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Trong qua trinh cdng nghiep hda v i hien dai hda di't nude, chung ta c i n xac dinh nhiing quan diem ly luan diing d i n nham xay dimg mdt nen dao diic mdi trong gia dinh v i xa [r]
(1)TRIET HOC, SO (219), THANG - 2009
HOI THAO QUOC TE: "NHO GIAO Vl£'r NAM VA VAN HOA D O N G A"
VE GlA TRI ©irC^NG BAI CUA WIG GIAO VIET NAM
• • • vu KHIEUn
So sanh vol vice mdt so nude Ddng A da van dung edng nhung mat tich cue cua Nho giio vao xay dung va phat then dal nude giau manh, bai viel phan tich mot each ngdn gpn nhung sue tich nhiing gia tri duong dai cua Nho giao ma Viet Nam cin khai thac mot each hpp ly trpng qua trinh cdng nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa dat nude Dd la van de mdi quan he giua Nho giao va kinh tc, van de tu dudng dao due, van dc tu tudng Nho giao ve quan ly dal n ude, van de ket hpp giua dao due va phap luat, Cudi Cling, bai viel khang dinh, neu khdng dat van dS nghien ciiv Nho giao mdt each nghiem tuc thi se la ecr hpi cho suphue hoi nhung nhan tdtieu cue cua Nho giao
' ho giao r a ddi t a i T r u n g Qud'c va, t r o n g h a n g n g a n n a m lich sii, cd n h i i n g a n h h u d n g s a u s i c ddn t o a n bd ddi sdng x a hdi cua da't n u d e n a y Khdng T u - n g u d i s a n g l a p N h o giao - dugc d a n h gia k h i c n h a u q u a cac t h d i d a i Hpc t h u y e t ciia dng t r i i q u a n h i d u t h a n g t r i m va chiu n h i e u bien ddi, cd liic d u g c nggi ca het ldi, cd luc lai bi m a t s a t t h a m t e
G i n d a y , t r e n ca sd n h i i n g t h a n h t u u Idn vd mpi m a t k i n h te - x a hdi, T r u n g Qud'c d a d a t lai v a n dd N h o giao va d a n h gia lai K h d n g Tii t r e n ca s d k h i c h q u a n va khoa hpc Viec n g h i e n ciiu vd K h d n g Tii da didn r a lien t u c va ddn d a p q u a cac cudc hdi t h a o , n g h i e n ciiu v a hpc t a p t a i cac t r u d n g dai hpc, q u a cac s a c h bao ve N h o giao dugc x u a t b i n n g a y m d t n h i d u Dac biet, tii k h i Hdi Nho hoc qud'c tc dugc t h a n h l a p , viec n g h i e n ciiu N h o giao k h d n g chi didn r a d T r u n g Qud'c, m a cdn t r d t h a n h m d t t r o n g n h u n g v i n de hpc t h u a t chii y e u d cac n u d e D d n g A va t r e n toan t h e gidi
M d t sd n u d e D d n g A d a cd s u p h a t t r i e n n h a n h c h d n g ve c i c m a t k i n h t e , x a hdi va k h o a hpc, ky t h u a t N h i d u n h i sii hpc va xa hdi hpc d a cho r i n g , c h i n h N h o giao la n h a n t d t h i i c d i y s u p h a t tridn ciia n h u n g n u d e ay
6 Viet N a m , N h o giao d a t i i n g b a o ddi
