Cd nghla, cbiing khdng cdn cd chuc nang ciia mdt ddng tif thuc thu ma chung chi la nhimg tir chi ra hudng cQa boat ddng hoJc hudng phat tridn ciia trang thai, dac trung nao dd: (Thay v[r]
(1)V i MOT CACH XAC OjNH NGHIA TLf VlfNG COA G I | TLf KHONG GIAN VA TLf CHI HadNG KHONG GIAN OLfNG SAU DONG TLf VAN N G
TRONG TIENG VIET
Dinh Thanh Hue - Phqm Tudn Kho§ Khoa Tieng Viet va Van hod Viet Nam cho ngudi nude ngodi
Trudng DH KHXH&NV, DHQG Hd /VA
Trong bit cur ngdn ngu' nao cung cd nhdm gidi tir bilu dat khii niam v6 khdng gian (gidi tir khdng gian) Do la cac gidi tir: 'Trin, dudi, trong, ngoai, trudc, sau, cgnh, giila, chung quanh, d (taif Oiling mang tinh ph6 cap
Tuy phd cap, nhimg gidi tir khdng gian cac ngdn ngiicu th< lai cd dac dia'm riang nhim phan anh each tu duy, tam If, van hod cut dan tdc san sinh ngdn ngir iy Chang han, ciing phan anh quan hi dinh vi giiia cac ddi tupng khach quan nhung ngudi Viat cd th^ bidu dat bang hai each ddi lap ciing mdt ndi dung phan anh
Thfdu: * 1 - Quin ao cua chau d ngodi tii
- Quin ao cua chau d iix 2 - Be choi dudi nha
- Be choi tren nha
Dieu chi cd the giai thich dupe khdng chi bing vao mdi quan be logic giira cac su vat dupe dinh vi khdng gian ma dua vao '"diem nhin" (views) ciia ngudi quan sat va ""diem nhin" do, him chiia mdt "khdng gian nhan thuc" (Perceptual space) ciia ngudi n6i Ndi each khac, mdi dan tdc cd each Ui nhan khdng gian khac Vi
(2)th^ each diing mdt gidi ti3r khdng gian d^ bilu dat quan giiia cac ddi tupng cd ihi cd nhihig net tuong ddng hoac khac biet So sanh:
In the garden (tia^ng Anh) = vudn (ti^ng Viet) In the box (ti^ng Anh) = hdp (tieng Viet)
Nhung, cau sau day thi khdng phai hi ti^ng Anh dung gidi
a in thi ti^ng Viat nhit thift phai dung gidi tir trong:
She lives in Ha Noi -^ Cd iy sd'ng ngodi Ha Ndi - • Cd iy sd'ng dudi Ha Ndi
-^CoSiy sd'ng d Ha Ndi
-> C^ iy sdng tren Ha Ndi
Qua thiy rd vi tri hian dang tdn tai ciia ngudi miau ta la ngudi Viat cd tic ddng quya^t dinh da'n vice diing cac gidi tir khac nhihig cau cd ciing mdt ndi dung phan anh Dieu cd nghla each tri nhan khdng gian ciia ngudi Viet khdng hoan toan gidng each tri nhan khdng gian ciia ngudi Anh trudng hop
Dudi gdc dd thuin ngdn ngii, gidi tir khdng gian tieng Viat cd mdt sd dac diim sau day:
1 Gidi tir khdng gian la nhiing tir xac lap quan giOa ddi tupng mi no lian he vdi ddi tupng khac, hoac vdi hien tupng, canh hudng ngoai ddi tupng ma nd lian he Ngay ca trudng hpp ma cau tnic cu phap be n6i khdng hian hihi "ddi tupng" thi mdi quan he gidi tif dam nhiem vin dupe hinh thanh, chang han ten gpi cua mot truyen ngin, mdt hdi kf, v.v Vf du:
- Dudi mat trdi (Truyen ngin *Truyen ngdn tri\ NXB Van hoc 1994)
- Tren tiu tap ket (Hoi kf ''Nude vi biin cd" Ha Ndi, 1973) - Trong nha cd chang thieu uy (Truyen ngin ''Ngay hdm ?wa", Ha Ndi, 1999) v.v
Na'u cho ring mdt tan gpi ''Dudi mat trdP\ dd gidi tir dudi khdng thue hian chiic nang quan he giiia cac ddi tupng ma nd lian he
(mat trdi) vdi dd'i tupng khac (khdng hian diaii ciu tnic cii phap)
(3)cdn cd cac ddi tupng khac nhu phd, ddi Sam v.v (Xem: "OMK mat trdi", "Truyen ngin U-e" trang 120-121)
