais va theo Giao sU Vallois thi cung da thS'y ca Tien sii Dong DUdng ma nhQng dai dien hien cua ho co so' nhQng ngUdi ThMng d Tay Nguyen-Viet Nam, ngUdi Klia Boloven d Lao, ngUdi Phnong, Pear hay Samre d Campuchia Roi ngUdi ta cung tha'y ca ngUdi Dayak d Borneo, ngUdi Igorot d Philippin, ngUdi Batak d Sumatra, mot vai nhom cl Celebes hay Moluques "Dang dau trung binh (mesocephalie) la dac diem bien ciia phSn 16n ngUdi Indonesiens luc dia, goi la Proto-Malais hay Proto Indochinois, da tha'y cl Oc Eo, Samrong Sen, ma phan Idn Chung Vang, chimg Indonesiens, co dang dau tron (Brachycephalie), dang ddu ddi (Dolicocephalie) chiem Uu the chiing Den " (L.Malleret (2) Hieu sai, nhUng ly cung khong diing; NgUdi Malayo vao da't lien ching le la de'n Rghien euu Ljch siir so 1.2QtO ndi dat hoang vu de lap nu6c?, chSng le la di xam chie'm? Thuc da co bo lac ban dia, mot bo lac Proto Indochinois, goi theo G Olivier, goi la Proto-Mon, diing hdn, bi ky xUa goi la Vnam, la ngUdi Mnong Bo lac da co mot sU tien trien, da tQ chan niii trUdng Sdn, xuong dong bing, de'n bd bien, nhu ngUdi Cdn Gid, Trdm Pho', dong thuyen di bien va theo truyen thuye't, mot nQ vUdng dQng dau, goi ten la Lieu Diep Chinh ten goi toe ngudi/bo lac da dem lai ten nu6c Phu Nam va ten toc-dong toe ngUdi Mien Niiivua toe Niii (Sailaraja) hay Kiriuamsa (Nay la ten mdi ciia tinh Takeo/ Kirivong), ndi CO kinh Phu Nam; chQ khong phai la mot danh tCr chung khmer, chi vat- Phnom: niii: Ch6 nen nghi nQ vUdng "con trSn truong" ma coi la lac hau; thUe eo the eo mot cai kho' "Phong tuc dan nude Phu Nam xUa vo'n d truong, xoa toe, khong may quan ao" (Luang thu 54, Liet truyen 48) Khong phai chi CO xUa ma den the ky XIX, tham chi den nay, mot so' tpc van glQ nhu the, le cang trpng, cang phai giQ theo phong tuc Ditdng nhien khong the khong co mot bp lac til ngoai bien vao, the hien bang "Co ngUdi ngoai coi ten la Hon Dien, dUdc than bao mong, eho cung ten vang, sai di thuyen de'n (LUdng thii) Bp lac co the noi ngon ngQ Nam Dao hay Malayo-Polynesian, khong biet chac la ho noi ngon ngQ gi Su hien dien ciia hp khong the hien bang sU tUdng dong suy doan vdi tpc nay, tpc np, ma hkng phong cdch bien, hoa tron vdi dan ban dia tao nen mot nin vdn hod bien: md cang, giao luu thUdng xuyen, trao doi hang hoa vat pham (kieu chQ viet, m i u tUdng thd tien trien theo nguyen mau nhieu the ky), manh kim loai khic hinh kieu An Dp, 120 eon da'u (trien), trang sQc thuy tinh mSu ma Dia Trung Hai; md ciia, tie'p nhan nhieu ngoai kieu de'n dinh cU, buon ban va phat trien van hoa, la dac trUng khong the lan dUdc cua Cang bien, cOia dan von co nghe di bien, buon ban van bien 1.2 Ndi ve mpt vUdng quoc Phu Nam ton tai hdn the ky ma khong ndi tdi Vdn hod Phil Nam la v6 nghla Chinh vi khong hieu ro dieu ma nhieu hoc gia nudc ngoai dinh vi nham Phu Nam d cho khac, tha'p gia tri van hoa ban dia - mpt trung tam van hoa ciia ca khu vUc 1.3 Cuoc khai quSt khao co hoc ciia L Malleret nam 1944 (2) xac nhan dia ban ban d£u cua nudc Phu Nam la mien Tay song Hau vdi true chinh la kenh dai 100 km, ndi hai dau, dau Nam la cang thi Oc Eo va dau Bae la Angco Borei, vdi vung dan cQ hai ben bd kenh, tQ song Hau de'n bien, vdi trinh dp kinh te dinh mQc lam tieu chi cho ca quoc gia, ndi ed; - Nghe nong, lua nUdc quanh nam, - Nghe danh bat hai san, tom ca va cuoc song bie'n tren song nUdc phan anh qua cac dung bang go'm; noi, v6, a'm, be'p cui - Nghe mia, ep la'y mat, lam dUdng ma true quay 6p lam b i n g da eon lai tQ xa xUa da dUdc tim tha'y - Nghe lam gom dac skc-Gom 6c Eo-Phii Nam, > - Nghe kim hoan lam trang sQc bang vang, bae, da quy, -' • - Nghe lam thie'e ma nha khao co' gpi la cd ca mpt nen ky nghe thie'e, - Nghe ren due kim loai, lam nhQng vSt dung bae, dong va ca s i t Cac thd thu cong tap trung vQa san xua't, vQa buon ban, tao nen canh song dong due nhpn nhip Phai chang canh so'ng Ru6c Phu Ram va hau Phii Ram moi Tinh hien dai ed ten rieng di lien hom "Pho tren kenh, Cha tren song" d Nam Can va d Kien Giang phu hdp 1-3 dia danh la ten nhQng di ehi khao ed' moi sinh, la hinh anh cdn luu giQ cua mpt hpc noi tie'ng, da di vao danh muc khao cd thdi xa xQa? Ndi eon tu hpp ca ngoai hpe the gidi, ndi da phat hien it nhat mpt kieu de'n lam an buon ban ma hinh anh hp phe tich kie'n triic gach, mpt hay mpt so dUdc tha'y tren hien vat go'm, thie'e tUdng Phat hay Visnu, ra't nhieu go'm 6c Dudng nhu mpt liic nao dd, mpt dai dien Eo, mpt so' vat dung bang dong, eho tha'y cd xuat sic cua so' ngoai kieu nay, chu ye'u la the da tQng la mpt dp, mdt vung dan cQ cua ngUdi An Dp cd the dUde tin nhiem nhan nude Phu Nam xQa chQc vu cao nha't bp may chinh Cd nhQng ndi eho tha'y ro da'u vet ngUdi quyen? _ J.,,,^^5 ^,!, ,.,, ^ thdi sau da la'y gach ciia thdi trUdc xay den 1.4 Luang thu chep "Hon Dien la'y Lieu tren nen cu, nhu Gd Thanh, Gd Thanh Diep lam vd, sinh eon trai, phan cho lam mdi, Binh Thanh Ca hai lan trude, sau, vua bay (7) d'p Sau, eon (?) la Hon Ban da sup dd phe tich, di tich Huong thu phuc lai dUde, phan chia eon chau cai tri cac a'p, hieu la Tieu vUOng Cai quan dp: cac cuoc khai quat khao eo hpe tiep theo, nam 1975-1995 va 1995-2005 khong trUc tiep khing dinh dp nay, cung da cho tha'y cd the nhan dien khoang 7-8 Thi tu - Tieu viing: , Cd nhQng ndi ra't phong phii ve hien vat, nha't la tUdng thd; Gd Thap ed ra't nhieu, tdi 15 tUdng Phat bing go tram va vai Visnu bang da, la ndi cd mpt phQc h$ kie'n true gach cua nhieu thdi, ndi tim thay bia ky Prasat Pram Loven (bia Phii Nam 1), xQng dang la mpt tieu Vung quan trpng bae nha't - Kien Giang la Nen Chiia hay eon gpi la