la h e t u t u d n g thd'ng t r i t r o n g k i e n triic t h u g n g t a n g ciia x a hdi N h o giao da t i i n g giup cho gidi c i m quydn Viet N a m tii t h e ky t h i i X xay d u n g m d t h e thd'ng h a n h c h i n h v a q u i n ly xa hdi b a o gdm n h i i n g ngudi t r i thiic dupe d a o t a o cdng p h u ve kien thiic, ve each ling xii xa hdi, ve p h a m c h a t ke l a m q u a n S a u C a c h m a n g t h a n g T a m , c h i n h Chii tich Hd Chi M i n h ciing da sii d u n g r a t n h i d u d a n h ngdn ciia K h d n g M a n h t r o n g k h d n g it bai ndi va viet ciia m i n h
T r a i q u a h a i cudc k h i n g chidn gian khd, Viet N a m di vao thdi ky xay d u n g k i n h t e , x a hdi va v a n h d a vdi m u d n v a n khd k h a n , t r o n g m d t h o a n c a n h cdn n h i d u t h i e u t h d n , v a t v a N e n k i n h t e t h i t r u d n g v a c h i n h sach ddi mdi diing d i n ciia D i n g t a da d e m lai n h i i n g k e t q u i d i n g miing N h u n g , n h i e u h i e n t u g n g t i e u cue lai d a n i y s i n h t r o n g ddi sd'ng xa hdi, t r o n g mpi q u a n h e h a n g n g a y N h i d u t i e u c h u a n tdi t h i d u ciia dao diic da hi m o t sd t i n g Idp xa hdi coi t h u d n g T h a i dp v i h i n h vi dd'i xii vdi c h a m e , cOng n h u q u a n h e giiia vg chdng, c i i , a n h e m d a n g dien r a k h a tiiy t i e n v a n h i e u liic r a t d a n g che t r a c h P h a i c h a n g dao diic N h o giao cd n h i i n g d i e u t d t d e p m a xa hdi t a d a k h d n g giii lai?
(2)VU KHIEU
Trich nhiem dat cho thdi dal chiing ta la, tren ea sd khoa hpc, mdt mat, nhin lai nhiing han che ciia Khong Tii va hpc thuyet Nho giao dng s i n g lap; mat
khac, k h i n g dinh nhiing gia tri tinh than
ma dng va hoc thuyet ciia dng da edng hien cho dan toe Viet Nam ndi rieng, cho cic nude Ddng A ndi chung, tham chi cho ca nhan loai
1 Van de khai thac va van dung Nho giao xa hpi Viet Nam
Da tu lau, Viet Nam va nhidu nude Ddng A chiu i n h hudng kha sau dam ciia Nho giio Neu cac nude l i n g gidng Ddng A da khai thac dugc nhiing nhan to tich cue cua Nho giao, thi khdng cd ly gi Viet Nam lai khdng lam dugc didu ay Bdi vi, Viet Nam v i cac nude ay cd nhiing diem tuong ddng ve kinh te, chinh tri va van hda Song, tren cac llnh vuc n i y d cac nude cung cd nhidu diem khac nhau, nen ta't yeu cd nhiing ung xii khac ddi vdi Nho giao
N h i cam quydn d cac nude Ddng A da biet khai thac hpc thuyet Nho giio n h i m cung cd trat t u gia dinh va xa hdi Hp da
dao due hda nhiing quan he cd hiiu giiia
thd'ng tri v i bi tri, giiia chii d i t va ndng dan, giiia xi nghiep va edng nhan Qua trinh nghien ciiu cho t h i y rang, giai cap tu san d nhiing nude ndi tren da khai thac Nho giao mdt each thdng minh, cd bai ban Cdn d Viet Nam, nhiing mdi quan he xa hdi ndi tren da dugc thay the b i n g mdi quan he binh d i n g va lim chu ciia nhan dan Bai hpc riit d day la, khdng phai b i t cii truydn thd'ng nao, bat cii di san van hda nao cung dugc danh gia nhu v i xii ly nhu d nhiing hoan c i n h khac va t i n g Idp khac
2 Van de giai quye't mot each hop ly moi quan he giua Nho giao va kinh te
T r i i qua bang chuc the ky, nhung n h i Nho bao thii thudng trich dan nhung ldi ndi ciia Khdng Manh dc bien minh cho