Gidi tir lien he chat che vdi "ddi tupng" ma nd chi phdl, di sau ni Ndi dung cua ddi tupng chinh la sd hiiu cua tir ngii, k€t du cf phap dam nhiem, ki^u nhu: Chfn ngpn nen dan deu tren mat link cik vang son mdi mua ve trUdc liic cu cd'ldm chung (Nguyin CdngHotm), Ndi dung cua ket ciu cii phap dutig sau gidi tir khdng gian duoc hia'u nhu mot "ddi tupng" cd lian he chat vdi gidi tir Neu trim tui^ng boa mdi lien he cua gidi tir vdi cac ddi tupng bing md hinh k^t c^u di phap hinh thiic thi se cd: AxB; dd A va B la hai ddi tupng dupe gidi tir x tao quan he va xB la su bia'u thi cua mdi lien he hiiu co giiia gidi tir x vdi ddi tupng B Chfnh mdi lian he gin bd giiia x va Bli mot tieu chi hien thuc da khu biet ranh gidi giiia gidi tvc va tit cU hudng cua ddng tir cac ka't ciu cu phap ddng dang
2 Gidi tir khdng gian khdng chi ka't hpp dupe vdi ddng tir mi c5o ket hpp dupe vdi danh tir d^ chi quan giiia ddi tupng ma no litn Vidu:
- Trong (danh ti() tren xa dinh li mat chiu nhihig ddn phu phing (Ngd Tat Td)
- Chim dau (ddng tir) tren ngpn cay
Ngoai ra, vdi chuc nang thiet lap quan giiia cac ddi tupng, gidi tir khdng gian cdn xac lap mdi quan he ngii nghla vdi tir chi hudng Vi du:
- An Duong Vuong sai dat Giang Su- len tren chiec mam ving vi khieng vao cung (Truyen cotich)
- Cau Dich cung dm nang lim, nha ciing rat, khdng dim xin phep cd giao cho nghi da xudng dudi nha thuong tham ba (Nam Cao)
- Thu ven dupe may ddng, chi vdi va chay vao phii kaa oan (Nguyen Cong Hoan)
(4)J Mdi lian ngii nghla ciia cac tir ket hpp: ''ra - ngodi, vao - trongTf Hn - tren va xudng - dudi", cd tb^ giai thich tren co sd nhan ^ thiic v^ khdng gian ciia ngudi Viet Vin d^ se dupe dat tim hi^u quan ciia tvt chi hudng va gidi tit ket ciu AxB, (A la ddng ^ tilr, B la danh tir va x la tir chi hudng hoac gidi tir)
Nhu da bi^t tia'ng Viat cd mdt nhdm tit chi hudng cua van ddng khdng gian Tir trudc den nay, nhi^u tie gia va ngoai ; nude da quan tam ngbian curu vin de nay, dac biet NguySn Lai vdi
cdng trinh ''Nhdm tvr chi hudng van ddng tieng Vief (NXB DH& THC3^ Hi Ndi 1990), da dua ba tiau chf sau day d^ lua chpn tir chi hudng ciia van ddng: "Nbtbig ddng tir thude nhdm phai dupe diing ddc lap nhu nhihig ddng tir khac; phai dupe diing
phgm vi hudng khdng gian va viae xac dinh hudng khdng gian,
nhihig ddng tir niy phai dupe dung phgm vi co gidi hgn " 6ng cung da dua danh muc gdm 11 ddng tir van ddng cd hudng tia'ng Viat: di, len, xudng, ra, vao, den, tdi, sang, qua, ve, Igi [4:10] Nghla vi hudng khdng gian d cac ddng tir van ddng nay, dac biet
b cac ddng tir ra, vao, len, xudng khdng chi hinh iix nghla tir
vung ciia cbiing ma cdn hinh tir nghla theo nhan thiJe khdng gian cua ngudi Viat
Nghla gdc ciia ddng tir "len, xudng" dupe hinh theo hudng
thang diing', theo dd cd nghla caolthdp Theo each tri nhan khdng gian
ciia ngudi Viat, "nghla mdi" (nghla phai sinh) ciia chung gin vdi dia hinh Viat Nam theo hudng: tir phia Ddng (dia hinh ciia mien bi^n) sang phfa Tay (dia hinh mi^n nui) thi cd hudng LEN; ngupc lai, cd hudng XUONG {len Tay Bic xudng Hai Phdng) Cd the hinh dung hudng len/xudng theo nghla phai sinh nhu sau:
LEN XUONG
tt ii
(Tir dd thdp lan dd cao) (Tir dd cao xudng dp thdp)
Nghia gdc: Nghla phai sinh:
(5)(ngodi) den khdng gian hep (trong) Nghla phai sinh ciia chung lin phfa Bic vao phfa Nam va ngupc lai theo phin bd cac vung dia Uir nhian cua Viat Nam ma dd cdn cd ca diu i n hinh lanhthi ciia dan tdc Mian lanh thd phfa Bic dupe hinh vdi nghla kh6ng gian rdng, tuong umg vdi khai niem "ngodf Miin lanh tbd thudc i( phfa Nam dupe tri nhan la khdng gian hep, tuong umg vdi khai ni6i "trong" Do dd cd each ndi: Vao Nam Bic Phu thudc vao h u ^ Bic (ngodi ^ra) Nam (trong ^vdo), su van ddng dupe quy chiau theo tuong quan giiia cac viing tren lanh thd Viet Nam Chang ban, su v|n ddng xay d mian Trung (theo dia hinh Viet Nam) cd th^ hudng vio hoac Vi du: Ra Ha Ndi, vao phd H6 Chf Minh
Cd tha hinh dung hudng ra/vdo theo nghla gdc va nghla phai sinh nhu sau:
NghTa gdc:
RA (khdng gian rdng)
- VAO
•^ (khdng gian hepj
NghTa phai sinh: Bic Nam
Su ddi lap dd rdnglhep khdng gian tuong umg vdi hudng van ddng ralvdo ddi khdng phai la sir tuong umg mdt ddi mOt Chang ban, theo phan viing dja If - hanh chinh thi tinh Thanh Hoa c6 dien tich (turc dd rdng khdng gian) Ion hon nhi^u so vdi dian tich cua tinh Ninh Binh (viing khdng gian hep) nhung lai ndi l i "Ngiy mai, tdi tham ba ngodi Phat Diem" Trong trudng hpp nay, hudng da ung vdi tinh bieu tupng "Nam -> (ra) Bic"
Khi chuy^n loai ti( chi hudng, cac ddng tir chi hudng ra, vao, len, xudng, sang, qua, ve, lai, khdng cdn kha nang van dung ddc lap Cd nghla, cbiing khdng cdn cd chuc nang ciia mdt ddng tif thuc thu ma chung chi la nhimg tir chi hudng cQa boat ddng hoJc hudng phat tridn ciia trang thai, dac trung nao dd: (Thay vao nha; bao manh len\ v.v dc tir chi hudng tieng Viat deu sinh tir ddng tir cd hudng Vi the, giiia chung cd mdi lien be ngii nghla gin bd TU chi hudng ludn dung sau ddng tir hoac tfnh tir phin vj ngii cua cau tao cau Gidi lir khdng gian thi lai sinh tir danh tir Mdi Wn he ngu nghla cua nd ludn gin vdi danh tir sinh nd va nd ludn diing
(6)uudc danh tir Ndi each khac, tir nhOng mdi lian he ngfi nghla khac dd, c^ th^ hinh dung kSt ciu Ax la k^t ciu dupe tao tir
ddng tilr + til chi hudmg K€ft ciu xB la k^t ciu dupe tao tir gidi
tor + danh tir Thfi" nhung thuc tian boat ddng ngdn ngii, khdng hiftn nhiing trudng hpp ti)t chi hudng cd chiic nang nhu gidi tit, tir chi hudng kft hpp vdi gidi tir song hanh ciing mdt ka't ciu cu phap TWdu:
1 Chay vdo nhi 2 Chay len tren gac v.v
Lf giai nhiing trudng hcrp din ra, Nguyin Lai cho ring "Phai dua uan binh dian ngii nghla kfi^t hpp vdi binh dian ngii phap, cu phap dupe tilfn hanh ddng thdi va song song vdi qua trinh iy la qua trinh khao sat su chuy^n boa tir loai dieu kien cd thi cd." Ong dua ba vf du:
1 Tdi nhin ve tbinh phd (VI) 2 Tdi chay ve phd (V2) 3 Tdi ndi ve phd (V3)
d^ khao sat miic dd hu hoa ciia tir "ve" Va di den ket luan:
" VI, y nghla tir vung phat huy cao dp; y nghla cu phap chua phit huy; V2 - y nghla tir vung va y nghla cu phap song song phat huy va V3 - y nghla ngii phap, cu phap phat huy cao dp."