Thnal Moroy, Trdm Pho'; Tay Ninh cung khong k6m, nhieu di tich kie'n true gach ma den cung chua phan dinh dUde ro quy mo, dien mao va thdi gian NhQng Trung Dien (nay la Trung Hie'u, huyen Vung Licm, tinh Vinh Long) ndi tie'ng the gidi ve nhdm tUdng Phat va Visnu d mpt ngdi den, chua nao dd, da khong cdn, nhung tUdng thi dUde coi la dep, tieu bieu cho phong each nghe thuat tUdng Phil Nam Pho tUdng Gd Thap phat hien nam 1998 cung thude phong each - Ca Mau la Nen Vua hay Ta Keo, hay Tien cdng; • An Giang la 6c Eo/Ba The, cung la Cang thi chinh, cd the la SamudrapuraCia Bien; - Long An la Go Don,Gd Binh Td • O Dong Thap la Gd Thap, rj ^jg ngifj - d C£n Thd Id Nhan Nghla - d Vinh Long la Gd Thdnh M&i, LUu Cii, Trung Dien - d Tien Giang la Go Thdnh - d Tay Ninh la Binh Thanh, Dien Tien Thuan - d Dong Nai la Bien Hod Thanh Trong dd, nd'i bat hdn la Cang thi 6c Eo Dudng nhien, day khdng phai la mdt a'p binh thudng ma la mpt dd thi cd', cd nhieu t i n g nen kie'n tnic bing gach, da, nhieu tUdng thupc nhQng phong each khac nhau, mot ludng Idn go'm va manh go'm, nhieu loai trang sQc Cang thi edn la bp mat, tie'p xue vdi ben ngoai nen edn cd rat nhieu hien vat ngoai, nhap cang nhu nhan mat Rghien ciJru Ljch sJr sd 1.2010 ngpc An Dp, gUdng dong Trung Qud'e, huy chUdng vang Roma, nhQng vong chudi hat thuy tinh cd nguon gdc Dia Trung Hai NhQng phong phu, hoanh trang nha't vin la kinh dd Angeo Borei, mpt each gpi chuyen am rat mudn cua ten chQ Phan Nagara-pura - Qud'e do, edn dUde gpi la vung Kirivong/Girivamsa - ddng Vua Nui ciia Phu Nam Kinh cd da'u tich nen cung dien, luy b i n g gach, da, va ed ca mpt khu den ehua thd ciing d mdt ngpn nui nhd ben canh, Phnom Da, ndi sau nay, nha khao cd phat hien hang nui, mpt kho tUdng khong lo, khoang 50 pho, tUdng Phat, Visnu, tQ ed' nha't, the ky V, de'n mudn nha't, the ky VII, ed du tieu ban ciia phong each nghe thuat titdng Phu Nam, cQ nhu mdi tieu vung tac tUdng phai lay day lam mau, hay moi ndi phai mang mpt tieu ban ve bieu den kinh dd "de bdo cao" Kho tUdng dUdc phat hien hang da Phnom Da, cd le, ngUdi ta da cat da'u nhQng vat thd linh thieng, quy bau trUdc chay giac ngoai xam Chan Lap (3) Ta't ca nhQng di ti'ch, tUdng va hien vat ndi tren deu dUdc dinh nien dai tQ the ky II de'n the ky VII, thupc nien dai Phii Nam, deu cd sQ tUdng ddng ve tinh chat, kieu each ciia cac loai hinh, phong each Xem nhu the, dUdng nhu cd sQ tuang dong thd'ng nhd't giiia cdc tieu viing ve trinh dp cuoc sdng, each sdng, qua gdm, ve diing va dd trang sQc, nha't la ve van hoa, qua tdn giao, tUdng thd Tuy nhien, cung phai xac nhan la cac nen kien true Idn khdng hoan toan giong ve binh do, kieu each, giQa cac phe tich d 6c Eo, Gd Thap va Gd Minh Su (Dong Thap), Luu CQ va Gd Thanh mdi (Vlnh Long), Gd Thanh (Tien Giang) hay dd la giQ lai sQ da dang thd'ng nha't cua mpt vUdng qud'e cd'? VUtfng quoc va cac a'p/Tieu quoc Luang thu da chep, cho eon "Idm vua dp", sau lai ndi them "hieu la tieu vuang Nhu the cd le cac soan gia da dich diing tQ ngQ Raja, gpi thao An Dp, la ngQdi dQng dau eiia mpt vung/xQ nha't dinh; nhQng vung lai cd quan he mat thie't vdi cung mpt lanh thp, mpt tpc trudng cai quan, xUng la Dai vUang-Maharaja, hay Pu po tana Raya - Chda te Todn the gian hay Hodn vUang vdi ngQdi Cham, hay Kamrateng an Phdai Karom, cung nghia, d ngQdi Khmer Quan he dd nhu thudng tha'y eae xa hdi phQdng Ddng cd' xUa vQa chat che vQa long leo, luc chat, liic long, nhu quan he cha-con, vua-tdi, be tdi vdi tdn chu Cac nha nghien cQu Au-My thudng khd hieu dUdc dieu Mpt so' nha nghien cQu, ca va ngoai nudc gan day deu hpc theo W.Wolters, nghi r i n g the che chinh quyen Phu Nam gid'ng nhU the che Ngdn hd, hay "mdnh mdi" ma dng gpi la Mandala, tQc la nd rdi rac, quan he long leo, khdng mdt qud'e gia cd td' chQc NgQdi dQng dau khdng thQc la vua, ma ehi la mpt kieu thu linh, ngQdi cam quyen (chief/ruler), luc xac dinh dQdc, luc khdng M Vickery tham chi edn phu nhan hoan toan tha'y cd it nhat hai lan mpt dao si An Dp dUdc ddn de'n "lam vua" Phu Nam Cd le W Wolters khdng hieu sic thai, tinh cha't mpt xa hpi phQdng Ddng, ndi ma tap hOp nhiing thon dp, khong bao gid thiic sU thdng nhd't chat che, cung nhu khong bao gid hodn todn tdn quyen dUdi mot ngdi vi thu linh phuang Dong M Vickery thi lai khdng hieu mdt xa hpi thUdng mai, ndi cd nhieu nhdm ngoai kieu khac nhau, nhQng sic tpc khac nhau, thu tich cd' ndi cd tdi hang nghin, ndi ngUdi dan sd'ng budng bien, budn ban, danh ea, thi mpt ngUdi gd'c xQ ngoai, ed tai, ed dQc, Rude Phil Ram va hau Phii Ram dam bao dUdc cude song, phQdng thQc sd'ng chinh eiia hp, cd the dudc tdn "lam vua" Tdi da thao luan, phe binh hdn mdt lan y kie'n cua hai dng Thuc te ddi sd'ng hien tren the gidi b i n la cd the dem lai nhieu bai hoc cho viec nghien cQu n :>.