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Adverbial clauses Adverbial clauses 5 5/10 Time Place. Condition & concession Reason or cause[r]

(1)

E_English Grammar Course

Unit 8

(2)

1 Subordination

2 Classifications of subordinate clauses Subordinators

4 Nominal clauses Adverbial clauses

6 Comparative and Comment clauses

Issues

(3)

Subordination

1

1/1

Subordination

(4)

Subordination

1

1/2

Subordination

Subordination i.e one clause is -Non-symmetrical relation,

a constituent/ part of the other

1 21 [I like John [because John likes me] ] [superordinate/ independent/ main clause ] [subordinate/ dependent clause]

(5)

Subordination

1

1/3

Subordination

Subordination Hierarchy of clauses

X- Y-

Z-( I think [ that you can it { if you try} ] ) S V O A

X = superodinate to Y Y = subordinate to X

(6)

Classifications of subordinate clauses

2

2/1

Classifications of subordinate clauses

(7)

2

2/2

By structural type Finite clause

Nonfinite clause

(8)

2

2/3

Nonfinite clause

Verbless clause

- contains a subject and a predicate

(9)

2

2/4

Nonfinite clause

Infinitive with to

Infinitive without to -ed participle

(10)

2

2/5

Nonfinite clause

Infinitive with to

-ing participle

Without S: The best thing would be to tell everybody

(11)

2

2/6

Nonfinite clause

Infinitive with to

-ing participle

Without S: Leaving the room, he tripped over the mat With S: Her aunt having left the room, I declared my

(12)

2

2/7

Nonfinite clause

Infinitive with to

-ing participle

(13)

2

2/8

Nonfinite clause

Infinitive with to

-ing participle

Without S: Covered in snow, he looked like a snowman

(14)

2

2/9

Nonfinite clause

Verbless clause

1 Ellipsis of the verb ‘be’

(15)

2

2/10

Nonfinite clause

Verbless clause

2 Reduction of non-finite clauses

(16)

2

2/11

By function Nominal clause

Adverbial clause

Comparative clause

(17)

Subordinators

3

3/1

Subordinating

conjunctions Simple subordinators Compound subordinators

(18)

Subordinators

3

3/2

Subordinating

Correlative subordinators after, though, although, as,

because, before, if, once since, that, until, when

(19)

Subordinators

3

3/3

Subordinating

Correlative subordinators

- ending with ‘that’: in that, so that, such that …

- ending with optional ‘that’: now (that), provided (that), supposing (that), seeing (that)…

- ending with ‘as’: so far as, as long as, so as (to sth)… - ending with ‘than’: sooner than, rather than…

(20)

Subordinators

3

3/4

Subordinating

Correlative subordinators

if… then, although… yet, as… as, so… as, so… that

(21)

Subordinators

3

3/5

Other indicators of

subordination Wh-element initial markers Subject-operator inversion

(22)

Subordinators

3

3/6

Other indicators of

No marker

(23)

Subordinators

3

3/7

Other indicators of

No marker

(24)

Subordinators

3

3/8

Other indicators of

No marker

1 nominal clause

e.g I suppose (that) you’re right

(25)

Nominal clauses

4

4/1

Nominal Clauses

Finite Non-finite

that clause

wh-interrogative clause Yes - No interrogative clause

Nominal relative clause

to-infinitive nominal clause nominal –ing clause

(26)

Nominal clauses

4

4/2

Finite Nominal Clauses

that clause

wh-interrogative clause

Yes - No interrogative clause

- S: That you were wrong is undeniable - Od: I knew that I was wrong

- Cs: The problem is that he refuses to speak in court

- Appositive: The fact that he hates English makes it hard for him to study it

(27)

Nominal clauses

4

4/3

that clause

Yes - No interrogative clause

Nominal relative clause

- Function as S, Od, Cs, Ap, Cadj,

& Cprep (They haven’t decided on who wins the cup.)

(28)

Nominal clauses

4

4/4

that clause

Yes - No interrogative clause

- Is formed with if/ whether

(29)

Nominal clauses

4

4/5

that clause

Yes - No interrogative clause Nominal relative clause

- S: What he is pursuing is fame

- Od: I want to see whoever in charge of this department

- Oi: She gave whoever came into the store a handful of sweets

- Cs: University is where you train for your future career

- Co: You can call me whatever you like - Ap: Tell me your nickname, that is, the way your friends often call you

(30)

Nominal clauses

4

4/6

Non-finite nominal clauses

to-infinitive nominal clause

nominal –ing clause

bare infinitive

- S: To become an MC has always been my dream

- Od: John wanted her to open the door - Cs: My wish is to stay here one

more week

(31)

Nominal clauses

4

4/7

bare infinitive

- Function as S, Od, Cs, Ap, Cprep, & Cadj

- Genitive case in formal style

e.g I’m surprised at his making that mistake

- Objective or common case:

(32)

Nominal clauses

4

4/8

bare infinitive

- ‘to’ is optional in case of ‘do’ proform

E.g All I did was (to) turn off the gas.