Tit dd suy trudng hpp VI cd the lupc bd x vi y nghla ngii phap
(7)Theo each luan giai nay, "vao" thf du (1) dupe hi^u li "trang - gidP' Ndi la "trgng tif' bdi vi nd chi each thiic (hudng) coi boat ddng va ndi la "gidi ti/' bdi nd xac lap mdi quan ba giiia dS tupng vdi ddi tupng (chii tha' hanh ddng va phd')
Cac trudng hpp "/^n + tren, xudng + dudi, + ngodi va v ^ ^ trong" It dupe de cap den ngbian curu ngii phap tieng Viat, ngofi trir Nguyan Lan coi dd la "gidi tii ghep"[2:\%] Nhung, neu qua thuc dd la "gidi tii gliep" thi khdng tha' xen mdt tir nao vao ciu tao 6n dinh ciia nd Tha' ma, giOa "len tren" cung nhu cac trudng hpp tuong tu (ra + ngodi, vdo + trong, xudng + dudi) cd th^ xen mdt tir khic, ching ban: Chay len tan tren gac Do dd, phai thira nhan "len" la mdt tit "trin" la mdt tir Cd nghla, day la kia'u "ket cdu hai gidi ri^' - Cu thi hon: tir chi hudng mang dac trung ciia gidi tir khdng gian
So sanh "ket cdu hai gidi tit" tieng Viat vdi ka't ciu gidi tit-hgu tri tit tieng Trung Qude, V.M Xonxev nhin xet "Nhihig k^t ctu hai gidi tir cua tieng Viet hoan toan tuong dng vdi nhihig ket cdu gidi tir - hgu tri tit tieng Trung Qude Gidi tit sinh tir ddng tir va hgu tri tit sinh tir danh tir Su phan bd vi tri giiia chiing ka't ciu li 6n djnh: d vi tri thu nhit la gidi tir sinh tir ddng tir; d vi tri thii hai - hiu tri tir sinh tir danh tir, gidng nhu vi tri 6n dinh cua hai gidi tir ket ciu cua tieng Viet." [1:179]
Tuy ciing dam nhiam chuc nang ciia gidi tir nhung quan ngii nghla ciia gidi tir "ket cdu hai gidi tif" cd nhiing dac di^m riang biat khac
Dac dia'm chung cua "ket ciu hai gidi tir" la xdc lap hudng ci^ng chieu ciia hogt ddng tie'p can den vi tri cung chieu ciia ddi tugng VI the, hudng vdo/ra dupe quy chieu theo chieu nam ngang (chin trdi) thi vi tri cua ddi tupng cung phai ciing chi^u trong/ ngodi; hudng len/xudng dupe quy chieu theo chieu thang diing thi vi tri tuong umg li tren/dudi Chinh quan he khdng gian ciing chieu la co sd lian k6 chiing mdt chinh th^ cii phap, dd tir chi hudng giii vai tr6 chii dao Do dd, cac "ket cdu hai gidi ti^' la nhihig keft ciu 6n dinh:
len + tren, xudng + dudi, + ngoai, vao +
Ngoai chuc nang tao mdi lian giiia ddi tupng vdi ddi tupng hoac ddi tupng vdi canh hudng nhu mpi gidi tir khac, gidi tir kh6ng
(8)' gian trong-tiShg Viat cdn cd mdt dac di^m nghla dung rit quan trpng:
• dinh vi "sU vat" tSn tai khdng gian Cach dinh vi mdt mat dupe xic lap theo nguyan If "Con ngudi Id trung tam" i (Anthropocentrism) mat khac, theo "diem nhin" (views) ciia ngudi
quan sat Bit cii gidi tir khdng gian nao bit cii ngdn ngii khac nao cung d^u phan anh each tri nhin khdng gian theo nguyan If
''Con ngudi la trung tdm" Nguyan If "con ngudi Id trung tam "