• •• -:;;: foit Den day, thdi gian nay, hoan toan khdng cd da'u vet Khmer, bdi vi cung chQa ed ca Khmer va Chan Lap-Bhavapura, cai ma L Malleret gpi la Vdn hod Tien Khmer Theo sdch co, khoang the ky III, vua Phu Nam la Pham SQ Man danh cac nudc lang gieng, bat than phue, lai ddng tau to, vQdt bien Idn, chinh phuc dQdc hdn 10 nUdc cdi ngoai, de'n xQ Kim Lan NhQng nude lang gieng va ngoai bien bi chinh phue ed that khdng? La d dau? Cuoc khai quat khao ed hpc nhQng nam 90 trdn da't Thai Lan, tren luu Me Nam-Chao Phraya va binh nguyen Khorat da dem lai nhieu hieu biet ly thii Ben tren da trinh bay sQ phat trien cua Vudng qud'e Phu Nam nhd ke't qua nghien cQu khao cd' hpc; cac nUdc lang gieng phai than phuc Phu Nam la vung iQu vQc sdng Se Mun tren binh nguyen Khorat, ndi sinh sd'ng cua mdt sd' bd lac Mdn co Mdt sd' qua sQ xuc tac cua chinh Phu Nam ma tie'p can van hoa An Dp va dang tren dUdng phat trien, dang cl giai doan Tien Nha nude, dQng trUdc ngudng cita cua viec lap Nude Mdt sd' la bd lac cQ tru d nga ba sdng Se Mun-Me Kong, ndi se xua't hien nudc Bhavapura - Chan Lap Nhung ndi ma Phu Nam quan tam nhieu hdn la dia vi ddu md'i thUdng mai cua minh, la dudng thdng thUdng DdngTay, Trung Qudc va An Dp, nen vua Pham Su Man ddng tau, vQdt bie'n, chinh phue hdn 10 nQde, ta't ca deu t h i n phuc Tuy nhien, ke eu the, sach co chi cho biet cac ten nQde nhQ CQu Tri, Dien Tdn, Lang Nha T Q Gia, Ban Ban, Xich Tho va Don Tdn Viec nghien cQu va thao luan may chuc nam qua ciia gidi sQ hpc the gidi mdi di den xac dinh, cac nQde deu nim tren ban dao Malaya, an ngQ dQdng budn ban Ddng-Tay va gom hai nhdm nUdc: nQde nhd gdp lai mpt nhdm, gpi chung la Xi'ch Thd' n i m d phia Nam ban dao, nQde khac d phia Bae ban dao, gom ca iQu Me Nam, gdp mdt nhdm, gpi chung la Dd'n Td'n Cac cude khai quat khao cd' hpe d U-Thong, Khu Bua, Ban Don Taphet, Lop Buri, Chansen eho tha'y ndi day, xQa kha phat trien vdi nhQng nen kie'n true gach cua cac den dai, cung dien, luy, tQdng Phat, Visnu bing da de thd, nhieu vat gdm, dd trang sQc, cho tha'y rd quan he giao IQU van hoa, kinh te mat thie't vdi Phu Nam, tham chi quan he t h i n thupc Phu Nam U Thong cdn phat hien dUde hdn 20 dong tien bae Phu Nam Xem nhQ the, sQ phat trien that hoanh trang, nhUng Nha nUde Phu Nam da cai quan Vudng qudc cua minh nhu the nao? Rat tide, sil sach cd cho biet ve cuoc sd'ng phong tue, tham chi vUdng gia ciia nhQng ngQdi quyen quy, trinh dp van hoa cao cua nQde, da ed tQdng Phat mang tang vua Trung Qud'e va ea mdt dan nhae, ca mua, sang IQU diSn d Trung Qud'e, nhQng lai khdng cho cho biet gi ve bd may nha nQde Cho nen, d day, cd nhieu phan phai suy doan Trifdc bet hang ndi ve dd'i npi Phu Nam ed dp; vay dp la gi? Day la nhat ky cua Khang Thai dan dau phai bd ciia nha Ngd de'n Phu Nam khoang nam 230 CL Mdt trQdng hdp khac, sil nha Han ghi nam 190 C.L., dan huyen TUcfng Lam khdi nghla t h i n g Idi, lap Lam Ap Huyen dQdi quan (Nhat Nam); dp difdi huyen, nhQng dp d day.khdng phai la huyen ly, tri sd, vi Rghien curu Ljch sir s61.2010 cdn ed Tuong Pho', cua huyen TUdng Lam, ed le day mdi la huyen ly Hdi ric rdi nen cac nha nghien cQu nQde ngoai, ngQdi thi dich dp la xom (hamlet), ngQdi thi dich la Xd (commune) TQ dp sach nha Han dUde dung gan cung thdi vdi sach nha Ngd, ehi each chQng 30 nam, khai niem ed the khdng khac lim Thu linh Lam Ap la Khu Lien se trd vua Sau nQde dinh hinh hay md rdng, dQdc goi ten chinh thQc la Champa, gpi du la Champa-pura, ngQdi Han phien am la Chiem-bd, dich la Chiem Thdnh (4) Trong ca hai trQdng hdp, dp h l n la mdt Vung Idnh tho, ed the cd trung tam, thQdng la trung tam van hoa/tdn giao, n i m giQa cdng ddng cQ dan, lam ndng nghiep, danh ca, nghe thii cdng va trao dd'i Ben tren, sach cd' viet ve Phu Nam, "Idm vua dp, xQng la Tieu vUOng b i n la ed y nghla mdt vung, mdt tieu qud'e Khdng tha'y rd vai trd ciia bd may quan ly, nhQng chic r i n g khdng cd sQ biet lap giQa cac ApVung: bdi sU dong dang van hoa, nhU cac vat gdm dac trQng cua dan sdng nQde, xQdng gdm cd Idp, van sdng nude tren than gdm, cac hinh tQdng Phat b i n g gd, da, tUdng Visnu b i n g da cung dUdc qui chua'n thd'ng nha't vdi de'n mQc kinh ngae, giQa tat ea cac vung Cd le tap quan lam an, sinh sd'ng tQ bao dam ddi sd'ng ciia gia dinh minh cd tQ thdi cdng xa cd' XQa van dQdc tie'p tuc tri ed hieu qua dieu kien mdi Chi ed mdt viec vQdt khdi pham vi tQ quan eiia cdng dong la nghla vu ddng gdp vdi nha nQde va cd sd tdn giao Cd le qua thdi gian, ngQdi ta da quen vdi mQc ddng gdp, mpt mQc vQa phai ma hien khdng cd tai lieu nao eho biet, ma trai qua hang the ky cung khdng tha'y ed dieu gi gay ca'n xay Viec ddng gdp de xay den chua, tac tQdng, 1-2 ngdi ddi vdi mdt a'p, ed the da trd mpt viec lam tQ nguyen, tham chi la thich thu, khdng phai can den sQ can thiep ciia chinh quyen Hdn nQa, vdi mpt quoc gia thUdng mai, mdt cang thi qud'e te, lai san xuat va ban trang sQc cung vat dung vang bae thi ngUdi dan binh thUdng, ndng dan, ngQ dan, khdng de'n noi phai ddng gdp nang ne ma vua chua v i n cd the an b i n g bat vang, bat bae va thu thue bang vang, bae Dd la ddi vdi dan ciia minh, cdn doi vdi cac nQde phu thude thi sao? Cd the tin mdt each chic chin cd ma'y hinh thQc sau day: a- Hang qua cang thi chic phai nop mpt khoan thue, khdng cd ghi ch^p nao cho biet mQc thue bao nhieu b- San pham cua eae nQde neu ed gia tri cao thi tdn chii dQdc mua Qu tien vdi gia re, thQdng la dUde nop thue b i n g chinh san pham dd Dd la trQdng hdp thie'e dac san cua Xich Thd' (Malaysia nay) xua't hien kha nhieu tren da't Phu Nam, tren cang 6c Eo c- NQde le thupc b i t bude phai nop mpt khoan phu cdng dang ke Cho nen vung len gianh dQdc quyen tu ehu thi cac vua Chan Lap td bay niem "kieu hanh vi da giQt dQt dQdc sdi giay xieng xich eiia sQ cong nap" (bia Baksei Chamkrong) d- Hdn nQa, nQde phu thupc phai chiu sQ kiem soat chat che, khong dUOc co quan he vdi nUdc ngoai nhQ vdi Trung Quoc ching han Cho nen chi de'n Phu Nam bi suy vong (giQa the ky VII), nhQng vung le thupc trQdc mdi tU chu, lap quoc gia, c\l sQ t h i n sang Trung Hoa va nhan sQ gia de'n, mdi tha'y dQdc ghi ch^p, dQdc biet cd sQ xua't hien cua cac nQde nhu Chan Lap, Xich Tho' v^ Doa La Bat De (Dvaravati) Rude Phil Ram vb hflu Phu Ram thay the cho cua Don Td'n Khdng the khdng de y, sach sit eo' khdng he coi/ gpi cac di chi/ phe tich hoanh trang d IQU Me Nam nhu U Thong, Khu Bua, ea Chan Sen, la nhQng