Biochemistry Review

Biochemistry Review Biochemistry Review Biochemistry Review Biochemistry Review Biochemistry Review Biochemistry Review Biochemistry Review Biochemistry Review Biochemistry Review Biochemistry Review Biochemistry Review Biochemistry Review Biochemistry Review Biochemistry Review Biochemistry Review Biochemistry Review Biochemistry Review Biochemistry Review Biochemistry Review Biochemistry Review

® MCAT Biochemistry Review Edited by Alexander Stone Macnow, MD Table of Contents MCAT® Biochemistry Review Cover Title Page Table of Contents The Kaplan MCAT Review Team About Scientific American About the MCAT How This Book Was Created Using This Book Chapter 1: Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins Introduction 1.1 Amino Acids Found in Proteins 1.2 Acid–Base Chemistry of Amino Acids 1.3 Peptide Bond Formation and Hydrolysis 1.4 Primary and Secondary Protein Structure 1.5 Tertiary and Quaternary Protein Structure 1.6 Denaturation Conclusion 10 Concept Summary 11 Answers to Concept Checks 12 Equations to Remember 13 Shared Concepts 14 Practice Questions 15 Answers and Explanations Chapter 2: Enzymes Enzymes Introduction 2.1 Enzymes as Biological Catalysts 2.2 Mechanisms of Enzyme Activity 2.3 Enzyme Kinetics 2.4 Effects of Local Conditions on Enzyme Activity 2.5 Regulation of Enzyme Activity Conclusion Concept Summary 10 Answers to Concept Checks 11 Equations to Remember 12 Shared Concepts 13 Practice Questions 14 Answers and Explanations Chapter 3: Nonenzymatic Protein Function and Protein Analysis Nonenzymatic Protein Function and Protein Analysis Introduction 3.1 Cellular Functions 3.2 Biosignaling 3.3 Protein Isolation 3.4 Protein Analysis Conclusion Concept Summary Answers to Concept Checks 10 Equations to Remember 11 Shared Concepts 12 Practice Questions 13 Answers and Explanations Chapter 4: Carbohydrate Structure and Function Carbohydrate Structure and Function Introduction 4.1 Carbohydrate Classification 4.2 Cyclic Sugar Molecules 4.3 Monosaccharides 4.4 Complex Carbohydrates Conclusion Concept Summary Answers to Concept Checks 10 Equations to Remember 11 Shared Concepts 12 Practice Questions 13 Answers and Explanations Chapter 5: Lipid Structure and Function Lipid Structure and Function Introduction 5.1 Structural Lipids 5.2 Signaling Lipids 5.3 Energy Storage Conclusion Concept Summary Answers to Concept Checks Shared Concepts 10 Practice Questions 11 Answers and Explanations Chapter 6: DNA and Biotechnology DNA and Biotechnology Introduction 6.1 DNA Structure 6.2 Eukaryotic Chromosome Organization 6.3 DNA Replication 6.4 DNA Repair 6.5 Recombinant DNA and Biotechnology Conclusion Concept Summary 10 Answers to Concept Checks 11 Shared Concepts 12 Practice Questions 13 Answers and Explanations Chapter 7: RNA and the Genetic Code RNA and the Genetic Code Introduction 7.1 The Genetic Code 7.2 Transcription 7.3 Translation 7.4 Control of Gene expression in Prokaryotes 7.5 Control of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes Conclusion Concept Summary 10 Answers to Concept Checks 11 Shared Concepts 12 Practice Questions 13 Answers and Explanations Chapter 8: Biological Membranes Biological Membranes Introduction 8.1 Fluid Mosaic Model 8.2 Membrane Components 8.3 Membrane Transport 8.4 Specialized Membranes Conclusion Concept Summary Answers to Concept Checks 10 Equations to Remember 11 Shared Concepts 12 Practice Questions 13 Answers and Explanations 10 Chapter 9: Carbohydrate Metabolism I: Glycolysis, Glycogen, Gluconeogenesis, and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway Carbohydrate Metabolism I: Glycolysis, Glycogen, Gluconeogenesis, and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway Introduction 9.1 Glucose Transport 9.2 Glycolysis 9.3 Other Monosaccharides 9.4 Pyruvate Dehydrogenase 9.5 Glycogenesis and Glycogenolysis 9.6 Gluconeogenesis 9.7 The Pentose Phosphate Pathway 10 Conclusion 11 Concept Summary 12 Answers to Concept Checks 13 Shared Concepts 14 Practice Questions 15 Answers and Explanations 11 Chapter 10: Carbohydrate Metabolism II: Aerobic Respiration Carbohydrate Metabolism II: Aerobic Respiration Introduction 10.1 Acetyl-CoA 10.2 Reactions of the Citric Acid Cycle 10.3 The Electron Transport Chain 10.4 Oxidative Phosphorylation Conclusion Concept Summary Answers to Concept Checks 10 Shared Concepts 11 Practice Questions 12 Answers and Explanations 12 Chapter 11: Lipid and Amino Acid Metabolism Lipid and Amino Acid Metabolism Introduction 11.1 Lipid Digestion and Absorption 11.2 Lipid Mobilization 11.3 Lipid Transport 11.4 Cholesterol Metabolism 11.5 Fatty Acids and Triacylglycerols 11.6 Ketone Bodies 11.7 Protein Catabolism 10 Conclusion 11 Concept Summary 12 Answers to Concept Checks 13 Shared Concepts 14 Practice Questions 15 Answers and Explanations 13 Chapter 12: Bioenergetics and Regulation of Metabolism Bioenergetics and Regulation of Metabolism Introduction 12.1 Thermodynamics and Bioenergetics 12.2 The Role of ATP 12.3 Biological Oxidation and Reduction 12.4 Metabolic States 12.5 Hormonal Regulation of Metabolism 12.6 Tissue-Specific Metabolism 12.7 Integrative Metabolism 10 Conclusion 11 Concept Summary 12 Answers to Concept Checks 13 Equations to Remember 14 Shared Concepts 15 Practice Questions 16 Answers and Explanations 14 About This Book Copyright Information Glossary Index Art Credits Special Offer for Kaplan Students The Kaplan MCAT Review Team Alexander Stone Macnow, MD Editor-in-Chief Tyra Hall-Pogar, PhD Editor Bela G Starkman, PhD Editor Joshua D Brooks, PhD Kaplan MCAT Faculty Alisha Maureen Crowley Kaplan MCAT Faculty Samer T Ismail Kaplan MCAT Faculty Kelly Kyker-Snowman, MS Kaplan MCAT Faculty Christopher Lopez Kaplan MCAT Faculty MCAT faculty reviewers Elmar R Aliyev; James Burns; Jonathan Cornfield; Nikolai Dorofeev, MD; Benjamin Downer, MS; Colin Doyle; M Dominic Eggert; Marilyn Engle; Eleni M Eren; Raef Ali Fadel; Scott Huff; Elizabeth A Kudlaty; Ningfei Li; John P Mahon; Matthew A Meier; Nainika Nanda; Caroline Nkemdilim Opene; Kaitlyn E Prenger; Uneeb Qureshi; Derek Rusnak, MA; Kristen L Russell, ME; Michael Paul Tomani, MS; Nicholas M White; Kerranna Williamson, MBA; Allison Ann Wilkes, MS; and Tony Yu Thanks to Kim Bowers; Tim Eich; Samantha Fallon; Owen Farcy; Dan Frey; Robin Garmise; Rita Garthaffner; Joanna Graham; Adam Grey; Allison Harm; Beth Hoffberg; Aaron Lemon-Strauss; Keith Lubeley; Diane McGarvey; Petros Minasi; John Polstein; Deeangelee PooranKublall, MD, MPH; Rochelle Rothstein, MD; Larry Rudman; Sylvia Tidwell Scheuring; Carly Schnur; Karin Tucker; Lee Weiss; and the countless others who made this project possible ...® MCAT Biochemistry Review Edited by Alexander Stone Macnow, MD Table of Contents MCAT® Biochemistry Review Cover Title Page Table of Contents The Kaplan MCAT Review Team About Scientific American... This book is designed to help you review the biochemistry topics covered on the MCAT It represents one of the content review resources available to you Additional review is available in your Online Center, including... sending an email to KaplanMCATfeedback@kaplan.com Using This Book Kaplan MCAT Biochemistry Review, along with the other six books in the Kaplan MCAT Review series, brings the Kaplan classroom experience to you—right in your home, at your convenience