viae tri nhan khdng gian dupe hiiu: Ddng diing thing cua ngudi Uiing vdi luc but ciia trai dit tir tran xudng dudi Theo dd, ngudi nhan thiic chi6u "tren/dudi" Dang diing thing ciing vdi mat dit (nim ngang) tao toa dd khdng gian, dd mat dit la mat phing gdc, cd dinh; dang diing thing ciia ngudi la diim xuit phit cua toa dd dd Khi giao tia'p thi ngudi ddi dien vdi nhau, cdn Ichi vin ddng thi ngudi di chuydn theo hudng nhin ciia mit vi phfa trudc Hudng nhin cua mit quy chieu su vit dgdn hoac dxa; theo dd cd chi^u "trudc/sau" Phia trudc/phia sau theo ciu tao co the ciia con ngudi la lung/nguc; theo mat nhin thi vat tdn tai d phia lung la "vat bi che khuit", cdn vit tdn tai d phia nguc la "vat hien rd", khdng bi che khuit Mdt chi6u khac lian quan den ciu tao ciia co tha' ngudi li ben phai - ben trdi Nhu viy, tir ciu tao co ihi cua minh ciing vdi m6i trudng tu nhian cd dinh (mat dit), ngudi xac lap he toa dp trong khdng gian di dinh vi, dinh hudng cho su vat ton tai quanh minh theo ba chi^u: Tren - dudi, trudc - sau va phdi - trdi
Nhung "diim nhin" ciia ngudi quan sat diing de' dinh vi su vat trong khdng gian thi khdng gidng Bdi vi, "diem nhin" lian quan d^n each tri nhan khdng gian ciia mdi ddn tdc, gdn bo vdi mdi trudng,
dieu kien sinh hogt, yeu td tam li, cdch tu cua ddn tdc Chfnh vi
Ih^, cd su khac biet qua Idn dung gidi tir khdng gian eiia tieng Viet vdi gidi tir khdng gian cac ngdn ngii khac va day cung la mot nhihig dia'm quan trpng ma ngii phap thuc hanh tieng Viet khdng
(hi khdng di cap d^n each giai thfch nghla tir vung ciia mdi gidi
(9)1 listlessli dangling his feet in the water -> thin thd tha chin dudi nude
2 Joe's flight had saved him the surrifying of testifying in court
-> Chuyen bay ciia Joe da tranh cho nd khdi bi ndi kh6 jrfiai lim chiing trudc toa
3 So they drew a ring in the sand -> Chung ben ve mdt v6ng trong tren cat khd,
4 She looked over Hay, which half lost in trees -> C6iy nhin xudng xdm Hay lip Id sau vdm ciy
5 A light in the Church-jard just over his grave -> Mdt diim sang ngoai nghla dia, diing tren md dng ta (Ngii liau tia'ng Anh va dich tieng Viat din theo Le Van Thanh T/c Ngdn ngii va ddi sd'ng, sd 6-2002, trang 28)
Nhu vay, each dinh vi su vat khdng gian theo nguyan If, "con ngudi la trung tam " la each dinh vi mang tfnh ph6 cap, phii hop vdi tu nhan loai, hpp thiic vdi Idgfc ph6 niam cua mpi dan tdc Tam gpi dd la cdch dinh vi khdch quan Ngupc lai, cich dinh vi thdng qua "diem nhin" ciia ngudi quan sat, phan anh nhiing dac net tir ciia timg dan tdc ve vi tri tdn tai cua su vat khdng gian, tam gpi la cdch dinh vi chd quan Dudi day, qua cac thi du, se lam r5 m6 thiic cua each dinh vi da de cap den thdng qua nghla dung cua gidi tir khdng gian tieng Viet
