Cẩm nang hướng dẫn tự ôn và luyện thi Sinh học: Phần 1

Phần 1 tài liệu Cẩm nang tự ôn và luyện thi Sinh học trình bày tóm tắt lí thuyết, câu hỏi tự luận và trắc nghiệm, bài tập tự luận và trắc nghiệm phần Cơ chế di truyền bao gồm: Cơ chế di truyền ở cấp độ phân tử, cơ chế di truyền ở cấp độ tế bào. Mời các bạn cùng tham khảo.

Cty TNHH MTV DVVH Khang Vigt Ldl NOI DAU DC- C O t l i c d a l k c l q u a t o t t r o n g c a c k i t l i i T o t n g h i c p T H P T , t u y e n s i n l i v a o c a c Chu-orng C O cut t r U f l n g C a o d a n g D a i i i o c h o c s i n h c a n n a m dUOc c h u a n k i c n ihiYc, k l n a n g ci'ia chUOng trinh T H P T A C d CHE DI TRUYEN CAP DO PHAN TLf Cuthela: - F h a i nh('(, n a m v i l n g , h i c u r o c a c k i c n thtfc c(J b a n t r o n g c h i r r i n g t r i n h , s a c i i g i a o k h o a m o n S i n h h o c c a p T H P T , c h u y e u l a I d p 12 - P h a i bie't \&n d u n g c a c k i c n thifc d a h o c d e t r a D I TRUYjfeN I TOM T A T NOI DUNG T r i f d c t i c n , h p c s i n h c a n n h d r d i he tho'ng l a i t o a n b o cac k i e ' n ihtJc da du'dc cac c a u h o i , gitii bai lap, l i i m h p c t r o n g chiTimg t r i n h T H P T v c CO sd thiTc hanh v a iJng d u n g v a o thifc t i e n , d t l i s o n g - P h a i r e n luyC-n c a c l h a o t a c , tu' d u y : P l i a n t i c h diftfc c a c sU k i e n , d f f k i e n thCfa, thie'u h o a c d i i d e g i a i q u y e t d i M c c a c v a n d c c i i t h e X a c d i n h d i W c m o i q u a n h e giiTa c a c q u a t h o a dUOc nhiTng v a n d c r i e n g I c , c u t h e S u y l u a n tiT nhCtng k i e ' n thiVc d a c d e md C H A T va C d C H E D I T R U Y E N G e n la cd sd v a t c h a t di t r u y e n (If c a p p h a n tijT D t ) la m o t d o a n a x i l n u c l e i c ( A D N hotic A R N ) d i f d c c a n t a o lii4 loai nucleotit A , T , G , X C o m p l cht'fc n a n g d i t r u y e n nhii't d i n h n h i f m a h o a c h u o i p o l i p e p t i t , h o a c p h i i n t i f A R N , d i e u h o a h o a l d p n g c u a gen, r o n g k i c n thiJc, p h a t t r i e n n a n g liTc n h a n thiJc H i c n n a y , d e t h i t o t n g h i e p T H P T , t u y e n s i n h v a o c a c trufcing C a o d a n g , D a i h o c d C A P D O P H A N T O C t i t h e n h u ' sau: b o p h a n t r o n g t o a n t h e ; c u t h e h o a d m i c nhiTng v a n d e t r i f u t i f d n g ; n h a n b i e t v i i h i c u difrtc cac b o p h a n c a u t h a n h ; k e t hOp du'dc n h i c u y c u t o t h a n h m o t t d n g t h e h o a n c h i ' n h ; k h a i VAT ; ,, G e n c a u t r u e c vunj» t r i n h t\i n u c l e o t i t m o n S i n h h o c l a h i n h t h i f c t h i t r a c n g h i c m D o l a h i n h thiJc k i e m t r a , m a t r o n g d o d c V i i n g d i e u h o a n a m d d i i u ' c i i a m a c h m i i go'c m a n g t i n h i e u k h d i d p n g v i i k i e m I r a thirClng g o m n h i c u c a u h o i M o i c a u n c u r a m o t v a n d e c i i n g v d i n h i f n g t h o n g t i n k i e m soat p h i e n m a v u n g m i i hoa m a n g t h o n g t i n mix h o a cac a x i l a m i n , c the c a n t h i c ' t , s a o c h o t h i s i n h c h i p h a i t r a I d i v a n t a t d o i v d i iCmg c a u h o i D e l a m to't h i n h thiVc t h i t r a c n g h i e m , n g o a i v i c e o n t a p c k e ' h o a c h , c h u a n h i n o i d u n g k l t h i h o c s i n h c a n p h a i l a m q u c n v d i h i n h thiJc t h i n a y T u y n h i c n , k h o n g c a n p h a i l i e n l i i c ( d te b a o n h a n sd) h o a c k h o n g h e n l i i c , tti'c l i i x e n k e c a c d o a n m a hoa a x i l a m i n ( c x t ) n ) lit c i i c d o a n k h o n g m i i h o a a x i l a m i n ( i n t r o n ) ( d te' b i l o n h a n l a m t h a t n h i c u , c h i c a n l i i m q u e n v d i m o t so c a u h o i t h e o t i f n g n p i d u n g , ti^ng p h a n h o c i h i f c ) ; v i i n g k e t i h u c n a m d d a u 5' c i i a m a c h goc m a n g t i n h i e u ke'l t h i i c p h i e n m a nhif: C d c h c ' d i t r u y e n v i i bic'n d i , D i t r u y e n hoc q u d n t h e , D i I r u y e n hoc ngifdi, dc n a m du'dc e a c h r a d e t h i , kT t h u a t l i i m b i i i t h i trii'c n g h i c m Q u a n t r o n g nhii't l i t p h a i t r a n g b i k i e n t h i f c d i i y d u , h e t h o n g , p h a i r e n l u y e n t o t ctic t h a o t a c tu" d u y i h i n i d i c d t h e d a t kc't qua t o l cac k i t h i Vc ciiu h o i c d the chia loai; Ciiu hoi "thuoc b a i " v i i ciiu h o i " h i e u b a i " T r o n g c u o n sach c h i i n g t o i k h o n g de cap d e n cac c a u h o i " t h u p c b a i " , k h o n g p h a i v i c h i i n g k h o n g q u a n t r o n g , m a v i c h i i n g d i i difdc t r i n h bay d a y d u , r o r i i n g d S G K C h i i n g dung diidc b a i hpc V I d u : C h i i n g t o i k h o n g h o i : Phien m a la gi? T r i n h bay d i e n bien va kc't q u a c i i a q u a t r i n h p h i e n m i l n h u ' d S G K m a c h i i n g c h i d c r a c a c c i i u h o i b i i p c h p c s i n h n g u y c n l i e u , e n z i m x i i c t i i c ) p h i e n m i l b a t d a u v a c h i i ' m diJt d v i t r i n i i o t r e n k h u o n , c h i c u c u a m a c h k h u o n , c h i e u t d n g h d p v a n g u y c n t a c t d n g h d p H i c n t i f d n g x a y r a k h i kc't t h i i c p h i e n m a ? Q u a d d c h o bic'l c d c h e ' p h i e n m a l i i gi? m A R N difdc t a o t h i i n h sau p h i e n m a d dau V e b a i tiip cung c d the chia loai: B i i i tap t i f luan v i i b a i tap trac n g h i c m C h i i n g t o i c h u y n h i c u h d n d d i v d i b i i i t a p t i f l u a n V i t i f l u a n toi se trac n g h i c m t o t v a q u a t i f l u a n c d t h e r e n l u y e n t i f d u y t o t h d n , d a n h g i a du'dc d i i y d u h d n v e k e t q u i i h p c t a p c u a h p c s i n h K i n h m o n g cac thay giao, cac bac p h u h u y n h v i i cac e m hpc sinh d d n g g d p t h e m y k i e n d c c d the b d sung, h o i i n t h i e n d i i n c u d n sach niiy Tac gid b p ba m a h o a ( T r i p l e t ) bp m d dau lii A U G t i f d n g I'fng v d i m a hoa a x i l a m i n m d ( M e l i o n i n h a y f o o c m i n M e t i o n i n ) b p ba m a h o a c a c a x i t a m i n k h a c , va ba b p ba k e t t h i i c l i i U A A , U A G , U G A k h o n g m a hoa a x i l a m i n nao M i l d i t r u y e n c d a c d i e m : K h o n g go'i l e n n h a u , c l i n h p h d b i c ' n ( c h u n g cho l o a i ) l i n h d a c h i e u ( m o t b p ba c h i m a h o a a x i t a m i n ) v a l i n h I h o a i h o a (c6 mpi t h e n h i c u b p ba c i i n g m i i h o a m p l a x i l a m i n ) Mai d i I r u y e n t r o n g A D N du'dc p h i e n m a sang A R N ' ' ^ Phien ma S i f I r u y e n t h o n g t i n d i I r u y e n p h a n Ivi A D N mach kep sang p h a n tijf m a c h d d n ( m A R N , l A R N , r A R N ) la q u a t r i n h p h i e n m a ( h a y hdp te b a o n h i i n s d v a t e b a o n h a n thiTc k h a c n h a u d d i e m n a o ? 