nhiing chinh sach bao thii vd m a t kinh te Viec Nho giio de cao ndng nghiep di ddi vdi thap cdng nghiep va thuong nghiep da cd t i c ddng tieu cue khdng nhd tdi su keo dai tinh trang tri tre kinh te d Viet Nam va nhieu nude phuong Ddng Ngay nay, qua trinh phat trien da't nude, nhiing nude da phai xda bd su r i n g budc cua Nho giao, nhu tu tudng coi thudng Igi Ich vat chat, khinh re ky t h u a t va mat sat cdng, thuong nghiep nhu da ndi d tren
Nhat Ban, Han Qud'c, Dii Loan ddu dua vao nhiing quan diem hgp ly Nho giio de day m a n h su nghiep cdng nghiep hda va hien dai hda da't nude, viia khuyen khich vat chat, viia cd vu tinh t h i n , g i n lgi ich ca nhan vdi lgi ich xa hpi, thd'ng nha't nghia v i lai, ket hpp su tu dudng dao diic vdi viec tinh toan lam giiu Cac nude dd ddu cd g i n g khai thac Nho giao d mat khuyen khich l i m g i i u chinh d i n g va n h i c den cau ciia Khong Tii: "nude vd dao ma anh trd nen giau cd la mdt dieu dang xau hd, nhung nude cd dao ma anh lai khdng l i m giau dugc ciing la mdt didu d i n g xau hd"
Viet Nam chiing ta ciing can phai xua't phat tii tinh hinh cu the ciia da't nude de van dung nhung t u tudng tich cue nhu tren cua Nho giao Chiing ta phai cd vii mpi ngudi l i m g i i u cho minh va cho dat nude Song, khdng dugc lam g i i u mdt cich phi phap va bat nghia, cung khdng dugc dua nhiing khau hieu dao diic sudng de can trd cdng vice lam g i i u chinh ding
3 Van dd tu duong dao diiv o Nho giao
(3)VE GlA TRI DUONG DAI CUA NHO GlAO VIET NAM ky chuyen bien manh me ciia da't nude
Cac nude ndi tren da khdng chi ddi hdi su nd luc ciia ban than mdi ngudi viec tu than, ma cdn quy dinh trach nhiem cu the ciia gia dinh, trudng hpc, xa hpi, n h i nude ddi vdi viec
Ddi vdi Viet Nam, tu dudng dao diic la mot van de vd ciing quan trpng, nhu Hd Chii tich da ludn n h i c nhd nhan d i n ta Tuy nhien, Viet Nam cd nhiing diem khac vdi cac nude ndi tren va dd, su khai thac Nho giao cUng cd nhieu diem khac
Viet Nam da trai qua cudc Cach mang thang Tam, mot cudc each mang tii dudi len Cudc each mang n i y da l i t chinh quyen ciia thuc dan va phong kien Nd tra lai cho nhan dan dia vi lam chii dat nude, len an su ap biic bdc lot, khang dinh su binh ding nam mi, budc dau thuc hien su cdng bang xa hdi Trong tinh hinh ndi tren, Nho giao cd nhieu diem khdng phii hpp vdi nhiing quan he mdi xa hdi Tuy nhien, van cdn r a t nhidu diem chiing ta cd the tiep thu dugc d t u tudng Nho giao, nhu van dd dat nhiem vu tu than len hang diu, huy ddng mpi luc lupng gia dinh, xa hdi va ca nhan de day manh viec tu than Ta't nhien, day khdng phai l i tu than theo kieu dao diic n h i m phuc vu cho vua chiia phong kien, m i l i tu than vdi tinh t h i n dao diic mdi, phuc vu cho nhan dan lao ddng su nghiep hdm
4 Van 6i khai thac nhihig quan diem Nho giao quan he gia dinh
