Physics And Math Review Physics And Math Review Physics And Math Review Physics And Math Review Physics And Math Review Physics And Math Review Physics And Math Review Physics And Math Review Physics And Math Review Physics And Math Review Physics And Math Review Physics And Math Review Physics And Math Review Physics And Math Review Physics And Math Review Physics And Math Review Physics And Math Review Physics And Math Review Physics And Math Review Physics And Math Review Physics And Math Review Physics And Math Review
® MCAT Physics and Math Review Edited by Alexander Stone Macnow, MD Table of Contents MCAT® Physics and Math Review Cover Title Page Table of Contents The Kaplan MCAT Review Team About Scientific American About the MCAT How This Book Was Created Using This Book Chapter 1: Kinematics and Dynamics Kinematics and Dynamics Introduction 1.1 Units 1.2 Vectors and Scalars 1.3 Displacement and Velocity 1.4 Forces and Acceleration 1.5 Newton’s Laws 1.6 Motion with Constant Acceleration 1.7 Mechanical Equilibrium 10 Conclusion 11 Concept Summary 12 Answers to Concept Checks 13 Equations to Remember 14 Shared Concepts 15 Practice Questions 16 Answers and Explanations Chapter 2: Work and Energy Work and Energy Introduction 2.1 Energy 2.2 Work 2.3 Mechanical Advantage Conclusion Concept Summary Answers to Concept Checks Equations to Remember 10 Shared Concepts 11 Practice Questions 12 Answers and Explanations Chapter 3: Thermodynamics Thermodynamics Introduction 3.1 Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics 3.2 Systems 3.3 First Law of Thermodynamics 3.4 Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy Conclusion Concept Summary Answers to Concept Checks 10 Equations to Remember 11 Shared Concepts 12 Practice Questions 13 Answers and Explanations Chapter 4: Fluids Fluids Introduction 4.1 Characteristics of Fluids and Solids 4.2 Hydrostatics 4.3 Fluid Dynamics 4.4 Fluids in Physiology Conclusion Concept Summary Answers to Concept Checks 10 Equations to Remember 11 Shared Concepts 12 Practice Questions 13 Answers and Explanations Chapter 5: Electrostatics and Magnetism Electrostatics and Magnetism Introduction 5.1 Charges 5.2 Coulomb’s Law 5.3 Electrical Potential Energy 5.4 Electrical Potential 5.5 Special Cases in Electrostatics 5.6 Magnetism Conclusion 10 Concept Summary 11 Answers to Concept Checks 12 Equations to Remember 13 Shared Concepts 14 Practice Questions 15 Answers and Explanations Chapter 6: Circuits Circuits Introduction 6.1 Current 6.2 Resistance 6.3 Capacitance and Capacitors 6.4 Meters Conclusion Concept Summary Answers to Concept Checks 10 Equations to Remember 11 Shared Concepts 12 Practice Questions 13 Answers and Explanations Chapter 7: Waves and Sound Waves and Sound Introduction 7.1 General Wave Characteristics 7.2 Sound Conclusion Concept Summary Answers to Concept Checks Equations to Remember Shared Concepts 10 Practice Questions 11 Answers and Explanations Chapter 8: Light and Optics Light and Optics Introduction 8.1 Electromagnetic Spectrum 8.2 Geometrical Optics 8.3 Diffraction 8.4 Polarization Conclusion Concept Summary Answers to Concept Checks 10 Equations to Remember 11 Shared Concepts 12 Practice Questions 13 Answers and Explanations 10 Chapter 9: Atomic and Nuclear Phenomena Atomic and Nuclear Phenomena Introduction 9.1 The Photoelectric Effect 9.2 Absorption and Emission of Light 9.3 Nuclear Binding Energy and Mass Defect 9.4 Nuclear Reactions Conclusion Concept Summary Answers to Concept Checks 10 Equations to Remember 11 Shared Concepts 12 Practice Questions 13 Answers and Explanations 11 Chapter 10: Mathematics Mathematics Introduction 10.1 Arithmetic and Significant Figures 10.2 Exponents and Logarithms 10.3 Trigonometry 10.4 Problem-Solving Conclusion Concept Summary Answers to Concept Checks 10 Equations to Remember 11 Shared Concepts 12 Practice Questions 13 Answers and Explanations 12 Chapter 11: Reasoning About the Design and Execution of Research Reasoning About the Design and Execution of Research Introduction 11.1 The Scientific Method 11.2 Basic Science Research 11.3 Human Subjects Research 11.4 Ethics 11.5 Research in the Real World Conclusion Concept Summary 10 Answers to Concept Checks 11 Shared Concepts 12 Practice Questions 13 Answers and Explanations 13 Chapter 12: Data-Based and Statistical Reasoning Data-Based and Statistical Reasoning Introduction 