Thi du 1: a Con meo nim dudi gim ban b Tdi lam vice d Ha Ndi c Lp hoa dat tren ban d Tien d vi
d Huan chuong deo trudc ngirc e Ba Id khoac sau lung
g Vd cay bpc ngodi than cay Thi du 2: a Me dang d dudi ba'p
(10)c Chi iy hian dang cdng tac ngodi Ha Ndi d Bat huong thd cung \6 tian dat tren bat huong thd
chame
d Mat trdi nhd lan trudc hiin e Bdng nd mit hut sau bui cay
Trong thi du 1, thudc tfnh (hinh Xhi, kfch c5, tu tha', ) ciia vat dupe dinh vi (gpi tit: VDV): meo, tdi, Ig hoa, tien, hudn chucmg,
ba Id, vd cdy - dupe thudc tfnh cua vat chuin quy cbia'u (gpi tit: VQC): gdm ban, Hd Ndi, bdn, vi, nguc, lung, than cdy Va, theo dd, tao
quan Idgfc ciia su vat thdng qua gidi tir - khdng gian hiin thi (kf hiau: R) Ta cd md hinh khai quit ciia co che dinh vi su vat khdng gian nhu sau: VDV R VQC Co che thfch ling vdi
Idgic niem ciia nhan loai, khiic xa vao ngdn ngii Quan R dupe hxin dat bing gidi tuf khdng gian (Tach dinh vi gpi la dinh vi khdch quan bdi cac tham td ciu nd d^u mang tfnh Idgic niem, deu
sinh tir quan he logic tat yeu ciia cac thudc tfnh su vat
Trong cdch dinh vi chii quan, "diem nhin" ciia ngudi quan sat giii vai trd chu dao dinh vi su vit "Diem nhin" phan anh nhiing dac diim tam If, van boa xa bdi vi tri nhan khdng gian ciia ngudi Viet Chang ban:
Trong each dinh vi su vat (me) din tai (2.a), quan he giiia VDV va VQC khdng xac lap tran co sd Idgfc ciia su vat ma xac lap theo nhan thiic ve vai trd ciia "nhd bep" tuong quan vdi vai trd ciia "nhd chinh" (nhd tren) theo quan niem cua ngudi Viet Quan he khdng gian giiia hai su vat gidi tir khdng gian dudi dam nhiem trong trudng hpp nay, khdng phan anh chieu cao/thdp nhu kia'u quan ha "Con meo nim dudi gim ban" ma phan anh quan niem truyen thdng vi vai trd, cbiic nang khac ciia su vat
(Dung nhu tha', each dinh vi su vat tai (2.d), gidi tir tren khdng phan anh quan he VDV (bat huong thd cung t6 tien) dat d tran VQC (bat huong thd cha me) nhu kia'u quan he "Lp hoa dat tren ban" ma d day, gidi tir tren bam chi vi tri tach biet cua bat huong to tian dat
b vi tri "cao hem" so vdi ciia bat huong thd cha me Cach dinh vi
(11)cdn the hien cai dao If tdn thd coi ngudn theo truyen thdng van hoi dan toe
(Zach dinh vi su vat tai (2.b) va (2.e) lian quan den "diem nhin*, nhan thiic cua ngudi Viet ve hudng vung dia If Trong lich sir md maif bd coi va lich sir hinh dan tdc, thuc t^ dia hinh Viat Nam cho thiy dia hinh "ddng ngodP' rdng hon dja hinh "ddng trong" Dd r6og nim va phfa Bic, dp hep nim ve phfa Nam Dieu kian dia binh d6di hinh nhin thiic cua ngudi Viet ve hudng dinh vi su vit tuong quan giira cac viing thudc cac mi^n Bic, Trung, Nam Cach ndi "Gia dinh bac An sdng phd HCM." cung nhr each ndi "Chi iy hien dang cdng tac ngodi Ha Ndi." ham in thdng tin v^ noi chdn md ngUdi ndi dang ton tgi Dxiu dd cd nghla: Tham ttf ""diem nhin" hai trudng hpp din la tham td ham in vi<c djnh vj su vat Chfnh day la dac dla'm riang cua each diing gidi tit khdng gian tieng Viat ma ngudi nude ngoai khd tiep thu Hai cau tr6n dich sang tieng Anh chi cd tha dimg mot gidi tir in ma thdi Cach diing gidi tir in tieng Anh da lam mit di mdt thdng tin rit thu vi oib nghla cua gidi tir khdng gian tieng Viet,