O nhiing nude Ddng A theo Nho giao, chiing ta thay, gia dinh cd nhiing ddng gdp Idn ddi vdi qua trinh phat tridn ciia dat nude Gia dinh dao tao nhiing ngudi ma xa hdi dang ddi hdi Gia dinh nudi dudng mot cudc sd'ng tinh cam giiia cac vien vdi va giiia gia dinh vdi xa hdi Cac nude ndi tren da giii lai mdi quan he mang tinh Nho giao vdi tdn ti trat t u cd truyen gia dinh dd rang budc ngudi vao t r a t t u xa hdi, tao nen mdi quan he cd tinh chat gia dinh kidu Nho giao giiia
nha nude va cdng dan, giua chii va thg O Viet Nam, Cach mang thang T i m da p h i tung mpi xieng xich b i t binh ding gia dinh, dd cd nhiing di hai ciia Nho giao Viet Nam da'u tranh cho su
binh danggiua vg chdng, quan he dan chu
giiia moi vien, dat su nghiep Td qud'c len tren lgi ich gia dinh Tuy nhien, chiing ta ciing da coi nhe v i gat bd nhieu quan diem hop ly ciia Nho giio gia dinh Viet Nam
Hien nay, nhieu quan he va sinh boat kieu gia dinh cii da khdng dugc quan tam thdi ky k h i n g chien cang t h i n g dang dugc khdi phuc lai Mpi ngudi quan tam hon tdi viec thd ciing to tien, cham nom mo ma, siia sang nha thd hp, tim lai gia pha, nhan lai anh em hp hang g i n xa Tinh hinh cd xu hudng ciing cd them quan he gia dinh, tao dieu kien, khuyen khich mpi ngudi p h i t huy nhan td tich cue ciia gia dinh lao ddng, hpc tap va su nghiep dan giau, nude manh Mat khic, chiing ta ciing cin ngan chan tu tudng gia dinh chii nghia, thai dp hp hang bao che cho nhau, tao nen tinh chat be phai gliia cac ddng hp mdt xa, gliia Igi ich xa hdi va lgi Ich gia dinh pham vi ca nude Mdt quan diem diing d i n ve van de gia dinh hdm se viia dap ung nhu ciu ddi mdi ciia dat nude, viia khai thac nhiing truyen thd'ng tdt dep ciia gia dinh cii, dd cd nhung n h i n td tich cue ciia Nho giao
5 Van de khai thac tu tuong Nho giao ve quan ly dat nuoc
Hien nay, nhieu nude dang chii ddng khai thac Nho giao su nghiep phat trien ciia minh, chii trpng nhiing dieu tich cue ciia Nho giao quan ly da't nude
Trudc het, dd la xay dung mdt bd may nha nude d i y tri tue, dac biet la thuc hien viec col giao due la qudc sach hang dau Ngudi quan tii (hay ke si), nhiing t i n g Idp uu tii xa hdi, nhung ngudi tham gia q u i n ly da't nude, trudc het phai la nhung
ngudi cd hoc va hoc gidi, nhat thiet phai la
(4)v u KHIEU
ngudi cd dao due Dd l i dieu kien dau tien
dd cho dan yeu, dan tin, d i n phuc Nho giao coi nhiing ngudi lam quan m i h i hiep dan v i tham nhiing la nhiing ngudi ddc ac Nhan dan ddi ret chinh l i tdi ciia nha cam quyen
Ve viec cai tri nhan dan, Nho giao nang ve due tri, nghia la bing dao diic,
bing nhan nghia, bing le giio Tu tudng
n i y ciia Nho giao cd tinh chat khdng tudng va de hi xuyen tac Khdng n h u nhiing Idi tuyen bd tdt dep "coi dan nhu con", gidi cira quyen trudc day thudng xii dan, phat dan dua vao nhiing tieu chuan
dao due dugc hidu mdt each tien ban