12.1 Measures of Central Tendency 12.2 Distributions 12.3 Measures of Distribution 12.4 Probability 12.5 Statistical Testing 12.6 Charts, Graphs, and Tables 12.7 Applying Data 10 Conclusion 11 Concept Summary 12 Answers to Concept Checks 13 Equations to Remember 14 Shared Concepts 15 Practice Questions 16 Answers and Explanations 14 About This Book Copyright Information Glossary Index Art Credits Periodic Table of the Elements Special Offer for Kaplan Students The Kaplan MCAT Review Team Alexander Stone Macnow, MD Editor-in-Chief Alisha Maureen Crowley Kaplan MCAT Faculty MCAT faculty reviewers Elmar R Aliyev; James Burns; Jonathan Cornfield; Nikolai Dorofeev, MD; Benjamin Downer, MS; Colin Doyle; M Dominic Eggert; Marilyn Engle; Eleni M Eren; Raef Ali Fadel; Tyra Hall-Pogar, PhD; Scott Huff; Samer T Ismail; Elizabeth A Kudlaty; Kelly Kyker-Snowman, MS; Ningfei Li; John P Mahon; Matthew A Meier; Nainika Nanda; Caroline Nkemdilim Opene; Kaitlyn E Prenger; Uneeb Qureshi; Derek Rusnak, MA; Kristen L Russell, ME; Bela G Starkman, PhD; Michael Paul Tomani, MS; Nicholas M White; Kerranna Williamson, MBA; Allison Ann Wilkes, MS; and Tony Yu Thanks to Kim Bowers; Tim Eich; Samantha Fallon; Owen Farcy; Dan Frey; Robin Garmise; Rita Garthaffner; Joanna Graham; Adam Grey; Allison Harm; Beth Hoffberg; Aaron Lemon-Strauss; Keith Lubeley; Diane McGarvey; Petros Minasi; John Polstein; Deeangelee PooranKublall, MD, MPH; Rochelle Rothstein, MD; Larry Rudman; Sylvia Tidwell Scheuring; Carly Schnur; Karin Tucker; Lee Weiss; and the countless others who made this project possible U Ultrasonic frequency, 232, 440 See also Frequency Ultrasound, 242–243, 243f, 440 Ultraviolet, 440 Uniform circular motion, 27, 27f See also Motion Unit(s) analyses, 347–348 base, 4–5, 346, 346t derived, 4–5, 5t equivalent, 346, 346t prefixes for, 4 SI, 4–5 See also SI units Unnatural vs natural, 97–98 Upright images, 265, 267t, 267–268, 440 See also Image(s) UV–Vis spectroscopy, 306 V Validity definition of, 370, 370f, 433 external, 380, 435 internal, 380, 436 Values, common, 344, 344t, 344f Vaporization, 92, 440 Variables binary, 372 categorical, 372 confounding, 372, 375 continuous, 372 dependent vs independent, 369, 434, 436 third-party, 375 Vectors, 5–12 addition, 6f, 6–8, 9 definition of, 5–6, 439–440 multiplication, vectors by scalars, 9 multiplication, vectors by vectors, 9–11 subtraction, 9 Velocity, 12–14 See also Acceleration definition of, 440 terminal, 22–23, 440 turbulence and, 127–128 Venturi effect, 131, 440 Venturi flow meters, 130–131, 131f Virtual images, 263, 440 See also Image(s) Viscosity, 125, 440 Viscous drag, 125 Visible spectrum, 261f, 261–262 Visual data representations, 410–419 charts, 410–414, 411f–414f graphs, 414–418, 415f–417f tables, 417 Voltage, 181 Voltaic cells, 181 Voltmeters, 208–209 Vulnerable persons, 377 W Watt, 59, 70 Watts per square meter, 235 Wavelength, 225–226, 226f Wave(s), 221–255 See also Sound anatomy of, 226f electromagnetic, 260–261, 260f–261f equations for, 250 general characteristics of, 224–231 incident vs reflected, 228 infrasonic, 232 in step vs out of step, 226 longitudinal, 224–225, 225f, 231, 437 mathematical vs graphic descriptions of, 225f, 225–226 noise, 227 phase, 226 questions/explanations for, 251–255 radio, 438 resonance and, 228–229 shock, 234–235, 439 speeds of, 225–226 standing, 228, 238–242, 439 transverse, 224–225, 225f, 440 traveling, 228, 228f, 440 ultrasonic, 232 Weak nuclear force, 309 Weight, 17f, 17–18, 36, 440 Whisker and box plots, 413f, 413–414, 433 See also Charts Work, 56–59, 87–88, 88t definition of, 56–57, 440 displacement, 57 energy and See Energy equations for, 72 force and, 57 function, 303 mechanical advantage, 61–68, 64f–66f power, 59 pressure and volume, 57f, 57–59 work–energy theorem, 59–60, 440 X X-ray(s) definition of, 260, 440 diffraction, 284, 284f See also Diffraction Y Young’s double-slit experiment, 282f, 282–283 Z Zero(es) absolute, 82t, 82–83, 433 amplitude, 227, 227f displacement, 433 leading, 335 potential energy, 51–52 round trip paths, 52–54, 54f trailing, 335 Zeroth fringe, 282, 282f Zeroth law of thermodynamics, 82–85 definition of, 82 temperature, 82t, 82–83 thermal expansion, 83–85 z-tests, 408–409, 409t Art Credits Figure 1.1—Image credited to Melissa Thomas From The Great Cosmic Roller-Coaster Ride by Cliff Burgess and Fernando Quevado Copyright © 2007 