4^ = 64 c o d o n t r e n m A R N T r o n g co p h a i siV d u n g c a c t h a o t a c tu" d u y d c t i m h i e u c a c k i c n thuTc c u a b i i i p h i e n m i l nhu": T r o n g q u a t r i n h p h i e n nm c d su" t h a m g i a c u a c a c y e u t o n i l o ? V a i t r o c i i a m o i y c u t o d o ( k h u o n , hoa M a d i t r u y e n l i i m a b p b a , life la n u c l e o t i t dtJng h e n n h a u m a h o a m p l a x i l a m i n V i c6 n u c l e o t i t n e n c6 t o i c h i d e c a p c a u h o i " h i e u b i i i " tiJc l i i nhiTng c a u h o i g i t i p h o c p h a n t i c h , so s a n h , t d n g h d p , s u y l u a n d c c d t h e h i c u b a i m o t e a c h s a u sac TCf d o m d i d c t h u p c b a i m d i v i i v a n G e n c h i f a t h o n ^ t i n di t r u y e n diftJi h i n h thufc m a l i i qua trinh ARN long ARN) O te b a o n h a n i h i f c , p h i e n m a d i e n r a t r o n g n h i i n te b i i o , k i I r u n g g i a n g i i f a Ian p h a n biio, liic N S T d d a n g sdi m a n h Q u a t r i n h p h i e n ma h i n h thiinh m A R N d i e n b i e n n h U sau: Tru'dc l i e n , polimeraza nhan biet trinh hoa) de b a m vao l i f cac n u c l e o t i t dac b i e t t r e n A D N (lai viing ARN dieu v u n g d i e u h o a , l a m g e n t h a o x o S n d c Ip r a m a c h m a g d c chicu 3' -> 5' A R N polimeraza trifdl t r e n m a c h goc, x u c lac l o n g h d p cd mARN Cty TNHH MTV DVVH Khang Vigt Ca'm nang \\J 6n va luygn thi Sinh hgc - Phung Duy D6ng Iheo nguycn lac bo sung (A - U , G - X ) K h i gap tin hieu ke'l Ihi'ic (d vung kc't Dieu hoa boat dong ciia gen lai cac operon dien nhu' sau: K h i moi tru'dng thuc) till dtrng phicn ma, A R N du'Oc giai phong Viing nao phien ma xong thi hai noi bao khong c6 chat cam u'ng, gen dieu hoa tdng hdp chat ifc che', gan vao mach ddn cua gen dong xoan viing van hanh (O) ngiin can phien ma cua nhom gen ca'u true (operon d trang O te bao nhan scf m A R N dtfrtc diing de dich ma d te' bao nhiin Ihifc thai vie che) K h i m o i tru'dng ndi bao c6 chat cam u'ng thi chat cam u'ng lien ke'l thi dirdc cat bo intron noi cac cxon lai m A R N iriidng lhanh, m(1i diing de vdi chat (ic che' lam cho no khdng the lien ke'l difdc v d i viing van hiinh, nhom djch ma gen ca'u true chuyen sang Irang thai hoat ddng, qua trinh phien ma, dich ma xay Djch ma Sil" bieu hien kieu hinh ciia gen La giai doan ke tiep sau phien ma, truyen thong tin di truyen ttf m A R N (Ban ma sao) sang chuoi polipeptit Tij" quy dinh cac tinh Irang Qua tnnh dich md fidin iiiai doan: a) Hoat hoa axit amin Trong to bao chat, nhd cac enzim dac tru'ng va nang lu'dng A T P , mdi axit amin du'dc hoat hoa va gan vdi l A R N lu'dng iJug lao nen phi'fc he aa - l A R N Thdng tin di truyen chi'fa gen du'dc bic'u hien lhanh tinh trang cua cd the thong qua c(< che phien ma tif gen sang m A R N rdi dich ma tCr m A R N sang protein va lif protein bieu hien lhanh tinh trang M d i te bao deu chii'a day dii loan bd cac gen quy dinh ca'u triic tat ca cac loai protein cua cd the Nhifng qua trinh phat trien ca the, tifng te'bao liYng loai mo, tijy lifng giai doan phat trien ma chi mdt so' gen boat b) Toiig lufp chuoi polipeptit ddng, life la te'bao chi long hdp loai prdtcin can ihic't vao liic can thiet thdng qua M o i riboxom gdm lieu phan, binh Ihu'dng nam Uich nhau, k h i c6 mat m A R N cd che dieu hoa hoat ddng gen chung lien ke'l v('Ji m A R N l a i codon m dau Tren r i b o x o m c6 v i I r i la P (peplil) va A (amin) M o i v i I r i tiTdng tfng vdti mot bo ba N h d r i b o x o m giiJ vai tro nhu" mot khung del giiJa m A R N v d i aa.lARN va giffa codon - anticodon N h d CO bo ba doi ma (anticodon) ma aa - l A R N c6 the nhan bie't codon lu'dng iJng mang axit amin den diing v i tri va khdp bd sung vdi codon lu'dng iJng tren mARN Dau tien l A R N mang axit amin met dau la M e t i o n i n ( d te' bao nhan sd la foocmin M e t i o n i n ) den dung vi tri cua codon m d dau Tiep theo l A R N mang axil amin thu' nhat (aai - t A R N ) den v i i r i codon thiJ nhat L i e n ke'l peplil giffa M e t i o n i n va a x i l ihii' nhat du'dc lao lhanh (nhd xiic lac ciia enzim), l A R N rdi khoi ribdxdm Sau r i b o x o m bat dau chuyen dich tijfng na'c, m d i nac u'ng vdi mot codon va qua trinh dich ma lai xay lu'dng liT K h i gap codon ke'l thuc thi diifng Sif bieu hien kieu hinh ciia gen chiu sir tifdng lac giiTa cac gen, lu'dng tac giu'a kieu gen v d i mdi tru'dng va phu thudc vao v i tri ciia gen nam tren NST thu'dng hay NST gidi tinh, nam nhan hay ngoiii nhan vao sir phan l i ciia gen (phan l i ddc lap, phan li cung nhau) vao sir lien ke'l cua cac gen (lien ke'l hoan loan, lien ket khdng hoan loan) , , ' Tinh cha't ciia gen ^ V) CO can tao da phan nen: - Gen cd tinh da dang va tinh dac thii, lhanh phan, so' lu'dng, trat lir xap xe'p ciic bo ba gen quy dinh - Gen cd kha nang dot bien va di truyen cac ddl bie'n cho the' he sau - Gen cd khii nang tai ban (qua sir nhan ddi ciia A D N ) cd kha nang phan l i phien ma R i b o x o m tach khdi m A R N , chudi polipeptit du'dc giai phong, axit va i d hdp (qua sir phan li va i d hdp ciia NST) qua truyen thdng tin d i truyen amin m d dau du'dc cat bd, chudi polipeptit tiep tuc hinh lhanh cac cii'u true bac cho cac the he sau cao hdn, Ird lhanh protein hoan chinh Q u a trinh nhan ddi ciia A D N Tren m d i phan tu" m A R N thu'dng c6 mot so'ribdxdm hoiit ddng (poHribdxdm) Nhtf vay, m d i phan tii' m A R N cd the long hdp liT mdt de'n nhieu chudi polipeptit cung loai Sau k h i tdng hdp, m A R N du'dc enzim phan giai, ribdxdm du'dc sij" Dien tru'dc te'bao bu'dc vao giai doan phan chia + O sinh vat nhan sd: Nhd enzim thao xoan (Helicaza), hai mach dcfn ciia phan li? A D N dirdc tach dung qua vai the'he te'bao tao lhanh chac chCr Y (ddn v i lai biin) M d i mach ciia A D N deu dirdc lam D i e u hoa boat dong cua gen khudn de long hdp mach A D N mdi V i mach 3' La dieu hoa lu'dng san pham cua gen du'dc lao sinh vat phan sd, dieu hoa hoat dong cua gen chu ye'u dien d giai doan phien ma cac opcron thao xoan (T 5' phat trien ihuan vdi chieu ' ) nen mach mdi tdng hdp tren mach khudn 3' hdp lien tuc theo chieu 5' 5' du'dc tdng 3' tao lhanh phan luT A D N cd mach chieu sinh vat nhan thifc, dieu hoa hoat dong cua gen dien qua nhieu giai doan nhU: ngirdc Con