qud'e gia hay tieu quo'c, bdi mpt le ddn gian, ta't ca dd ehi la Dd'n Td'n ma Dd'n Td'n ehi la thupc qud'e cua Phu Nam Sau Phu Nam suy vong, khdng kie'm soat nQa, cac xQ mdi tQ chii, tQ gpi la Dvaravati- Cda ngd Day la dieu ma nhieu nha nghien cQu, ca J.Boiselier da tQng nham lan Cho nen Wang Gung Wu (1990) (5) mdi md dIu gpi Phu Nam la Maritime Empire, sau dd nhieu hoc gia Anh, Phap mdi gpi theo Empire ed ngQdi dich la deche, khdng sai, nhQng de lan khai niem trQu tQdng, nhQ de che dau hoa, de che truyen thdng Tdi gpi theo dung thQc cha't ciia nd, la mpt he thd'ng cai quan, ed kiem soat, la de qudc khu vQc Ddng Nam A H a u P h u N a m - C h a n L a p - Tien Angco Phu Nam da ed da'u hieu bi suy thoai tQ the ky VI, si^ chuyen dd'i dQdng giao thUdng tren bien xa bd Thuyen be it di ven bd, ho$c qua canh eo Kra (Dd'n Td'n trQdc), khdng cap cang 6c Eo ma di vdng qua eo Malacca, Sunda de'n Bien Ddng, gan va thuan ti^n hdn, nhQng cung phQdng tien di bien la tau thuyen tie'n bp hdn Budn ban giam sut, thu nhap k^m di, nhieu thQdng lai la nhQng ngQdi cd tai, cd van boa cao, bd di ndi khac lam an Nhan cd hpi nay, mpt bp lac cQ tni b iQu Se Mun da vQdn len lap nifde, gpi ten nQde theo ten vua la Bhavapura, tQng bQdc ta'n cdng xam chiem lai Phu Nam, nQde tdn ehu cu cua nd, cQ sQ t h i n sang Trung Hoa va dU(?c ghi nhan vdi cai ten ciia mpt qud'e gia mdi xua't hi^n la Chan Lap (Chen La) ma de'n nay, khdng biet dau ma cd ten gpi Dan Phu Nam, nhQng ndng dan, ngQ phii, cd le da qua 5-6 the ky cham chi gieo gat hai, khdi, cac thQdng nhan, thd thii cdng budn ban kie'm Idi, nha nQde lo thu dii thue, ddi song phong tuc, khdng cd ke thu tranh gianh, khdng ed da'u hieu ban tam lo de phdng chien tranh, nen ngd dau cd luc sa sut de khdng phdng bi ke than thupc quay lai danh minh Bhavapura - Chan Lap hinh cudi the ky VI, cung la thdi diem hinh tgc ngUdi Khmer va van hoa Khmer, da vQdn len tie'n cdng Phu Nam tQ d i u de'n giQa the VII thi chinh phuc dQdc Cac sach co va ca van bia ciia ke chien thang cung chi tha'y khoe sQc manh, "quan di bui mu", ma khdng tha'y ndi de'n lUc iQdng, giao chien, khang cQ Cd le Phu Nam da khdng chuan bi gi, khdng cd iQc iQdng, vua Phu Nam phai bd chay bien, cd le den Java Cd the nhQ van bia ndi, nd'i len de gianh quyen tQ chu, de thoat khdi ach cdng nap, nhQng sach g^iao khoa Lich sil bae Tieu hpc ciia Singapore thi khing dinh Chan Lap tham cua cai giau cd cua Phu Nam mdi dem quan danh chie'm 3.1 The ky VII (600-690 CL.) la the'ky chuyen bie'n sau sic: Khdng de dang danh t h i n g ngay; nhQng nam cudi the' ky VI- dau the ky VII la thdi gian thit sQe, ta'n cdng kinh dd Phu Nam d Angkor-Borei; tie'p theo, phai mat ma'y chuc nam gian khd' nQa, d i n quan "vQdt kenh laeh sau b i n g chieu cao voi", tie'n len de'n tan dinh nui", mdi danh chie'm dQdc Phu Nam (khoang nam 649 C L.) Day la thdi gian thuan Idi de Chan Lap md rdng quyen iQc ve phia ddng, de'n iQu sdng Me Kong, den ea cang-thi 6e Eo, ne'u Rghien curu Lich sit s61.2010 10 mudn Nhung ngQdi ta lai tha'y mdt hien tQdng ngQde lai, la co ve da't ban bp cl trung luu sdng Me Kong, ed le hp chQa quen tiep jcue vdi bien va chQa quen lua tren rudng ngap nQde, eho de'n the ky XX (B.P Grosher, 1973) (6) Cd le nhd the ma the ky VII, Chan Lap tap trung sQc thQc hien dUdc viec, ba tQu Idn, ra't ed y nghla; 1/ Sang tao va sit dung chQ viet mdi, cbQ Kha me cd] 2/ Xay dQng kinh dd mdi Isanapura tren iQu vQc StQng Sen, la Kompong Thom, bd ddng-bic Bien Ho, gan song Me Kong; 3/ Xay dQng van boa Chan Lap sd ky, thUdng dQdc gpi la Vdn hod Tien Ang-co-611-802) Vice 1: chac da dQdc chuin bi tQ lap nQde va bat d i u tien danh kinh dd Phu Nam (nam 598) de cd bia chd Khmer dau tien nam 611, dQng d chinh tren da't Angkor Borei Sau dd ed khoang bia, viet niia Khmer, nQa Sanskrit, deu d gan vung kinh dd (Ta Keo, nam 639, ed cau Sanskrit va 24 ddng Khmer ed', cd ten vua Bhavavarman nhQng khdng ro lai lich, Prasat Prathat, d Prey Veng, nam 655 cd ddng khmer, Ang Chumnik, d Prey Veng, nam 667, ke thQ tQ eae vua, cd 26 cau Sanskrit, khdng ed Khmer; Prah Kuha Luong, hang Kampot, nam 674 ed ddng Khmer Dang chu y, tren da't cu Phu Nam, cd bia; Angco Borei, Ta Keo (ke tren), Dong Thdp Mudi, 10 ddng Khmer ed', nien diem 713, ke ten mpt nhan vat la, Puskara, tQdc V K A (vua?) va xa nha't ve phia nam la bia Phd Hihi (Sa Dee), nien diem 639 cd cau Sanskrit va 25 ddng Khmer, ndi ve viec lap den, cung rudng, thd than NhQ the, the ky VII, da'u tich xa nha't cua Chan Lap tren da't Phu Nam la ndi dd va cung la rat gan vdi da't Chan Lap, gan nhQ la vung giap ranh Rieng Phu Hihi, ghi nien diem 639 nhUng khdng ndi tdi mdt dng vua nao (theo qui t i c thudng phai cd), viet 25 ddng Khmer cd, dai, ndi nhieu ve viec lap den, cung rupng (bia trQng bay Bao tang Tp Ho Chi Minh), phai chang la mpt bieu hien phan tan, ly khai? Viec 2: Sau danh t h i n g , chinh phuc dQdc Phu Nam, vQdng trieu ciia Chan Lap, vQdng trieu Bhavapura lap (khoang 600680) gom bd'n (4) ddi vua Cac vua eo ve dia ban cua minh, cl iQu vQc sdng Stung Sen, ddng bic Bien Ho, la tinh Kompong Thom Cd tac gia cho day la que hifdng cua ddng vua nay, nhQng khdng tha'y cd can cQ nao Dieu chac chan hdn la nd d vao khoang giQa iQu - dia ban mdi md - vdi trung iQu, gan Se Mun, da't gdc eiia ea tpc ngQdi day, hp tie'n hanh xay dyng kinh dd, tren dia diem gpi la Sambor Prei Kuk va dQdc gpi theo ten vua la Isanapura, la mpt nhdm gom cum kien true den thap gach hoanh trang, cau ky, dep; da bi sup do' phe' tich, nhQng v i n cdn cho tha'y binh do, dang ve, cung vdi tQdng t h i n cua nd va cd the, 1-2 vua nQa