by Scientific American, Inc All rights reserved Figure 1.7—Image credited to Jared Schneidman Designs From Friction at the Atomic Scale by Jacqueline Krim Copyright © 1996 by Scientific American, Inc All rights reserved Chapter 4 Cover—Image credited to sakhorn From Shutterstock Figure 4.2—Image credited to User: Jleedev From Wikimedia Commons Copyright © 2012 Used under license: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Figure 4.3—Image credited to User: Kraaiennest From Wikimedia Commons Copyright © 2008 Used under licenses: CC-BY-SA-3.0 / GFDL Figure 4.4—Image credited to User: BoH From Wikimedia Commons Copyright © 2009 Used under licenses: CC-BY-SA-3.0-2.5-2.0-1.0 / GFDL Figure 4.5—Image credited to Kent Snodgrass/Precision Graphics From Working Knowledge: Big Squeeze by Mark Fischetti Copyright © 2006 by Scientific American, Inc All rights reserved Chapter 5 Cover—Image credited to Piotr Krzeslak From Shutterstock Figure 5.2—Image credited to User: Arimasen From Wikimedia Commons Copyright © 2006 Used under licenses: CC-BY-SA-3.0-2.52.0-1.0 / GFDL Chapter 6 Cover—Image credited to Jelena Aloskina From Shutterstock Chapter 7 Cover—Image credited to Andreea Dragomir From Shutterstock Sidebar, Chapter 7—Image credited to Samuel Velasco; Source: Bose Corporation From Working Knowledge: Reducing a Roar by Mark Fischetti Copyright © 2005 by Scientific American, Inc All rights reserved Figure 7.5—Image credited to User: Zoid From Wikimedia Commons Copyright © 2006 Used under licenses: CC-BY-SA-3.0-2.5-2.0-1.0 / GFDL Figure 7.9—Image credited to User: Webaware From Wikimedia Commons Copyright © 2008 Used under licenses: CC-BY-SA-3.0 / CCBY-SA-2.5 / GFDL Chapter 8 Cover—Image credited to Juan J Jimenez From Shutterstock Figure 8.2—Image credited to Philip Ronan and Gringer From Wikimedia Commons Copyright © 2013 Used under license: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Figure 8.8—Image credited to User: Josell7 From Wikimedia Commons Copyright © 2012 Used under license: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Figure 8.9—Image credited to Melissa Thomas From The Quest for the Superlens by John B Pendry and David R Smith Copyright © 2006 by Scientific American, Inc All rights reserved Figure 8.12—Image credited to User: DrBob From Wikimedia Commons Copyright © 2006 Used under license: GFDL Figure 8.17—Image credited to Michael Goodman From the Duality in Matter and Light by Berthold-Georg Englert, Marlan O Scully, and Herbert Walther Copyright © 1994 by Scientific American, Inc All rights reserved Figure 8.18—Image credited to User: Jhbdel From Wikimedia Commons Copyright © 2013 Used under licenses: CC-BY-SA-3.0 /GFDL Chapter 9 Cover—Image credited to Vaclav Volrab From Shutterstock Figure 9.1—Image credited to Alfred T Kamajian From Everyday Einstein by Philip Yam Copyright © 2004 by Scientific American All rights reserved Figure 9.2—Image credited to George Retseck From The Dark Ages of the Universe by Abraham Loeb Copyright © 2006 by Scientific American All rights reserved Figure 9.4—Image credited to User: Borb From Wikimedia Commons Copyright © 2006 Used under licenses: CC-BY-SA-3.0-2.5-2.0-1.0 / GFDL Chapter 10 Cover—Image credited to zphoto From Shutterstock Chapter 11 Cover—Image credited to Serg Zastavkin From Shutterstock Figure 11.1—Image credited to User: Nevit Dilmen From Wikimedia Commons Copyright © 2012 Used under licenses: CC-BY-SA-3.0 / GFDL Chapter 12 Cover—Image credited to Zorabc From Shutterstock Figure 12.1—Image credited to User: Mwtoews From Wikimedia Commons Copyright © 2007 Used under license: CC-BY-2.5 Periodic Table of the Elements ...® MCAT Physics and Math Review Edited by Alexander Stone Macnow, MD Table of Contents MCAT® Physics and Math Review Cover Title Page Table of Contents The Kaplan MCAT Review Team About Scientific American... Kaplan for the MCAT than with any other course This book is designed to help you review the physics and math topics covered on the MCAT Please understand that content review? ??no matter how thorough—is not sufficient preparation for the MCAT! The MCAT... about the Design and Execution of Research) and Chapter 12 (Data-Based and Statistical Reasoning) SIDEBARS The following is a guide to the five types of sidebars you’ll find in Kaplan MCAT Physics and Math Review: Bridge: These sidebars create connections between science topics