mach mdi long hdp tren mach khudn 5' —)• 3' phai tdng hdp NST thao xoan, dieu hoa phien ma va sau phien ma, dieu hoa dich ma va sau tirng doan ngan (doan Okazaki) ( v i ngu'dc vdi chieu phat trien ciia chac Y ) Sau dich ma Cty TMHH lyJTV D W H Khang Vi^t d m nang tij fin va luyjn thi Sinh hpc - Phung Duy Odng HU('/ng ddn ciic doan diroc no'i lai vcfi (nhcJ ezim no'i ligaza) mdi tao phan tu' ADN hoan chinh Trong qua trinh nhan doi ADN c6 nhieu cnzim lham gia, enzim chinh la ADN polimeraza, lam nhicm vu xiic tac siTkien ket gii?a cac nucleotit tiT vdi cac nucleotit ciia mach khuoii iheo nguyen tiic bd sung (A - T, G - X) Cudi ciing tuf phan lif ADN sau nhan doi tao phan tur A D N gio'ng het ADN ban dau Trong moi phan tuf ADN du^dc tao thi mot mach la mdi dm^c long help mach la cua ADN ban dau (nguycn tac ban bao ton) Nhu'vay, qua trinh nhan doi ADN da dien Ihco nguyen tac bd sung va ban bao ton vdi sir xiic lac cua cac enzim dac tru'ng, nhd da tao ADN gidng het ADN me, bao dam cho siTdi truyen cac gen qua cac he Ic bao mot each chinh xac + O sinh vat nhan thi/c: ' Vi CO nhieu nhan lu" ADN kich thu'dc Idn nen su" nhan doi A D N x;iy lai nhieu diem mdi phan lit ADN tao nhieu ddn vj lai ban (nhan doi) va du'dc nhan doi ddng thdi II C A UH O IT U L U A N Ve cdu hoi tu luan chuiii^ toi chia lout: Cau hoi phan tich bai hpc tiTng phan, tiTng y mot each he thong dc hoc, de hieu va de nhd (cau 10, 11,12, 13, 14, 15,16) Cau hoi ren luyen cac thao tac tu'duy de giiip cac em biet phat trien va van Ta't cii cac cau trcn chi diing nhiirng dieu kien nha't dinh Vi gen cd cau true mach ddn (mpl sd chiing virut) mach thang, mach vdng Khdng phai gen nao Cling mang Ihdng tin ma hda mot san pham xac dinh, khdng phai mpi gen deu cd chifc nang di truyen, cd gen gay chet, gen bat hoal, - Cd the Ira Idi nhu" sau: Gen la cd sd vat cha't di truyen d cap dp phan tii" Dd la mot doan axil nucleic cd mpl cMc nang di truyen nha't dinh, hoac bift hoal, gay chet, Cau 2: Cau tao, chiJc nang, tinh chat ciia gen? Giai ihich vi gen cd nhffng tinh chaldd HUoiigddit - Gen cd nhieu loai, mdi loai cd cau tao va cMc nang khac SGK chi trinh bay cau true chung ciia gen cau Iriic - Gen cd linh da dang, tinh dac thii (do cd cau tao da phan), cd kha nang tai biin (VI gen la mot doan ciia ADN, nen ADN lai ban gen cijng du'dc lai ban) cd kha niing phan li vii id hdp (vi gen chiJa nhiem sac the, ti the, lap the nen chiing phan li va to hPp se dan den sifphan l i va id hdp cua gen) Gen cd khii nang dpthien sifket cap khdng dung nhan doi hoac tac nhan dot bien Cau 3: Qua trinh nhan doi ciia ADN xiiy li'ic nao? Cd siT lham gia ciia cac yeu id' nao? Vai trd ciia cac yeu id' dd? Qua trinh nhan doi ciia ADN dien theo nguyen tac nao? Cd y nghia gi? Chieu thao xoan, chieu long hdp? dung kien thitc (cac cau lai 1, 2, 3, 17 ^ 38) Cau 1: Gen la gi? Co cac each trii Idi sau: A Gen la mot doan ciia phan tii' ADN, mang thong tin ma hda mot chuoi polipeptit hay mpl phan lu" ARN B Gen la mot doan cua phan tu* ADN mang thong tin ma hda cho mpl san pham Xiic dinh C Theo nghia rpng, gen la mpl doan phan ti'r axil nucleic mang thong tin quy dinh cau true ciia mpl chudi polipeptit, lARN, mARN hoae lam nhicm vu dieu hda, khdi ddng D Gen la vat chat di truyen d cap dp phan tij" E Gen la mot doan phan tii' axil nucleic, du'dc cau tao tij" cac ddn phan nucleotit (A, T, G, X) G Gen la mot doan ciia phan tu" ADN cd chtfc nang di truyen nhat dinh Hay danh gia (dung luyct doi, dung tUdng doi, sai, Ihieu chinh xac, chifa dii, ) va du"a y kien ciia minh Dung tu-png doi la dung mot dieu kien nhat dinh V i du: Nu'dc sdi d 1(X)"C chi diing tu'dng doi (dung vdi dieu kien nhiet dp va ap suat binh thirdng) HUdiig ddn - Qua Irmh nhan doi ciia ADN xiiy d ki trung gian tru'dc le bao bu'dc vao giai doan phan chia te bao - Ccic yen i d lham gia: mach ddn ciia gen (liim khudn); cac nucleotit tif (nguyen lieu de idng hPp mach mdi); enzim xiic lac: hclicaza (lach mach ddn); ADN polimeraza (xiic lac si; lien ket giffa cac nucleotit tiT vdi cac nucleotit ciia mach khudn); ligaza (ndi Ccic doan dkazaki vdi nhau) - Nguyen tac: Nguyen lac bd sung (A - T, G - X) vii nguyen lac ban biio Ion (giu" lai mot mach) - Chieu lhao xoan: Ngu'dc vdi chieu xoan ciia phan lu" ADN (lir phiii sang trai) - Chieu tdng hdp: Ngu'dc vdi chieu ciia mdi mach khudn - Y ngliTa: Tao dieu kien cho nhidm sac the nhan doi, Ic' bao phan chia va suf truyen each chinh xac cac gen qua cac the'he ADN, the'he tc bao Cau 4: Hay giai thich vi tren true chi? Y chi cd mot mach ciia phan tuf ciia ADN du'dc tdng hdp lien tuc, mach lai difdc tdng hdp mot each gian doan Co mot sd each gicii Ihich nhUsau: a) V i ADN polimeraza chi long hdp mach mdi theo chieu 3' —> 3' ' h) VI ADN polimeraza chi cd the bd sung nucleotit vao nhdm 3' - OH • • , • • Cty TIMHH MTV DVVH Khang Vigt c) V i A D N polimcraza khdi dau can c6 nhom 3'- O H d dau mach khuon Thco c m tra Uli nhifcac each trcn c(3 dung khong? V I sao? Hay giai thich theo Ne'u V I A D N polimcraza chi long hdp mach m d i theo chieu 5' —> 3' i h i se Ne'u V I A D N polimcraza chi c6 the bo sung nucleotit vao nhom 3' - O H thi khong giiii thich difdc gi vl mach niio cung c6 nhom 3' - O H Neu V I A D N polimcraza khdi dau can c6 nhom 3' - O H nhu'ng thao xoan ba gen khong go'i Icn mdi co the quy dinh Irinh tif sitp xep cac axit protein Tir dac tinh phd bie'n cua ma di Iruyen co the giai thich nguon goc thong nhcft cua sinh gidi cf miJc phan luT va so loai axit amin cua moi loai dcu nho hPn 64 C a u 7: V i A D N co kha nang tai ban va lai ban m p l each chinh xac HU(fngddn bat dau ttjf dau 5' ciia mach ma goc thi sao? Co dung nvtii khong? Do nguyen - nhan chii yeu la each thao xoan Co the gicii thich nf^uyen nhcin cua sUtdn^ hcfp ngdt qudng Tijf ccic dac diem ciia ma di Iruyen co ine suy ra: T r i n h tu" siip xep cac bp amin chuoi polipeplit TiT m6i co the co tinh dac tru'ng ciia A D N , ciia khong dung thao xoan liTdau 5' ciia mach ma goc - Neu so loai axit amin bang hoac Idn hPn so bp ba ma hoa thi dieu co the xay - HU(htg dan - Tai co the xay hien tu'png nhieu bp ba ciing msi hoa m p l a x i l amin? khong? suy nghi cua c m - - nhusau: Do thao xoan bat d;ui tu" dau 3' ciia mach ma goc vii phia ngu'cfc v d i chieu xoan ciia phan tii" A D N nen mach A D N mdi, long hcfp til' khuon la mach ma goc (3' - > 5') se phat trien thuan vdi chieu phat trien ciia chac chu" Y nen du'c.