la diia vao nhiing luat le da t h i n h van Vi le tren ma trudc day, d nhiing nude theo Nho giio, gidi cim quyen thudng xuat phat t u quyen Igi cua tap doin, giai ci'p minh de xii ly nhung viec c h i n g phap
tri, ma ciing c h i n g due tri
Van de dat hdm cho chiing ta la, c i n phii cd su ket hgp giua dao due va
phap luat n h i m xay dung mdt nha nude phap quyen xa hoi chu nghia va mot ndn dao due mdi Su ket hgp dao due v i phap luat se viia thiic day su nghiep ddi mdi
hdm nay, viia xay dung nhiing eon ngudi kieu mdi cho xa hpi mai
6 Ve moi quan he giua ca nhan va xa hpi (ngu luan), ve nhung pham chat cff ban ciia ngudi (ngu thuong)
Nho giao ddi hdi ngudi trudc het phii cd nhiing quan he ca ban cic quan he xa hdi Trudc bet l i mdi quan he dugc gpi la ngii luan: vua tdi, cha con, chdng vg, anh em, be ban Hien nay, nhiing nhu c i u ve quyen tii ciia ca nhan, ve d(M sd'ng rieng tu, ve y thiic dan chii cua ngudi dang trd nhiing v i n de m i cac nude theo Nho giao c i n vugt qua quan he ngii luan de giai quyet
O Viet Nam, sii nghiep each mang da dua ngudi vugt khdi pham vi ciia gia dinh de ciing lo l i n g den cdng viec ciia Td qudc vdi nhiing tinh cam rpng Idn ddi
vdi ca nhan loai bi ap biic Nhung,
ngudi van l i muc tieu cudi cilng ciia mpi
hoat dpng xa hdi, ciia mpi tap the, cUng nhu ciia mdi c i nhan Quan he giiia ngudi va ngudi d Viet Nam khdng the chi gidi han ngii l u i n , ma dd cdn l i mdi quan he bien chiing giiia ci nhan va xa hdi
Ngu thuangXrong Nho giao bao gdm
diic hanh n h i m phuc vu cho mdi quan he la ngu luan
Thay cho ngii thudng ciia Nho giao la
nhan, nghia, le, tri, tin, Hd Chi Minh neu
len "ngii thudng" ciia n h i n dan ta la:
nhan, nghia, tri, dung, liem Theo Hd Chi
Minh, khdng c i n thiet p h i l neu len hai chii Id, nghia, bdi chung da dugc bao ham trong khai niem nhan Ngudi them vao hai chii dungva liem Dung]a chien dau quen minh de chdng thien tai, dich hpa Liem la triet de chdng tham nhung, ddng cam cpng khd vdi nhan dan
Tdm lai, Nho giio da tiing ddng mdt vai trd to Idn lich sii Viet Nam va den nay, nd v i n cdn tiep tuc cd t i e dung xa hdi Do dd, neu khdng dat van de nghien cuu Nho giao mdt each nghiem tiic thi chung ta se budng trdi cho su phuc hdi nhiing nhan td tieu cue ciia Nho giao, ddng thdi cung so lang phi nhiing nhan td tich cue ma Nho giao cdn cd the ddng gdp vao su nghiep ciia da't nude ta hdm
Chiing ta can hpc t i p thai dp ciia (ihii tich Hd Chi Minh dd'i vdi viec viia khai thac nhiing nhan td hgp ly ciia Nho giio, viia gat bd nhiing net tieu cue ciia nd O chd, Ngudi da n h a n h chdng cii bien nhieu khai niem ciia Nho giao de nhiing khai niem i y chiia dung mdt ndi dung mdi hinh thiic cu Trong qua trinh cdng nghiep hda v i hien dai hda di't nude, chung ta c i n xac dinh nhiing quan diem ly luan diing d i n nham xay dimg mdt nen dao diic mdi gia dinh v i xa hdi, xay dung nhiing phuong hudng tu dudng ca n h i n tren ca sd phat huy va ddi mdi truyen thd'ng dan tdc, dd cd nhiing nhan to tich cue cua Nho giio.U