khong chac chan, theo dudi xu hQdng co cum ve vung da't ddng Bien Ho-trung iQu sdng Me Kong, xay kinh va dQng bia chQ Phan day Viet bia chQ Phan b i t d i u cd chQ Khmer rieng, dQdng nhu muo'n chQng td van la sQ tie'p nd'i van boa va da cd trinh dp cao (7) Cung vdi viec xay dUng kinh dd, thyc te la cum den thap gach, thd t h i n , ndi trung tam cua qud'e gia, cac vua Chan Lap cdn cho viet, khic bia ke ve than the sy nghiep dQng dat d va g i n cac den thap Sambor Prei Kuk Viec 3: Rif6c Phii Ram va hfiu Phii Ram Nam cum den thdp Sambor Prei Kuk cung la sQ tie'p noi va sang tao cua kie'n tnic den thap gach; v i n la nhQng binh vudng vQc thu nhd len cao din; dd cd the nghi r i n g binh kie'n tnic Phu Nam cd the dQdc IQU giQ it nhieu d Sambor Prei Kuk? Ngoai edn cd cac ye'u to'; n - NhQng Hoa vdn trang tri tren tUdng gach kha phong phu, la mIt; - Cd them mi cda (linteau), bdng da, tac hinh hoa la each dieu, bien ddi theo phong each, thdi gian; - D3 mi ciia la hai cot nho (colonnette), cung b i n g da, luc ddu hinh tru trdn, ed ba vdng nhan va hinh trang tri b hai diu, ve sau cot trd nen ciu ky hdn, hinh sau canh, hoa tiet trang tri rglm rap hdn; Bau ciia dd cd Id de lap canh cQa, ddi bing go; cd bae cQa, hai-ba bae bing da, bae tha'p nha't rdng hdn, cd hinh ddu gdp (accolade) (8) - O kinh dd Sambor Prei Kuk, cd ma'y tQdng thd b i n g da, v i n la "Visnu ddi mu, tru mac ddi kieu Phii Nam" song da cd ddi chut cai tie'n, cai mu tru d i n cao hdn, ddi eho cdn giQ mai tdc tet dai bang tren diu Thanh ngang giQ tay bie'n vdng cung vQng chac b Phnom Da da mat di din Dd Id ddc trUng vdn hod - nghe thuat Phil Nam cdn dugc gid lai vd cdi tie'n Cho nen, cac nha nghien cQu nQde ngoai gpi day la thdi "Tien Ang-co", nhung ve van boa, thUc cha't la Hau Phd Nam ke tie'p Phu Nam, da bat dau bQdc sang thdi ky van boa Khmer The ky VII la thdi gian khdng khd de thyc hi$n cuoc di dan xud'ng phQdng Nam, ne'u cd nhu ciu va kha nang Cd the nhan bid't sy ed mat cua cQ dan mdi hay khdng va la mpt tieu chf hoan toan xac dang la b ndi 11 dd cd da'u an sinh boat ciia cQ dan mdi, dac biet la dung, gdm, cd den, chua, bi ky hay khdng? chQ viet nao? da'u a'n ciia van boa nao? NgQdi ta da phat hien dQdc ngdi den deu kha Idn, 1, b chinh dd cu cua Phu Nam, gpi la din Angkor Borei: b day cd bia viet chQ Khmer cd', nien diem 611 C.L., la bia viet chQ Khmer dau tien dQdc phat hien eho den va cung la nien diem md dau van boa Khmer, thdi ky Khmer Bia ke day la mdt ngdi den thd than, cd 22 nhae cdng va ea cdng (phuc vu le nghi Hindu giao), 22 ngQdi phuc vu, 56 nd le lam rudng cung vdi 100 bd va 20 trau Cd cQdng dieu hay khdng thi khdng biet, nhQng de chQng td tQ the ciia ke chien thang thi h l n la ed Va 2, Den va bia Phu HUu b Sa Dec (Dong Thap), tren bd sdng Tien; den nhd hdn, bia viet cau Sanskrit va 25 ddng Khmer cd', ghi nien diem 639 (trUng bay d Bao tang Tp Ho Chi Minh) Khong tha'y ghi ten vua ma le thQdng phai cd Nam trung vdi bia Ta Keo, cd ten mdt dng vua Bhavavarman, nhQng cdn chQa rd lai lich Mpt ngdi ehua nQa, gpi la Vlt Sre Ben tQc la Lam d Chau Ddc, ndi ve mpt ngdi chua, khdng cd nien dai, mpt ten ngQdi, Baladitya, rat md nhat, khdng hieu la ai, ed vai trd gi? The'ky VII ta't ea chi cd the, vai ba diem, deu la ndi khdng the cQ tru d'n dinh lau dai (Angkor Borei la dinh nui) Ta't ea deu la nhQng dia diem giap ranh TQ day, the ky VII, cd the gpi la thdi Hau Phu Nam, cung la Tien Angkor, nhien, khdng phai la kdo dai trien mien, ma cd dinh thdi gian vd ndi dung eu the Ndi dung dd la sy hinh vQdng trieu sd ky Chan Lap - Bhavapura, sU hinh thdnh vdn hod Khmer, chu ye'u chu! Khmer, cung la sy tie'p nd'i hoc theo Phu Nam, chd ye'u hinh tUang Visnu va van Sanskrit; dd cung la sy sang tao mdi, chu ye'u la cac loai Rghien ciru Ljch siSr stf 1.2010 12 hinh gia ed' trang tri bang da tren thap gach Cho nen, mpt so' tac gia gpi la Vdn hod Tien Angkor Thdi gian la tQ nam 611 (bia chQ Khmer dau tien) den 680 (nam qua ddi ciia Jayavarman I), vua cudl ciia vQdng trieu Bhavapura, md dau sy khiing hoang, chia re, de'n nam 802, nam cha'm dQt Vdn hod Tien Angkor 3.2 T h e ky VIII NhQ da ndi d tren, the ky VII, Chan Lap CO cum tren da't ciia minh, d vung quanh Bien Ho Tonle Sap Hp xay trQdc tien, hai cum den thap Vat Eng Khna (620 AD) d Battambang va Tuol Baset (640) nhU mpt sy tham dd, thi diem (?), roi de'n xay tap trung tren iQu vyc Stung Sen (Kompong Thom), lap dung kinh dd Isanapura, vdi cac cum den thap Sambor Prei Kuk (giQa the ky VII), Prei Khmeng va Prasat Andet (niia sau the VII) Ca the'ky VIII, cung chi cd them ba cum den thap d vung quanh kinh dd; Trapeng Phong, Kompong Prah va Phum Prasat Prei Khmeng dQdc coi la lam dd, nhien, cung da kha day dii, keo dai tQ cudi the ky VII de'n d i u the'ky VIII, nen trd mdt tieu chi ve phong each va nien dai Van hoa Tien Angkor Dac biet, d day cd cai mi ciia da khac tac hinh Brahma ddn sinh gid'ng mi ciia Ml Sdn E nhu "sinh ddi" Sau hdn niia the ky hinh va md mang (tQ nam 600 de'n 680), Chan Lap rdi vao khiing hoang trieu chinh ma trQdc dd da cd nhQng da'u hieu tan quyen Nam 680, vua Jayavarman I qua ddi, b i t d i u xua't hien nhQng vua ehua dia phQdng, khdng cd lai lich rd rang, Cd ta'm bia nho va xa'u khic ten mpt ngQdi la l i m la Puskara hay Puskaraksa, tim tha'y d Dong Thap va d Kratie SiJ nha DQdng b i t d i u chep Chan Lap phan chia Chan Lap Da't va Chan Lap NQde Chan Lap Da't cl tren cao, da't ban bp ciia hp, b nga ba Se Mun-Me Kdng, phia blc Dangrek, chQ khdng phai b nQde Campuehia nay, cdn Thuy Chan Lap cung khong phai toan Dong b i n g sdng CQU Long, toan Nam