^c long help lien luc mach A D N mc'Ji, long hcfp tu" khuon la mach bo sung v6i mach ma goc ( ' ^ 3") phiii du'cfc long hdp tifng doan ngSn ngi/cfc vdi chieu phat trien cua chac chi? Y Nhu" vay mc'-fi lao phan tu" A D N mcfi co mach ngu'dc chieu Gia sit thao xoan bat dau cuoi mach ma goc i h i ke't qua se ngu'cfc l a i , nghla la mach A D N dMc long hdp lit mach ma goc 3' - > 5' phai bi long hdp ngat quang Do nguyen nhan la each thao xoitn va dac diem cau lao cua phan lii' A D N la CO mach ngu'dc chieu V i A D N CO cau true mach kcp lien ket giifa cac nucicotit Iren hai mach dcfn la lien kc'l hidro (lien ket yeu) Cac nucleotit giiJa hai mach ddn lien ket vdi theo nguyen lac bo sung Qua trinh lai ban dicn theo nguyen lac bd sung va ban bao ton C a u 8: l i n g \6\l amin m d dau la M e l i o n i n co may bp ba ma hoa? Co each trii Idi sau: • > a) Co bp ba ma hoa , b) Co bp ba ma hoa •l • Hay cho bie'l cau tra Idi nao dting? Hiidng - dan Ne'u noi M e l i o n i n co bp ba mii hoa co nghia la 64 bp ba ma hoa thi M e l i o n i n chi co bp ba ma hoa (trong 20 loai axit amin chi co loai la M e l i o n i n va Triptophan chi co mot bp ba ma hoa, lai deu co hoac nhieu bp ba ma hoa, nhieu nha't la A e g i m i n co den bp ba ma hoa) C a u 5: V I ma di Iruyen la ma bo ba Ne'u phan tii' A D N c(3 cho hoac loai nucleotit thi c6 the mii hoa du'dc bao nhieu loai axit amin? Hid'fng dan V i CO loai nucleotit ( A , T, G, X ) neu ma hoa bo mot se lao du'cfc 4' = to hcfp, neu ma hoa bo hai se lao lhanh ' = 16 to hdp khong dii de ma hoa 20 lo;ii axit amin - Neu noi M e l i o n i n co bp ba ma hoa co nghla la iJng vdi M e l i o n i n Ihi co bp ma nam trcn phan tiV: T A X nam tren A D N , A U G nam Iren m A R N va U A X nam tren l A R N N o i each khac la: M e l i o n i n co bp ba ma goc (Triplet) la T A X , bp ba ma (codon) la A U G va bp ba doi ma (anticodon) la U A X • Noi chinh xac thi A irii Idi dung hPn B v i T A X , A U G , U A X deu la m p l 64 bp ba ma hoa Ma hoa bo ba se du'Pc ' = 64 to hdp ihijfa de ma hoa 20 loai a x i l amin khong C a u 9: Nguyen lac ccJ c h e n h a n doi A D N la gi? can phai ma hoa bo bon HiiAng dan Neu phan tir c6 loai nucleotit thi se lao diTdc 3^ = 27 bo ba ma hoa Neu CO loai nucleotit se lao diidc 2" = bp ba ma hoa ThiTc te cung co the xay d ciic doan gen, cac doan m A R N , t A R N , r A R N chi co hoac loai nucleotit - A D N CO khii niing nhan doi de lao phan tu" A D N gidng va gio'ng vdti A D N mc - Qua irinh nhan doi A D N d te bao sinh vat nhan sP, sinh vat nhan thifc va C a u 6: T i f ciic dac d i e m cua mii di truycn co the suy dieu gi? V i ma di A D N ciia virul (dang sPi kcp) dcu thco nguyen utc bd sung va ban bao ton Iruyen co cac diem do? C a u 10: Phicn mii lii gi? D i c n d dau? Co nhiJng yeu i d niio tham gia? ChiJc HU('fng dan - chuoi polipeplit se nhu" the" nao?) niing ciia cac yeu i d do? H i c n lu'png gi xiiy k c l ihiic phicn mii? Neu ma di iruyen goi len thi se dan den ket qua gi? (Cac axit amin Neu ma di truyen khong cx) tinh dac hicu thi co can den ma bp ba khong? HUifng dan + ' Phicn mii lii sif idng hpp A R N sinh vat nhan thifc, qua trinh long hpp mARN dicn nhan tc biio, cf ki U-ung gian, liic nhicm sac the cf dang dan xoan Ca'm nang ti; fin va luy§n thi S i n h hgc - Phung Duy D6ng + vao Cty TMHH MTV DVVH Khang VIM Cat- yen lo' tham gia: Mach - Enzim A R N polimcraza xiic tac qua trinh long hctp bang each: Bam VLing dieu hoa lam gen lhao xoiin, tri/dt doc iheo mach ma goc lit diem khdi ma goc C a u 13: CJ giai doan keo dai chuoi polipeplit da xay nhSng hien lu'dng gi? HU('iiigddn i: i ^ - 3' -> 5' ciia gen lam khuon dau den diem k e l ihiic cua mach ma goc theo chicu ' - > ' de long hrip nen m A R N Iheo nguyen lac bo sung (A - U , G - X ) iheo chieu ' + 3' Sau phien ma: - Dau lien: - Anlicodon ciia phi'fc hdp aai - l A R N khdp bd sung vdi codon Ihir nha'l - Enzim xiic Uic lien k e l peptil giCa a x i l amin ihuf nha't (aai) vdi axit amin m d dau ( M e l i o n i n ) - l A R N (da tiich khdi axit amin mi^ dau) rdi khoi riboxom r Phan lii" m A R N du'dc giai phong, gen dong xoan, m A R N le'bao chal Sau do: riboxom chuyen dich lij'ng nac, moi nac iJng vdi mot codon va qua de l a m khuon dich ma (d le bao nhan s d ) hoac cal bo cac intron, no'i cac trinh dich ma lai xiiy Wcing ur tren (Anlicodon ciia phiJc hdp aa - l A R N khdp exon lai Ihiinh m A R N Iru'dng lhanh m d i roi mdi te bao chat lam khuon djch bd sung vdi codon liA^ng irtig, enzim xiic lac lien kel peptil, l A R N rdi khdi riboxom) nifi (te b a o nhan Ihi/c) C a u 14: (5 giai doan k e l thiic da xay nhifng hien Wdng gi? C a u 11: O giai doan hoat hoa qua trinh dich ma da xay nhiJng hicn Milng nao? Co nhCfng yeu to nao tham gia? V a i tro ciia cac yeu to do? San pham ciia giai doan la gi? Hiidng + ddn Co hicn tu'c^ng xay la: J - Float hoa axil amin - L i e n ket giiJa t A R N vc'li axit amin tU'dng iJng da difdc hoat hoa tao Yeu lo' tham gia: - A T P cung cap niing lifcfng de hoat hoa axil amin va lien ket vdi l A R N - Cac enzim tham gia gdm: Enzim xuc lac lien kel giiJa l A R N vCl\t amin tiTdng iJng da du'dc hoat hoa de tao lhanh phiJc he aa - l A R N San pham ciia giai doan la cac axil amin da dUdc hoat hoa va phiJc he aa - l A R N C a u 12: O giai doan m d dau long hdp chuoi polipeplit da xay nhiJng hien lu'dng nao? HUdng ddn Cf giai doan mc'^ dau c6 hien tifdng xay ra: - T i e u phan be cua riboxom nhan biel va lien k e l vdi m A R N d vi i r i dac hieu, gdm codon m& dau - Anlicodon ciia phitc hdp Met - l A R N khdp bd sung vdi eodon m d dau - Tieu phan Idn ciia riboxom kel hdp tao riboxom hoiln chinh, s;Tn sang long hdp chuoi polipeplit (Theo SGK Sinh hoc Idp - Chu'dng trinh chuan) (Thirc riboxom g a n vdi codon m d dau vii bat dau dich ma lai v i tri P rdi dich ma lai v i tri A tren riboxom, lien kel peptil giiJa a x i l amin du'dc lhanh lap, l A R N (da Uich khoi a x i l amin ml^ dau) rdi khcM ribom ihi riboxom mdi chuyen sang codon liep Iheo de liep Uic dich ma) 10 - Qua trinh djch ma diJng lai riboxom liep xiic vdi ma ket thuc - A x i t amin m d dau du'dc cat khdi chuoi polipeplit (nhd enzim dac hieu) - Chuoi polipeplit hinh lhanh cac cau trilc bac cao hdn Ird lhanh protein C a u 15: Poliriboxom du'dc hinh lhanh nhu'the nao? Y nghia ciia no? - ? RiboxOm ihi? nhal chuyen dich du'dc - I O O A " thi r i b o x o m IhiJ hai gan vao m A R N , liep theo la riboxom ihir , thi? 4, (thifdng cd l i i - riboxom) Enzim xuc lac lien k e l giffa axit amin vdi A T P de lhanh axit amin hoat dong + :( hoiin chinh lhanh phiVc he aa - l A R N + Huong ddn chiing tao lhanh mot nhom riboxom ciing tham gia dich ma trcn mdt phan lit m A R N - Y nghia: Tong hdp lien liep du'dc nhieu phan lii' protein cijng loai, lam tang hieu sua't long hdp Gin chil: De de nhd cac em nen chia nhu' sau: Riboxom giin vao m A R N lai codon m d da xay nhiJng