Quan he khdng gian giiia VDV va VQC each djnh vi suvit trong cau (2.d) va (2.e) ciing xuit phat tir "diem nhin" cua ngudi n6i Quan he khdng gian trudc/sau cua su vat dupe xac djnh theo hudng ciia gdc nhin (phia trudc hoac phia sau) va khoang each xa/gdn tir vit da'n vj tri cua ngudi ndi Su vat choan mdt khdng gian trudc mat vid tim nhin cua ngudi ndi la su vat Id ro thudc tinh cua nd Phin khong gian dd dupe ngudi Viet tri nhan la trudc Ngupc lai, phin khdng gian cua vat d xa tim nhin, khdng Id rd thudc tfnh (hinh dang, kfch thudc, tu the, ), tim nhin cua ngudi ndi bj che khuit thi dupe tri nhan la sau
Tom lai, each djnh vj su vat thong qua "diem nhin" cua nguM ndi la cdch dinh vi chii quan Trong each djnh vj nay, "diem nhin'^ mot tham td ham an mang dac dia'm tam If, van boa, xa bdi cua ngui* Viet each tri nhan khdng gian
Ka't ciu dinh vj chu quan khac vdi ka't ciu djnh vj khach quan& chd: Ket cau dinh vi chu quan bi^u dat hai thdng tin: Mdt thdng tin hian ngdn, dd VDV dupe quy chi^u theo vat chuin va thdng tin
(12)khac - thdng tin ham ngdn - dd, VDV dupe quy chie'u theo diem nhin cua ngudi ndi, vi tri tdn tai ciia ngudi ndi Chfnh thdng tin ham ngdn phan anh dac diim tri nhan khdng gian ciia ngudi Viet gay khd khan Idn cho viae cbuyin dich k^t ciu dinh vi chu quan ciia tia'ng Viat sang bit cii mdt ngdn ngii nao khac, vi tran be mat ciu true cua ciu khdng phan anh dupe dac diim tri nhan khdng gian theo each dinh vi chii quan ciia ngudi Viat
Thift tudng viae day tieng Viat thuc hanh giao tia'p cho ngudi nude ngoai cin dac biat quan tam da'n vice khu biat ranh gidi giiia gidi
ta khdng gian vd tH chi hudng diing sau ddng tH van ddng nhiing
ciu true cu phap ddng dang va each xac dinh nghla dung ciia cac gidi tir khdng gian theo each tri nhan khdng gian ciia ngudi Viet
TAI LifiU THAM K H A O
V.M.Xonxev (1963), So sdnh gidi tic tieng Viet vdi gidi tit vd hgu
tri ta tieng Trung Qude, In "Tieng Trung Qude va
ngdn ngii cac nude Ddng Nam A", Matxccfva (ban tieng Nga) Phan Khdi (1955), Viet ngUnghien cOu, Ha Ndi
Nguyan Lai (1997), Mot vdi ddc diem cua nhdm ta chi hudng
dugc dang d dgng ddng ta tieng Viet hien dgi, T/c Ngdn
ngiisd3
Nguyan Lan (1956), NgUphdp Viet Nam, Idp 7, Ha Ndi
V.C Panfilov (1996), Modificarteur vd nhiing gidi ta - ddng ta
trong tieng Viet, In "Nhiing vin de ngO van cac nude A
-Phi", Matxeova