Bd nay, ma chii ye'u la co ve vung trung iQu sdng Me Kdng, quanh kinh dd Thuy Chan Lap la Sambor, d Kompong Cham Phe tich kie'n true va ndi tim tha'y bi ky xac nhan dieu nay, dieu ma eae nha chuyen mdn b va ngoai nQde da ndi tQ lau roi Nam 610-649 (39 nam), ea Phu Nam va Chan Lap deu cii sQ t h i n sang nha Tuy Kinh dd Phu Nam da bi chie'm, vua chay ve Naravaranagara, tdi doan la b niii Ba The-6c Eo, vua v i n cii sQ t h i n rieng sang nha Tuy cung luc vdi Chan Lap, sau dd, bi danh Ian nQa mdi thdi Tuy nhien, Chan Lap chi di cdng de'n nam 617 roi cung dQt b i n Chan Lap Da't v i n dQng rieng, di sQ rieng vai lan nQa vao cac nam 753, 771 va 779 The la tQ 617-753 (136 nam) Chan Lap khdng cd quan he ngoai giao vdi ben ngoai; ngQcfi ta khdng hie'u bie'n ddng gi ma Chan Lap di de'n cho nhu the Va neu tinh tQ Jayavarman I qua ddi, nam 680 - de'n 802, Jayavarman II len ngdi, 122 ham thi ed tdi 258 nam, ngudi ta khdng he dQdc biet ten mpt vi vua nao, mpt VQdng trieu nao cua Chan Lap Thyc te cung khdng cd mpt da'u hieu nao ciia sy cai quan ciia trung Udng hay dia phQdng, mgt van ban hay mpt hanh dpng nao Sil Trung Quoc cung khdng viet dUdc gi, vi hp cd sang dau ma biet Tuy nhien, nhQ the khdng phai se dien canh Ion xpn, lung tung Lang xdm hinh tQ xa xUa gom nhQng ngQdi dan cung song tren mpt dia vyc, lam cung mpt nghe, chu ye'u la nghe ndng, danh ea va dyng nha go la TQ dd hinh nhQng Ru6c Phu Ram va hau Phii Ram cpng dong ty quan n h i m dam bao cude sdng gian di, binh lang, tQ ca'p, ty tuc p h i n Idn, mien la khdng cd khua'y ddng ho Cude sd'ng cua hp khdng phai ep xat nhieu, cho de'n v i n the Rudng da't rdng, ngQdi thUa NgUdi Phap da tQng khai quat ddi sd'ng eiia ngQdi Khmer - "Hp chie'm hQu rudng da't b i n g iQdi cay" va lam ndng nghiep bang nUdc tQdi ty nhien, tQc la nQde mQa, du lam dat trong, gieo hat thi chay tran bd xud'ng sdng; khdng phai va't va lam thuy Idi, tQdi-tieu, Sy dum bpc giup thi cd nhQng sy hdp tac san xua't chQa that ein (ed the tham khao B.P Groslier- 1973 (6) Ne'u khdng ed bie'n ddng chinh tri thi cQ nbu the, lang le tie'p dien, nhQng van boa thi khdng dQng yen, nd tham nhap va anh hQdng de'n ddi sd'ng; ed the khdng cin chi huy, lenh, cdng dong cQ dan hpp ban, ty ddng gdp, td' chQc, xay den thap gach '•' ' •' De'n the ky VIII, Chan Lap trd mpt thdi chia re va tao loan, khdng cdn vua chua, trieu dinh, rd rang la tinh hinh da khac r l t nhieu: Vua chua khdng cdn, ngoai xam hoanh hanh, dan cd the iQu tan tim eho yen dn de sinh sd'ng NgQdi van cd the d lai ehd'n cu, nhUng van hoa thi cd the khdng n i m yen, nha't la nhQng ye'u to' gia ed' kie'n true b i n g da, mdi la, dep va vQng chic Cd ngQdi dan thi edn cd sd nguyen thd t h i n thanh, xay den va b dd nhQng ye'u td' kie'n true vdn hod Tien Angkor I^i cd dip xuat hi^n ,,_-^ ,, Lop Buri, trung iQu sdng Me Nam, v i n cdn dQng mdt nhdm thap gach, xay khdi dac giat ca'p kieu Phum Prasat, da xieu v?o r l t nhieu va v i n cdn dQdc goi la " thdp Khmer", nhien, khdng chic gi la da cd sy cai quan Khmer, vi mpt t i m bia viet Sanskrit phat hi^n b day, nien diem 937 ndi ten ngUdi dQng d i u va hoang IS til ra't khac la Tren da't Nam Bd Viet Nam cung cd mdt sd' dau tich den thap gach Hien nay, ebi nha't thap Binh Thanh (Tay Ninh) cdn dQng, da dQdc xay lai tren nen cu va ed the ca vat lieu eu Dang chu y la thap cdn giQ mdt mi ciia da hinh canh la khum cong nhe, mem mai, kieu Tien Angkor the ky VIII Nhieu ndi khdng edn nhan binh dang, lai cd dau vet xay den thap mdi de len tren cai cu da sup dd, tham ehi lay gach cu de xay den mdi, nhan dQdc kha rd; nhien, vi the, khd tach bdc, phan biet hai Idp kie'n true, hai nien dai NgQdi Phap lam mdt cude kie'm ke- H Parmentier (1909) (7) cho biet cdn ed dau tich nen kien true d PhQdc HQng, Ham Ninh Ha, Chdt Mat, Thanh Dien, Tien Thuan, RQng Dau, deu d Tay Ninh, xay gach nhQng ta't ca cung da trd phe tich Tuy nhien Laksmi Tien Thuan, ddi cot da va mi ciia da Tien Thuan (Tay Ninh) cung ed nien dai cuoi the ky VIII Ngoai ra, cac cude khai quat khao cd hpc nhQng nam qua da phat hien ddi cot va linteau, cd khdng hoan toan du, ehi la loai cot trdn, ed vdng trang tri d Thanh Dien, Tien Thuan (Tay Ninh), Gd Xoai, Gd Don, Gd Binh Ta (Long An), Gd Thap (Dong Thap) NhQ the, mpt sd' di tich, di vat chiu anh hUdng vdn hod Tien Angco md nhat, tap trung chii ye'u d vung giap ranh, d Tay Ninh, Gd Thap day, dieu kien sinh sd'ng, san xua't thuan Idi, cd the ed mdt nhdm dan di cQ tQ trung iQu sdng Me Kdng xuong, sd'ng canh/ chen vdi dan ban dia, Phu Nam- Bnam-Mnong Ta't ca ehi cd the, tren nhQng dia diem ban hep nhQ the Vi la anh hQdng van boa nen vin cd the cd sy "trdi dat" de'n mpt dia diem nao khac, mpt thdi gian xa hdn, song dd chi la ca bipt, hiem cd va md nhat, ching ban cl Gd Thap, Gd Xoai, Gd Don (Long An) "trdi dat" tham ehi den ca Ben Tre; ma khao ed' hpc thi cd 14 nhieu vi du ve "hien vat-van boa trdi dat" (drifting ware), mang de'n, mua ve, ddi chac Sy cd mat ciia mpt so'ye'u to'kie'n tnic Tien Angkor khdng nha't thie't di lien sy di cQ ddng dao ciia ngQdi Khmer Viec tac da mi ciia, cot chd'ng, khdng the la viec cua bat ky ndng dan, ngQ dan nao, ma phai la nhQng thd da chuyen nghiep, ca nhQng nghe nhan, (ddi edn cd tQdng thin) NhQng hiep thd/nghe nhan da ed nhQng m i u ma quen thupc dQdc Qa chuong mdt thdi cd the dUde ddn de'n lam het ndi de'n ndi khac, ma edn cd gia thuyet hp la ngQdi gd'c An Dp/ Ba TQ TrQdng hdp cl Cat Tien, vung nui doi ngQdi Ma rat cd the la nhu the Giao iQu van hoa, anh hQdng van boa thi ra't cd the ed ; Mpt vai nhdm nhd cd the cd, tQ da't Chan Lap di cQ xud'ng, thUa thdt, tan mat, khdng dQdc bd' sung, tQ nam 802-1432, hdn 600 nam, da ban dia boa hoan toan, cung vdi ngQdi Mnong Stieng, khdng cdn dau vet rieng nao Nghi rang tQ sau nam 649, Chan Lap cai tri toan bp ba iQu sdng CQu Long that khdng dung Hp lap kinh dd Thuy Chan Lap d Sambor tren bd trung iQu sdng Me Kdng, cdn di tich, nhQng khdng tha'y cd bieu hien cai tri nhQ the nao Khdng ndi xa ve phia ddng ma tren dat ban bp, vung quanh Sambor, da'u hieu quan ly cung khdng tha'y rd va vi khdng cd da'u hieu trd lai kinh dd eu d Kompong Thom, cd' dd Isanapura? Trong bdi canh dd, ngQdi Java vao xam chie'm lam chd tinh trang t r i m trpng hdn NgQdi Java tie'n danh nhieu ndi, ca dong bang sdng Hong, Champa va Chan Lap Den dau cung cQdp, pha, dd't, roi nit ve, ca hai Ian, nam 774 va 787 Ddi vdi Chan Lap, hp tan cdng lan de'n kinh dd Sambor, tren bd ta ngan Me Kdng, gie't nhieu ngQdi, hinh Rghien eiiru Ljch sir, sg 1.2010 nhu ca vua ba'y gid la Mabipati, cUdp cua cai va b i t mpt so' ngQdi hoang gia, mang theo ve Java Nhieu ngQdi nghi rang tQ 787 de'n 802, 15 nam, ngQdi Java cai tri trye tie'p Chan Lap, nbUng ngQdi ta khdng dQdc biet gi ve cd hay khdng che dp cai tri Y nghi rang thdi dd cd mpt dQdng bien gidi, mpt che dp quan ly tQ trung Qdng den dia phQdng la khdng thyc te vdi trinh dp thdi dd, ea thdi Chan Lap va Java Khdng hon ddn, nhQng cung khdng cd mpt che dp banh chinh ro rang B a t d a u thofi A n g k o r 4.1 Khoang nam 800, mpt nhQng ngQdi thupc hoang tpc Chan Lap bi bat sang Java trdn dQdc ve, den Kompong Cham, hinh nhQ la que dng va cung gin kinh dd Thuy Chan Lap cu, Sambor, nhieu ngQdi iing hp di theo Ong td' chQc mpt lye iQdng lam cho dya roi ty tuyen bo' lam vua mdi, gpi ten la Jayavarman II (nam 802- 850) Sau dd, dng b i t dau mpt qua trinh dai, dich chuyen ndi ddng dd, tQ phia ddng-nam len phia Blc Bien Ho, di qua dia diem ma de'n chUa that ro nguyen Chinh dng chQa chpn dia diem Angkor ma ddi vua thQ 4, chat dng, Yasovarman (889-900) mdi chpn Phnom Bakheng de xay den thap dau tien, gpi ten kinh dd theo ten vua, Yasodharapura, chinh la Angkor, Angkor dydc gpi rS't mudn, chuyen am cua tQ Phan Nagara, chi cd nghla la Qudc gia Jayavarman II la ngQdi mcl d i u ddng ho, mcl dIu vUdng trilu nen thQdng dQdc coi la ngQdi md d i u thdi ky Angkor keo dai tQ nam 802 de'n 1432630 nam, rat dai, nhUng khdng hen tyc, nhieu dQt quang, nhieu vQdng trieu, v i n d cung mpt cho va cd thdi gian tie'n len dinh cao cua nd Campuehia cd mpt nen kinh te nong nghiep d'n dinh, vQdn cay td't tUdi, gia siic Rude Phil Ram va hau Phii Ram phong phu, mdt cuoc sd'ng day du, d'n dinh Cho nen bp cd nhieu giai doan phat trien CQdng thinh; da cd nhQng dng vua chinh chien nhu Indravarman (877-889), la Yasovarman (889-900), md d i u xay dyng Angkor, roi Rajendravarman II ( 944-968), ngQdi thd'ng nhat lai vUdng quo'c, mdi len ngdi da danh Champa de'n Po Nagar, Suryavarman II (1113-1150), "ngQdi chinh chien" va xay dyng Angkor Vat, roi Jayavarman VII (1181-sau 1200) "ngQdi anh da giai phdng da't nQde khdi ach dd hd Champa, da chien t h i n g va cai tri lai Champa nam, da xay dyng Angkor Thom va nhieu cdng trinh khac Cd mpt sd' dieu roi cdn phai mat nhieu cdng nghien cQu, xem vi Yasovarman than thien vdi Dai Viet, ma Suryavarman II thi hang gay chien nhieu lln, nhQng Jayavarman VII lai rat than thien Hp cd the de dang di den dong bang sdng Ciiu Long, nhQng sud't ma'y the ky dd, khdng he thay ddu vet ngUdi/vdn hod Khmer tren dd't ndy Hdn 10 hd' dao khao ed' tren 10 tinh, khdng he tha'y go'm IQimer d cac Idp tren Den thap thupc thdi gian nay, tuyet nhien khdng cd Trong hd' khai quat Bdi Xdo (Sde Trdng), Idp tren ed ma'y vSt gd'm ed ve gid'ng go'm Khmer, nhUng it qua, chQa cd nien dai chinh xac, nen chQa the ke't luan 4.2 CQ xem vua Ponhea Yat cung vdi trieu t h i n xud'ng thuyen rdi Angkor nam 1432, di ve Basan, gin Kompong Cham, gpi ten dd mdi la Srey Santhor, mpt thdi gian n g i n lai chuyen ve Pursat, bd Tay-Nam Bien Ho, may nam sau chuyen de'n Lovek (1529-1595), roi lai chuyen de'n Udong (1620-1867), den 1867 mdi chuyen ve Phnom Penh, chi each Udong 20 km ve phia Ddng Day la cb$ng cudl cung, nhQng 433 n i m ddi dd de'n lln ,-*, ^f,i 15 Kinh Angkor d Tay-Bic Bien Hd (tinh Xiem Riep) d sud't 630 nam khdng thay ddi, ma nao cd phai cung dien nguy nga gi Day chu yeu la den thd thin, vua quan dyng nha gd la de (Chu Dat QuanChdn Lap phong thd'ky : "Dinh thy eiia cac hoang than va quan Idn deu Idp tranh") ma dau ed yen ban gi, da nhieu lln bi danh, CQdp, dot pha, bi chiem ddng (Champa chie'm ddng nam, 1177-1181; Ayuthaya nam, 1352-1357, l l n nQa nam, 13941396 va chuan bi danh tie'p nam 1430) Npi bd cung danh nhau, bd chay vai lln CQ moi l l n nhQ the, lai quay ve sQa chQa, dyng hoang cung nha san, d tie'p Tuy dyng nha gd la nhQng cung phai d ben ngoai khudn vien tQdng Angkor Vat va Angkor Thom, vi day la ndi thd t h i n thanh, linh thieng Cude khao cQu va dao khao cd' cua Dpi Bao quan Angkor eiia Nhat Ban (9) cho tha'y khdng cd da'u vet nen xay nha gach boSe vet chdn cot go gan eae den thap da Cd the la ndi dyng lau go la cho vua va hoang gia Hd bdi tam (Srah Srang) va cd le ca hoang cung n i m d phia ddng-nam, gin vdi ho nude Mebon Ddng, each tQdng Angkor Vat va Angkor Thom tdi 4km Anh hQdng va sy cai quan cua vua Jayavarman VII de'n Luong Phabang (Lao) va Champa (d Vijaya, Qui Nhdn thi rd hdn, vi d day cdn cd bia va dau a'n kie'n true Khmer) Day la thdi hai nUde Champa va Cambd't danh to NhQ the, thdi a'y, mpt thie't che bifn hQu hay khdng, the hien b i n g nhQng da'u hi^u van hoa cua nd, chQ chQa cd van