sir kien gi? Da xiiy su' kien: - Dich ma axil amin md dau va axil amin ihii' nhal (^(tog ling vdi vi \xi P v;i A) - Enzim xuc uic hinh lhanh lien ket peptil giffa a x i l amin - l A R N (da tach khdi aa m d dau) rdi khdi riboxom Riboxom chuyen dich lifng nac, codon de liep tuc dich ma lu'dng tif Iren Riboxom gap ma kel thiic thi difng dich ma, axit amin m d dau bi ciil bd va chuoi polipeplit hinh lhanh cac ca'u Iriic bac cao hdn C a u 16: Qua Irinh djch ma xay d dau, liic nao, c6 nhifng yeu to" nao tham gia, vai Ird ciia mdi yen to? San phifm hinh lhanh? Y nghia ciia qua trinh dich ma? HUdng ddn - Xay t e b a o chat, lai cac riboxom, sau phien ma, liic c6 mat m A R N - Ciic yeu td^ tham gia: + m A R N : Lam khuon long hdp protcm + Nguyen lieu: Ciic axit amin ur + A T P : Cung cap nang iifdng i, • ' ' • „ , 1 Ca'm nang tu an va luygn thi Sinh hgc - Phung Duy B6ng + Cty TNHH MTV DVVH Khang Vigt C a c c n z i m l h a m g i a e n z i m : x i i c Uic l a o l h a n h phiJc h d p aa - lARN; V e c a l l t a o : c n z i m x i l c Uic l i e n k e l giffa a x i l a m i n vCl'i A T P c n z i m x i i c t a c l a o l h a n h l i e n k e t p e p l i l ; e n z i m x i i c l a c q u a I r i n h c a t b o a x i l a m i n md d a u k h o i c h u o i p o l i p c p l i l + lam R i b o x o m : C a n v d i m A R N l a i v i t r i dac h i e u d e l A R N b a t d a u d i c h m a ; khung d d m A R N + + P o l i r i b o x o m : T a n g h i e u suat l o n g hcfp p r o t e i n + l A R N : m a n g a x i l a m i n d e n r i b o x o m v a tie'n h ; m h d i c h m a ( a n t i c o d o n - T h a n h p h a n , s d l i f t i n g v a I r i n h l i f sap x e p c a c n u c l c o l i l k h a c n h a u da t a o - C a n true k h o n g g i a n ciia g e n c i i n g khac n h a u n e n c u n g l a o r a n h i e u l o a i g e n Hitc'fng dan G e n m a n g t h o n g t i n c a u triic p r o t e i n ( t h o n g t i n d i I r u y e n ) T h o n g t i n d i I r u y e n dift.lc m a h o a t r o n g g e n b i i n g m a h o a b o ba M a d i I r u y e n t r o n g g e n dUdc p h i e n m a sang m A R N i h e o n g u y e n ta'c b d sung D o d o l h a n h p h a n , so lu'dng va t r a l l i r sap x e p cac b o ba m a h o a t r o n g g e n ( t r i p l e t ) q u y d i n h l h a n h p h a n , so k r o n g va Irat lu" sap x e p cac c o d o n t r o n g m A R N K e t i e p sau q u a t r i n h p h i e n m a la q u a I r i n h d i c h m a v a m i i d i I r u y e n t r o n g m A R N du'dc d i c h l h a n h p h a n , so lUcing v a trat t i f sap x e p c a c a x i t a m i n t r o n g c h u o i p o l i p e p t i l D o d o siT g i f i i m a m A R N c h i n h la g i a i m a g e n Nhu" v a y m d i l i e n q u a n g i i f a g e n vc'Ji q u a t r i n h p h i e n m a , d i c h m a c h i n h la m d i l i e n q u a n giiJa - p r o t e i n m a b a n chat l a : T h a n h p h a n , so iu'dng, t r i n h t i f sap x e p sinh v a t n h a n Ihifc (eo cii'u true x o a n k e p ) , g e n I r o n g n h a n ( t r e n N S T ) , g e n n g o a i n h a n ( t r o n g l a p thc\i thc\, ecH-a'u t r i k m a c h x o a n k e p , t h a n g hocic v o n g V e chufc n a n g : C a u 17: M o ' i l i e n q u a n g i i f a g e n v('1i q u a I r i n h p h i e n m a , d i c h m a gen - m A R N ' khac n h a u : nhu" g e n m o t s d c h i i n g v i r u l ( g i d n g ca'u true A R N ) , g e n Y nghTa: M a d i I r u y e n diftjc dich lhanh trinh tiTcac a x i l a m i n m a c h p o l i p e p t i l - ' ' n u c l e o l i l d a c iru'ng khc'lp b d sung \xfi c o d o n l i f t i n g vCng) S a n p h a m la m a c h p o l i p e p t i l - C o g e n phan m a n h , g e n khong phan miinh v so' l o a i g e n M d i l o a i g e n c l h a n h p h a n , sd^ lu'dng v a t r i n h tu" sa'p x e p cac Phtfc help aa - l A R N v a k h u n g dO c o d o n - a n t i c o d o n ; c h u y e n d i c h I r e n m A R N de k e o dai dich ma - - - C o v s d l o a i p d t e i n n e n c v s d l o a i g e n c a u true k h a c n h a u - C o r a t n h i e u cMc n a n g d i I r u y e n k h a c n h a u n e n c u n g c o r a t n h i e u l o a i g e n k h a c n h a u nhu" g e n ca'u I r i l c ( t d n g help p r o t e i n , m A R N , l A R N , r A R N ) , g e n d i e u h o a , g e n k h d i d o n g , g e n t a n g ciTcIng, g e n bii'l h o a l , g e n g a y c h e l , g e n nhiiy, C a u 19: C a c p h a n tu" m A R N c g i g i d n g n h a u , v a k h a c n h a u ? T a i sao? 1 ^ / HUdngd&n - V e cii'u t r i i c : C a c p h a n tu" m A R N d e u g d m d i e m k h d i d a u , d o a n chiJa i h o n g t i n m a h o a a x i l a m i n v a d i e m k e t t h i j c d o q u a t r i n h p h i e n m a du'dc l i e n h a n h tir d i e m k h d i d a u v i i eha'm dift d d i e m k e t i h i i c ciia g e n Ci d a u ' d e u c o m d i I r i n h liT n u c l e o l i l d a c h i e u ( k h o n g dUcIc d i c h m a ) d e r i b o x o m n h a n b i e t v a ga'n v a o Cac m A R N d e u du'ilc ca'u l a o b d i cac r i b o n u c l e o t i l , du'cle p h i e n m a l i f cac n u c l e o l i l N h U n g d o l h a n h p h a n , s d lu'cing, t r a t tu" sap x e p c a c n u e l e o l i l c o ra't n h i e u each cac b o ba m a h o a t r o n g g e n q u y d i n h t h a n h p h a n , so' lu'dng v a t r i n h tif sap x e p k h a c n h a u , n e n c o r a t n h i e u l o a i g e n ca'u true l o n g help r a r a t n h i e u l o a i m A R N cac c o d o n t r o n g m A R N t i f d o q u y d j n h l h a n h p h a n , s d lu-dng v i l t r i n h tir sap x e p khac - cac a x i l a m i n t r o n g c h u o i p o l i p e p t i l V e ehii'c n a n g : M o i p h a n tu" m A R N d e u du'cle d u n g l a m k h u o n d e t d n g help pre')tein pre'nein ce'i n h i e u ehii'c n a n g nhu'ng khc^ng t h e ne)i m A R N ce) n h i e u C t i u 18: C o b a o n h i e u l o a i g e n ? C o cac e a c h Irii \^^\' : chiJc n a n g a) G e n c n h i e u l o a i n h u ' g e n c a u t r i i c , g e n d i e u hoa, cau b) s i n h v a t n h a n thufc V e chifc n a n g c g e n c a u Iriic, g e n d i e u hoa, g e n tang cu'dng, g e n ba't hoal, : So s i i n h q u a t r i n h n h a n d o i ciia A D N v a p h i e n m a t d n g help r a m A R N e^ ' , HUOngddn c) C o v s d l o a i g e n H a y p h a n t i c h x e m c a c each Ira Ifli t r e n da thoa m a n v d i y e u c a u ciia c a u h o i k h o n g ? C o t h e Ira I d i n h i f the n i i o c h o d a y d i i , c h i n h x a c HU(hig - dan T h e o e a c h c ) life la c a n cu" v a o ca'u t a o da p h a n ciia g e n d e suy l i n h da dang ciia g e n - T h e o a ) v a b ) li'rc la c a n cir v a o chi?c n a n g d e k e v a i l o a i g e n C o t h e tra Uii c a n h o i t r e n n h i f sau: 12 , , ^ G