- bare infinitive is obligatory when the infinitive clause is initial

(33)

Adverbial clauses

5

5/1

Time Place

Condition & concession Reason or cause

Circumstance

Purpose Result

Manner & Comparison

(34)

5

5/2

Time Place

Circumstance

Purpose Result

Manner & Comparison

Proportion & Preference

- after, before, until, since, when + finite clause

- after, before, since, until, when(ever), while + V-ing - once, until, when(ever), while + V-ed

(35)

5

5/3

Time Place

Circumstance

Purpose Result

Manner & Comparison

- Introduced by ‘where’/ ‘wherever’

E.g When I retire, I will travel wherever I like.

(36)

5

5/4

Time Place

Circumstance

Purpose Result

Manner & Comparison

- Conditional clauses state the dependence of one circumstance on another

(37)

5

5/5

Time Place

Circumstance

Purpose Result

Manner & Comparison

- Concessive clauses imply a contrast between two circumstances - Introduced by though, although, while, whereas, even if

(38)

5

5/6

Clauses of condition or concession

Alternative conditional-concessive clauses

(39)

5

5/7

Clauses of condition

or concession Alternative conditional-concessive clauses

E.g Whether they beat us or we beat them, we’ll celebrate tonight

(40)

5

5/8

Clauses of condition

or concession Universal conditional-concessive clauses

E.g No matter how hard he tried, he could never summon enough courage to tell her the truth

(41)

Adverbial clauses Adverbial clauses 5 5/9 Time Place

Circumstance

Purpose Result

Manner & Comparison

- introduced by because, since, as

- I didn’t lend him the book because I needed it for my assignment (adjunct)

(42)

Circumstance

Purpose Result

Manner & Comparison

- express a fulfilled condition/ a relation between a premise

(in the subordinate clause) and the conclusion (in the main clause) - introduced by because, since, as, & seeing that

(43)

Circumstance

Purpose Result

Manner & Comparison

- are adjuncts

- introduced by (in order) (for N) to, so as to, so that

E.g I tiptoed into the room so as not to wake the baby up

(44)

5

5/12

Time Place

Circumstance

Purpose Result

Manner & Comparison

- are more factual than putative  may contain an ordinary verb form

without a modal auxiliary

- introduced by so that/so (informal)

(45)

5

5/13

Time Place

Circumstance

Purpose Result

Manner & Comparison

Clauses of manner – (exactly) as, (just) as

(46)

5

5/14

Time Place

Circumstance

Purpose Result

Manner & Comparison

Clauses of comparison – as if, as though

(47)

Circumstance

Purpose Result

Manner & Comparison

Clauses of proportion express a ‘proportionality’ or equivalence of tendency between two circumstances

E.g

As he grew older, (so) his enthusiasm for the cause decreased

(48)

5

5/16

Time Place

Circumstance

Purpose Result

Manner & Comparison

Clauses of preference are introduced by rather than/ sooner than

E.g Rather than go there by air, I’d take the train

Rather than sitting here complaining, we should act

(49)

Comparative & comment clauses

6

6/1

Comp-element S: More people eat at KFC than any other

fastfood restaurant

Cs: I’m healthier than most people of my age

Od: She eats much more than me

Oi: Santa has brought more children joy than anybody else

(50)

6

6/2

Ellipsis in Comparative Clause

1 Optional ellipsis

James enjoyed the cake more than Susan enjoyed the cake James enjoyed the cake more than Susan enjoyed it

James enjoyed the cake more than Susan did James enjoyed the cake more than Susan

2 Obligatory ellipsis (of object)

(51)

6

6/3

Ambiguity

He loves the dog more than his wife

through ellipsis

with ‘too’ & ‘enough’

(52)

6

6/4

Comment Clauses Features

(53)

6

6/5

Forms

- can be either disjuncts or conjuncts

- may occur initially, finally, or medially - have a separate tone unit

(54)

6

6/6

Forms

(1) Like a main clause

(55)

6

6/7

Forms

(56)

6

6/8

Forms

(3) Like a nominal relative clause as conjunct

(57)

6

6/9

Forms

(4) To-infinitive clause as style disjunct

(58)

6

6/10

Forms

(5) –ing clause as style disjunct

(59)

6

6/11

Forms

(6) –ed clause as style disjunct

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