ban qui dinh cu the, cang chUa ed viec "cam mdc bien gidi" Nam Bp Viet Nam hoan toan khdng cd da'u tich gi ve loai NgQdi dan Rghien cihi Ljch sJr sg 1.2010 16 chUa bd di tim da't sd'ng mdi vi cdn c i n phai gin vdi kinh dd Khdng phai chi cd kinh thanh, ea vung dan cQ so'ng lien ke b bd bae Bien Ho cung vdi ca hoang gia va kinh da gan vdi he thd'ng ndng nghiep va thuy Idi hdp ly va chat che de'n mQc khdng the ddi xa (10) Kinh dd Angkor va vung dan cQ g i n lien vdi nd xay dyng tren bd bae Bien Ho Tonle Sap, ndi dat nghieng 30°, lai b mdt vung ed thang mQa tam ta hang va thang mua khd, khdng cd mpt gipt mQa; nQde mQa chi mpt budi la chay het xud'ng ho Cac vua Cambot tQ Yasovarman da nghi ra, tao nen mdt he thd'ng thuy Idi hdp ly, thdng minh, trQ dQdc nude mua mQa, dii dung eho sinh boat ciia hoang gia va ea san xuat ciia dan chung sud't mua khd, dieu ma cac nha nghien cQu ngQdi Phap gpi la "Chinh sdch nUdc" (Xin xem them V Goloubew (1941) (11) Cd dieu, lam mdt l l n de dung sud't 600 nam, v i n edn dd, nhQng da het tac dung; nhien, nd lai Cling cd' them tap quan canh tac chi dung nQde tQdi ty nhien, mpt nam mdt vu ôã Thc'i H a u A n g c o Cho nen, ne'u sud't thdi Angco, mac du manh me, chinh chien ma tha'y ca vua chua, ngQdi dan khdng ddi xa que hQdng ban quan cua minh d bd Blc Bie'n Ho Tonle Sap, thi cung khdng phai la dieu dang ngae nhien NhQng tinh hinh da thay dd'i tQ khoang nam 1432 Vua da chuyen thi dan cung chuyen theo Vua tim de'n Lovek, roi sau Lovek bi pha tryi, thi lai de'n Udong, xay hoang cung mdi, nhQng dan thi tim den chd nao cd the lam ndng nghiep theo tap quan de sd'ng yen d'n Hp tim de'n cho nao khdng phai tranh cha'p, ep xat, bdi tiep dd ma'y the ky, chinh vua cung cdn phai lao dao, long dong ChUa qui dinh da't nao cua vua nao, de'n dau; cung chQa cd vua nao that yen vi cl ngdi Hdn nQa, theo tap quan gan nghin nam, canh tac ndng nghiep tren them cao, dung nQde tQdi ty nhien thi cd the tim tha'y ndi dd la them cao sdng Me Kdng b ca trung iQu va iQu, nhQng dd't giong, ma ngQdi Khmer gpi la Chamcar (dpc la chomca) (B.P Groslier: Bourrelet de berge) Ba'y gid dong bang sdng Ciiu Long rai rac van cd ngQdi sinh soiig, ngQdi Stieng, Ma Ndng ma to' tien xa ciia hp chinh langQdi Bnam, da lap nUdc Phu Nam, nhQng cdn ra't thQa thdt, phai tranh nhQng vung d i m Iiy, ngap lu, "dQdi sdng sa'u Idi, tren giong epp um" Cho da't giong nao cdn trd'ng thi hp de'n, d i n din, tQng it mdt, vai gia dinh roi thuan Idi thi rii them, lap xdm, thdn NhQng thdn xdm nay, hp gpi la sde, viet srok, cdng dong Idn hdn gpi la phum NhQng tQ cl thdi Angco gpi la grama / sruk / Thdi S'y dQdc to' chQc kha quy cii, de chung nifdc tQdi, Idng gpi theo tQ CO, chQ Phan la Grama, viet cac van bia, hoan canh mdi, grama khdng cdn thich hdp, gpi mdi la srok, chuyen am tQ sruk tQ eo, ed tQ thdi Angeo, nghla la rudng, cung ed nghla la lang (viet van bia, cat sruk cd nghla la lap lang, cung vdi rudng de lam nghla vu vdi den Cd the ndi ehle r i n g ngQdi Khmer chi bQdc dau va dan dan de'n dong b i n g sdng Ciiu Long tQ sau nam 1432, dung la lan chay loan, so'ng tren cac chamcar/giong, b i t dau tQ Soc Trang, Tra Vinh, Vlnh Long, song cdn kha thQa thdt Chay loan tim da't song thi ndi nao sd'ng dQdc, ndi nao khdng hi ca'm doan thi de'n TrQdc nQa, thi nhU tren da ndi, ne'u cd thi Id thd, lac dac, nhQng da khdng cd dau vet gi sud't 630 nam thdi Angco Nhdm tac gia Thai (James C M Khoo (2003) (12) da r l t n h i m cho r i n g ngUdi ndi tie'ng Khmer de'n trudc, gianh lay da't giong, them cao de song, cdn ngUdi Rude Phil Ram va hfiu Phii Ram 17 Viet den sau thi lam rudng tha'p b ven sdng, (tr 16) Va'n de la d cho tim ndi thich hdp vdi tap quan canh tac, chQ khdng phai CHU THICH (1) Lucfng Ninh: Vuang quo'c Phu Nam Nxb Dai hoc Quo'c gia Ha Noi, in l l n 3, H^ Npi, 2009 (2) Louis M a l l e r e t L'Archeologie du delta ADM, t o m e 1-4, P a r i s , - (3) P Preangkorienne, Dupont, Statuaire La (4), L u d n g N i n h : Vuang History of Chinese quoc Champa, Nxb historique Groslier Trade du Cambodge, Pour Trade-The in the South Art architectural et en Extreme-Orient, Paris, 1948 (9) Japanese Angkor Government UNESCO Team ISA, for Tokyo, (10) Ludng Ninh: Quan he kinh te-xd hgi thifi thdi cd, Vien Nghien cClu Dong Nam A (Vien KHXH Viet Nam) Ha Npi, 1983, tr 81-138 (11) Victor Goloubew, L'Hydraulique une Geographie P r e s s e Univ P h n o m P e n h 1973 (7) H P a r m e n t i e r , Inventaire Parmentier, I'lnde Angco vd Hau Angco, Lich sCl Dong Nam A Sea, S i n g a p o r e , 1998 B.P Henry dans Reports 1996-1999 (5) W a n g G u n g Wu, The Nanhai (6) (8) Safeguarding P a r i s , 1955 Dai hpc Quoc gia Ha Npi, Ha Npi, 0 China Tay Ninh, BEFEO 1909 hindou du Mekong Early la trQdc hay sau Tuy nhien, cung khdng nen vi the ma ndi "la'y dQdc"- "da't dai hoang vu, toan rQng ram, dim lly" et agricole d I'epoque des rois dAngkor, a BE.I., Hanoi 1941 (12) J a m e s C M KhooArts& archeologique urbaine Fu Nan S.A.C.S-Bangkok 2003 Archaeology of ... thie't vdi Phu Nam, tham chi quan he t h i n thupc Phu Nam U Thong cdn phat hien dUde hdn 20 dong tien bae Phu Nam Xem nhQ the, sQ phat trien that hoanh trang, nhUng Nha nUde Phu Nam da cai quan... ndi ve dd'i npi Phu Nam ed dp; vay dp la gi? Day la nhat ky cua Khang Thai dan dau phai bd ciia nha Ngd de'n Phu Nam khoang nam 230 CL Mdt trQdng hdp khac, sil nha Han ghi nam 190 C.L., dan huyen... kinh dd Phu Nam (nam 598) de cd bia chd Khmer dau tien nam 611, dQng d chinh tren da't Angkor Borei Sau dd ed khoang bia, viet niia Khmer, nQa Sanskrit, deu d gan vung kinh dd (Ta Keo, nam 639,