i o n g n h a u : ; - D i e u x a y d k i trung gian - C h i e u t d n g help d e u ngifelc c h i c u ve'li c h i e u m a c h k h u o n - D e u l i e n k e l c a c n u c l e o l i l t r o n g mc)i triTdng diTa t r e n c a c n u c l e o l i l t r o n g m a c h khu(')n t h e o n g u y e n l a c b d sung - N g u y e n l i e u d e u l a cac n u c l e o l i l t i f d o - D e u p h a i C O e n z i m d a c Iru'ng x i i c l a c - ijv J , ' Ca'm nang tu fin v4 luy^n thi Sinh hoc - Phung Duy Ddng Cty TNHH MTV DVVH Khang Vi§t Khac nhaii; Hoc sinh tuphdt trien kien thi'fc theo f^(/i v sau: - V c nguycn lieu siV dung khac nhu" the' nao? - V c e n / i m xiic tac khac the'nao? - V e nguyen tac bd sung C O khac khong? - V e c(l che khac nhu" the niio? - V e ket qua c6 gi khac nhau? - m A R N difdc diing lam khuon tdng hdp protein nen c6 cii'u tao mach thang, C O v i tri dac hieu niim gan codon m d dau de r i b o x o m nhan biet vil Hen ket vdi m A R N c6 bo ba m d diiu de t A R N nhan bic't va mang axit m d dau den dung " , f^'H:- vj trI Vil C O bo ba ket thuc de riboxom nhan biet va difng dich m i i - t A R N liim nhicm vu van chuyen axit amin den r i b o x o m vii lam nhiem vii dich mii nen mot dau ciia no c6 trinh lif nuclcotit dac hieu de axit amin tu'dng C a u 21: Hay giiii thich v i phu nff khong c6 rau d cam, khong c6 ria d mep, itng nhiln biet va lien ket vdi t A R N mot d;tu c6 bo ba doi mii (anticodon) de va dan ong hlc nho van khong c6 rau, ria nhu'ng den Irifdng lai c6 rau, t A R N nhiln biet va lien ket bd sung vdi codon tu'dng iJng ria (Can ci'r vao chifc nang cua gen, dicu hoa hoal dong gen de tra Icli) - C a u 22: V I noi: Giai mii m A R N cung chinh la giai ma A D N (Can ctJ" vao moi quan he giifa A D N - m A R N de trii Idi) r A R N lii thiinh phjln chii ye'u ca'u tao r i b d x d m nen chung c6 ca'u tao dac tru'ng thuan Idi cho vice lien ket vdi protein de tao r i b o x o m + V i giiJ ciic chu'c nang quan khac nen ddi song cua cac loai C a u 23: V i phan \6n sinh vat nhan thifc tao m A R N chu'a siJ'dung djch ma A R N Cling khac nhau: Sau tdng hdp xong protein, m A R N Ihu'dng du'dc cac difdc, m A R N du'Oc tao tif sinh vat nhan sd lai siJ dung dich ma enzim phan hiiy, t A R N vii cac r A R N difdc sufdung qua vai the he te bao du'Oc (Can ciV vao viing ma hoa ciia gen cau true de tra IfJi) C a u 28: Hay suy luan xem sif nhiin doi cua A D N c6 lien quan nhu' the' niio vdi C a u 24: Co phai tat ca moi gen deu chu'a day dii ca loai nuclcotit la A , T, G, X sV tcii ban ciia gen, v d i sir phan chia te bao, vdi dot bie'n gen, v d i dot bie'n nhiem khong? Gia su' gen chi c6 loai nucleolit ihi mii hoa du'c.^c may loai axit amin sac the? Giil sijfmARN chi c6 loai ribonuclcotil thi se ma hoa diTcfc bao nhieu loai axit amin, H If (fug dan - Sir nhan'ddi cua A D N dan de'n su" nhan ddi (tai ban) ciia gen, sir nhiin ddi ciia V i gen chi la doan ma cua phiin tii" axit nucleic nen c6 the khong c6 dij ca loai nuclcotit - HU(fngddn A D N tao d i c u kien cho nhiem sac the nhan doi, chuan bi cho su" phan bao Cac tac nhan dot bien tac dong viio qua trinh nhan doi cua A D N c6 the gay dot bie'n Ciin ci? viio cong ihiJc to hdp de tim c6 bao nhieu to hdp bo ba tijr loai nuclcotit, tir3 loai nuclcotit, tir4 loiii nuclcotit gen Dot bien ca'u triic nhicm siic the dan tdi thay ddi vj tri cua gen, mat can bang gen C a u 29: K h i tien hanh nhiin ddi A D N d'ng nghiem phuc vu cho nghien ciTu C a u 25: Hiiy giai thich tai m A R N thifdng bi cac enzim phan hiiy sau va iJng dung thirc tien ngu'di ta thay cd nhu'ng doan A D N ngiin khoang vai tram long hdp xong protein ( v i de khuon luon m d i , khong bi hif hong cap nuclcotit H i e n tu'dng niiy du'dc giai thich nhu? the nao? SIJT dung lau hay tac nhiin khac giiy ra) Hi((fng ddn C a u 26: V i gen khong diTdc su' dung liim khuon trifc tie'p tdng hdp protein? Do sir tdng hdp mach A D N Iren mach khuon 5' -> 3' xiiy ngat quang tao (vi thong tin di truyen ciTc k i quan trong, du'dc bao quiin to't NST, ti the, , cac dojin ngan, nhu'ng thic'u enzim nd^i ligaza nen cac doan ngan khdng du'dc du-dc gicr gin ciin thiin No la ban ma gdc c6 the dilng ban ma ( m A R N ) thay ndi lai v d i tao mot mach hoan chinh the Bcln cQng chi dirdc siV dung mot Ian, de diim bao ti'nh chinh xac cua Cfiu 30: N h d dau enzim A R N polimeraga c6 the thi/c hien cac chu'c nang cua no thong tin di truyen phien ma tdng hdp m A R N C a u 27: Co bao nhieu loai A R N Chung c6 gi gidng nhau, c6 gi khac nhau? T a i sao? Trong qua trinh phien mti, enzim m A R N polimeraza c6 cac chu'c nang sau: Hi((fng dan + HUifng ddn V I deu du'dc tdng hdp tuf mot niach cua gen nen cac loai A R N nhu' m A R N , - B a m vao viing dieu hoa liim gen thao xoan va bat dau phien ma A R N polimeraza t h i r c h i e n chu'c nang lit nhd viing dieu hoa cua gen ca'u true t A R N , r A R N deu c6 cii'u triic mach ddn, deu du'dc cau tao tif cac ribdnucledtil C O mot trat tir nuclcotit diic hieu goi la viing k h d i dong N h d trinh tir ma Thanh phan, so' krdng va trat tif sap xe'p cac ribonuclcdtit deu gen quy dinh enzim A R N polimeraza co the nhan bic't, bam vao va bat dau tdng hdp m A R N + Qua trinh tdng hdp cac loai A R N deu theo cd chc tu'dng t i / + Chudi ribonucleotit hinh xong se bien ddi ca'u hinh, hinh thiinh ca'u true dac tru'ng cua tiTng loai, phu hdp chifc nang cua m o i loai V i vay cau true cua chilng khiic tai diem khcfi dau - Tdng hdp phiin tuT m A R N : Sd d l A R N polimeraza thiTc hien chu'c nang la nhd nguyen tac bd sung - Dirng phien ma: N h d vijng ke't thiic cua gen mang tin hieu ke'l thiic dm nang lu 6n Cty TNHH MTV DWH Khang Vigt Iuy6n thi Sinh hpc - Phiing Duy Pgng C S u : N o i r a n g : p h i c n m a l i i q u a t n n h l o n g h d p m A R N d u n g h a y sai? ( d u n g t i e n h a n h tCr d i e m k h d i d a u v a c h a m d i ? l d d i e m k e l t h i i c c i i a g e n t r e n nhu'ng chu'a di'i v i p h i c n m a c o n t a o r a t A R N v a r A R N niJa) C a u : B o b a m i i h o a v a m a h o a b p ba c o gio'ng n h a u k h o n g ? T a i sao? B o b a m a h o a c h e n q u a n d e n t i n h da d a n g c i i a s i n h v a t k h o n g ? cho bicl diem kh(":fi dau, diem k c l t h i i c c o p h a i la m o t d i e m khong? C h u n g CO tu'(ing I'rng v d i m a mc'^ d a u va m a k c t t h i i c t r e n g e n k h o n g ? C h u n g n a m HUOngddn K h o n g gio'ng n h a u : - M a h o a b o b a l a e a c h m a h o a , c o n b o ba m a h o a la m o t t o hcfp cija e a c h m a h o a b o ba tii" nhfJug yc'u t o ' c h o bie't D i e m k h d i d a u k h o n g t i f d n g i f n g v d i m a nu'-f d a u v i i d i e m khcii d a u n a m d v u n g k h d i d p n g t r o n g v i m g d i e u h o a c i i a g e n D o l a m o t t r i n h tu" n u c l e o t i t d a c h i e u g i i i p en/.im A R N pohmera/.a V i d u : N e u eo n u c l c o t i t , se c 4^ = b o ba m a h o a , (tiJc l a t o h d p b p b a tiT l o a i n u c l e o t i t ) N e u c l o a i n u c l c o t i t t h i so' to' h d p b p b a (so' b p b a m a h o a ) se l a ' - (ixic la b p ba m a h o a ) , -'• Hay ADN" vi tri nao tren gen? HU(fng dan - CSu 35: S a c h i i i a o k h o a S i n h h o c I d p 12 ~ N a n g c a o c o g h i : " Q u a t r i n h p h i c n m a v i m g ma hoa ciia g e n - T h a n h p h a n , so' lu'dng v a t r a t t i f sap xe'p c i i a c a c b p b a m a h o a t r o n g p h a n n h a n bie't v i i h e n k e l d e k h d i d p n g q u a t r i n h p h i c n m a tii" d i e m k h d i d a u ciia g e n , c o n m a m d d a u n a m d v i t r i d a u l i e n t r o n g phicMi Diem k c l t h i i c c u n g k h o n g tifcing I'fng v d i m a ke't t h u c , v i n e u q u a t r i n h m a c h a m d i H d m a ke't t h u c t h i m A R N se k h o n g c o c o d o n ke't t h u c NhU' tu" A D N C O r a t n h i e u e a c h k h a c n h a u n e n da t a o v so' l o a i A D N k h a c n h a u v i i y d i e m k e t i h i i c p h a i la d i e m cud'i c u n g c i i a g e n D o l a c d s d p h a n tu" v e t i n h d a d a n g c u a s i n h g i d i C a u : S a c h g i a o k h o a S i n h h o c I d p 12 - N a n g c a o c h o bie't: " r i b o x o m l i e n k c t CAu 33: C h i c - 64 bp ba m a hoa, c6 b p ba k e t thuc k h o n g m a h o a a x i t a m i n n a o L a m c t h e m a h o a c h o v s o ' l o a i p r o t e i n c i i a tat ca m p i loai sinh vat v d i m A R N t a i c o d o n m d d a u va q u a I r i n h d i c h m a du'dc b a t d a u " S a c h g i a o k h o a S i n h h o c I d p 12 - C h u a n c h o bie't: " l i e u p h a n b e r i b o x o m g ^ n vdi m A R N d v i t r i dac hieu n;lm gan codon m d dau, t A R N m a n g M c l i o n i n b d sung c h i n h x a c v d i c o d o n m d d a u T i c u d d n v i I d n c i i a r i b o x o m Hiiiiiigddn 61 b p b a m a h o a m a h o a du'dc l o a i a x i t a m i n T a t ca c a c l o a i s i n h v a t k h o n g C O l o a i n a o c so' l o a i a x i t a m i n I d n h d n ( s u y r a tij" d i l c d i e m t i n h p h d NhU' v a y c u o n sach g i a o k h o a c o sir k h a c n h a u H a y p h a n l i c h n h i J n g k i e n IhiJc t r e n va c h o bie't y kie'n c i i a m i n h bie'n c u a m a d i t r u y e n ) Ta't ca cac s i n h v a t , p r o t e i n du'dc c a u t a o t i f l o a i a x i t a m i n V i d u , d ngiCdi c k h o a n g 0 0 g e n d a m a h o a c h o r a t n h i e u p h a n tu" p r o t e i n c u n g c h a n g d u n g hc't b p b a m a h o a - a x i t a m i n m d d a u m d i s;Tn sang l o n g h d p c h u o i p o l i p e p t i t , c u n g l a d i e u v l i v i nh\i v a y n g a y b a n d a u c h u o i p o l i p e p t i t da k h o n g c o a x i t a m i n m d d a u dan M a d i t r u y e n k h o n g g o i l e n n h a u n e n cac a x i t a m i n t r o n g c h u o i p o l i p e p t i t k h o n g g o i l e n n h a u G i a siir m a d i t r u y e n k h o n g c d a c d i e m n a y t h i d a n d e n ke't M a d i t r u y e n c o t i n h pho' b i e n c t h e s u y ta't c a cac l o a i p r o t i t c u a m p i l o a i s i n h v a t d e u c o c h u n g m o t m a d i t r u y e n v a suy r a n g u o n go'c t h o n g nha't c u a s i n h M a d i truyen co tinh thoai hoa, (co the co nhieu b p ba cung m a hoa m o t l o a i a x i t a m i n ) suy r a s o ' l o a i a x i t a m i n p h a i n h o h d n s o ' b p b a m a h o a - a m i n m d d a u chu" k h o n g p h a i " l a p n i p " x o n g a x i t a m i n m d d i l u m d i s n sang C f i u : T i r n h u ' n g h i e u bie't v e g e n t r o n g p h a n n i i y h a y g i i i i t h i c h c d che' d i t r u y e n d c a p d p p h a n tu' ( g e n , A D N ) ' ' '' M a d i t r u y e n eo t i n h dSc h i e u ( m o t b p b a m a h o a c h i m a h o a c h o m o t l o a i a x i t a m i n ) suy r a s o ' l o a i a x i t a m i n p h a i i t h d n h o a c b a n g so b p b a m a h o a , v a m a d i t r u y e n k h o n g the la m a h o a b p hai m d i c h u y e n d i c h sang c o d o n l i e p t h e o d c t A R N dich m a liep Nhu' vay, qua Irinh long hdp chuoi polipeptit bill dau lif axil t d n g h d p c h u o i p o l i p e p t i t nhu* S G K S i n h h p c I d p 12 c h u a n vie'l g i d i d c a p d p p h a n tu" - T h i r c r a , t r e n r i b o x o m c d v i t r i P ( p e p t i t ) v i i A ( a m i n ) A x i l a m i n m d d a u va a x i t thu^ nha't d e u du'dc " l a p r a p " t a i v i t r i P v a A n a m t r o n g r i b o x o m S a u k h i h i n h t h a n h l i e n ke't p e p t i t r i b o x o m q u a g i nffa - Hitdngddn ri n "3«: C&u 9: V i m g dieu hoa ciia gen cau Iriic c6 chiJc nang gi? i*;: cac nucleotit mach ddn (lien ke't phospho dieste) va lien ket hoa t r i giifa A ) Dieu hoa boat dong gen B ) K b d i dong boat dong gen dirdng d v i t r i C so'5 (5') v6[ a x i l photphoric moi nucleotit C) Khcli dong va kiem soat phien ma D ) Cham dut phien ma C a u 39: V i phan tuf A D N vCra vffng chac vira linh boat? C a u 10: V i i n g ma boa cua gen cau true c6 chiJc nang gi? Hitdng ddn A ) M a boa cac a x i l amin Phan tur A D N viTng chac la nhd lien ke't phospho dieste giiJa cac nucleotit la \ \i J " ' lien ke't rat vffng chac (nen k h i mach ddn tach ra, chuoi polinucleotit van C) M a n g thong tin ma boa cac axit amin ton tai) D) C a A , B v i i C L i e n ke't hidro ra't nhieu nhtfng ne'u vSng chac thi phan tu" A D N khong the * ' C a u 1 : V i i n g ke't thiic CO cbtJc nang gi? ( ' M duoi, xoan tach k h i can thiet (linh boat) M a t khac so' lu'dng lien ke't A ) Ket tbue phien ma B ) Ket tbiie dieb ma hidro rat Idn citng gop phan lam cho A D N vffng chac C ) M a n g tin bieu ket tbue phien ma D ) CbiJa ma ke't thuc ' • >, ' III CAU HOI TRAC NGHIEM CSu 12: D i e m k b d i dau cua gen nam dau? CSu : A D N ma cau true chi c6 mot mach gap dang sinh vat nao sau day: A)Tbeankhuan B ) Virut C ) V i khuan D ) Ca A va B C f i u 2: M o t so virut vat chat di truyen la A R N Sir t ^ i sinh cua A R N theo nguyen tac nao? i^ A ) Nhan doi A R N B ) Sao ma ngiTdc 18 ' B) d codon ibiJ nha't C) D i e m dau lien cua gen D ) (J viing k b d i dong CSu 13: D i e m ket tbue ciia gen nam d dau? C) d diem cudi cung cua gen f ' , i' < i A ) d ma md dau A ) d vimg ke't tbue K • *; B ) sinh vat nhan tbirc D ) virut ;v., / , , CSu 14: Gen phan manh c6 d sinh vat nao? C) Tong hdp A D N r o i tir long hdp A R N A ) sinh vat nhan sd B ) sinh vat nhan thirc D ) Bao loan C)6vikbuan D ) virut 19 Cam n a n g til fin vS luyen t h j _ ^ n h _ h Q C - Phiing Uiiy D n i i g Cty TIMHH MTV DVVH Khang ViSt C S u 15: Ma di iruyen la gi? A ) La bo ba ma hoa C S u 24: V i dau 5' c6 mot trinh tU nuclcotit dac hieu khong diTdc djch ma? B) La ma hoa bo ba A ) V i khong chufa thong tin di truyen C ) La thong tin di Iruyen du'dc ma hoa D) Ca A , B, C B) V i dich ma bat dau d codon md dau u'ng vdi bp ba dau tien viing C a u 16: V i thong tin di truycn phai ma hoa bang ma "bo ba? ma hoa A ) V i CO loai nuclcotit B) V i CO 20 loai axit amin > C ) V I qua trinh phien ma bat dau t i f d i e m khdi dau nam tru'dc codon m d dau * D) Ca B va C C ) V I ma hoa bo hai khong du dc ma hoa 20 loai a x i l amin C a u 25: Sir k i c n cat bo cac intron va ndi cac cxon lai xay luc nao sinh vat D) Ca A , B , C C a u 17: M a hoa bo ba va bp ba ma hoa c6 giong khong? Cciu Irii Idi nao nhan thyc? dung nhii't? A ) Gio'ng C ) Giong vi dcu la each ma hoa D) Khac v i ma hoa bo ba la each ma hoa bo ba ma hoa la mot to hdp cua cac ma hoa bp ba D) Liic dich ma C ) Chieu 3' - > 5' ciia mach bd sung D) Chieu 5' - > 3' ciia mach bd sung • 3' cua mach ma gdc B) Chieu 3' - > 5' ciia mach ma gdc C ) Chieu 5' - > 3' ciia mach ma D) Chieu 3' - > 5' ciia mach ma A ) V i axit amin tiT khong Irang thai hoat dpng C ) Co chuTa ma di Iruyen nhu'ng khong chu'a axit amin ^ CaAvaB B) V i axit amin tU chu'a lien ket vdi t A R N tUdng u'ng C ) V i can tao phiJc he aa - t A R N de van chuyen axit amin den v i t r i tu'dng ' m u'ng tren m A R N B) Khong chu'a v i khong lam nhiem vu ma hoa axit amin C ) Khong chu'a v i mang tin hieu ket Ihiie phicn ma Cfiu 29: Riboxom c6 chiJc nang g i : D) V i cii A , B, C A ) N d i dich ma D) Co chu'a ma di truyen nhu'ng khong ma hoa axit amin B) Vira la ndi dich ma vifa la khung dd giiTa m A R N - aa - l A R N va giiJa C a u 20: M a ket thuc (bp ba ke't thuc) c6 chiJc nang gi? A ) DiYng phien ma B) DiTng dich ma • C ) M a n g tin hieu dijfng phien ma D) M a n g tin hieu diifng dich ma • C a u 21: Ma md dau c6 chtfc nang? 3' ciia mach ma gdc C a u 28: V i can c6 giai doan hoat hoa ciia axit amin: B) Khong chila v i mang tin hieu khdi dpng va k i e m soat qua trinh phien ma A ) Khong chu'a v i khong mang thong tin ma hoa cac axit amin B) Chieu 5" A ) Chieu 5' A ) Khong chiJa v i khong ma hoa axit amin C a u 19: V u n g ke't thiic c6 chu'a ma di truyen khong? A ) Chieu 3' - > 5' cua mach ma gdc C a u 27: Chieu ciia m A R N diWc tdng hdp C a u 18: O viing d i c u hoa cua gen c6 chifa ma di truyen khong? P codon - anticodt)n liic dich ma C ) Chuyen dich tren m A R N de t A R N dich ma D ) C a A , B, C C a u 30: Qua trinh dich ma bat dau tiT dau? K c l thiic d dau? A ) Mang tin hieu md dau phicn ma B) M a n g tin hieu md dau dich ma A ) Bat dau d d i e m khdi dau va cham dirt d diem ket thiic C ) Mang tin hieu ciia axit amin thu" nhat B) Bat dau tiTcodon md dau va kcl thiic riboxom tiep xuc vdi ma ket thiic D) Chu'a thong tin ma hoa axit amin md dau C ) Ba't dau d vimg khdi dpng, ket thiic d viing ke't thiic C a u 22: Ma di truyen A D N du'cic phien ma sang m A R N nhd cd che'nao? A ) N h d cd che phien ma B) N h d cd che tdng hdp m A R N C ) N h d cd che djch ma D) N h d cd che tong hdp A R N C S u 23: M a di truyen A D N du'cic giai ma nhd cd che' nao? 20 B) Lilc bat dau dich ma C ) Sau phien ma C S u 26: Qua trinh phien ma xay theo chieu nao? ' B) Khac D) A ) Liic phien ma D) Ca A v a C d e u d i i n g Cfiu 31: Qua trinh dich ma diTng lai k h i : A ) Dot bien lam xuiit hien ma kcl thuc :/; ; s 'h , „ -i " i : B) K h i riboxom tiep xiic vdi ma ket thiic A ) N h d cd che dich ma B) N h d cd che tdng hdp protein C ) K h i riboxom tiep xuc vdi bp ba U A A hoac U A G hoac U G A C ) N h d t A R N van ehuyen D) Ca A , B deu dung D) Ca A , B , C d e u d i i n g >; - Cty TNHH MTV DVVH Khang Vigt Cam rang tyl 6n va luy^n thi Sinh hpc - Phung Duy Bdng Httdng ' C ) B dung ddn M u o n cho nhiem sac the nhan tao hoat dong nhiT nhiem sac the binh thiTcfng ,;• Cfiu 7: V i n h i d m sac the dtfdc xem la vat chat d i truyen? can 13p rap: + D ) A dung M o t trinh tif dac hicu d diem khdi dau nhan doi gtup enzim c6 the nhan A ) V i nhiem sjlc the thiTc hien cac chtfc nang di truyen nhi^ chtfa thong tin d i truyen, bao quan thong tin di truyen va truyen thong tin d i truyen qua cac i ict va khdi dau qua trinh tiT nhan doi the he + M o t trinh t y nucleotit dac hieu lam nhiem v u cua tam dong + Cac t n n h tif nucleotit d hai dau mut nhiem sac the de bao ve nhiSm s^c the va de cac n h i d m sac the khong dinh vao B) V i bo n h i e m sac the c6 tinh cha't dac truing cho l o a i va o n d i n h qua cac the'he III CAU HOI TRAC NGHIEM C) V i nhidm sac the c6 kha nang tai sinh, phan l i , to hdp, c6 kha nang dot C a u 1: N h i e m sac the c6 (5 dau? ; A ) O nhan te bao B) nhan te bao cua sinh vat nhan thifc C) CJ sinh vat nhan thiTc D ) V i ca A , B va C Cfiu 8: NhiBm sac the truyen thong tin di truyen qua cac the he bang each nao? A ) Bang cac cd che tiT nhan doi, phan l i va to hdp cua n h i e m s^c the B) Bang c d che nguyen phan hoac ket hdp c d che: nguyen phan, giam D ) CJ sinh vat nhan sd C f i u 2: Nhffng sinh vat chtfa cc) nhan, t h i vat chat d i t r u y e n d cap phan tu* CO dau? A)Kh6ngc6crdauca B) Co te bao cha't ' C ) Co cac bao quang D ) Co tren mang sinh chat C f i u 3: T i the, lap the c6 phai la vat chat d i truyen cl cap te bao khong? A ) Khong phai, v i khong chufa nhi6m sac the B) Khong phai v i t i the va lap the khong d cap te bao, chi la cap phan tuf C) T i the, lap the la mot bo phan cua te bao (cap phan tuf) chuTa gen quy dinh cac tinh trang nen chung cung la vat chat di truyen cap phan tuf te bao D ) Khong cau nao dung ca CSu 4: M o t nhiem sac the b i dot bien maft cac trinh tiT nucleotit d dau mut c6 hoat dong diTdc binh thiTdng khong? A ) Hoat dong binh thu'dng v i mat doan nho khong anh hudng den stfc song B) Khong hoat dong du^dc binh thiTdng v i nhiem sac the khong diTdc bao ve, CO the b i dinh hoat dong C) B d u n g bien va di truyen dot bien cho cac the he sau phan, Ihu tinh C) B a n g c d che tiT n h a n d o i , p h a n l i va to hdp t r o n g p h a n b a o va thii t i n h D ) Ca A , B va C deu dung Cfiu 9: Nhiem sac the thiTdng va nhiem sic the gidi tinh khac nhuTthenao? A ) So lufdng nhiem sac the gidi tinh i t hdn nhiem sac the thi/dng (chi cd nhiem sac the hoac nhiem sac the), nhiem sac the thiTdng c6 nhieu cap B) N h i e m sac the gidi tinh te bao xoma k h i t h i tiTdng dong, k h i thi khong tu'dng dong gidi tinh cua nhdm loai, n h i e m s i c the thU'dfig luon ton tai tifng cap tiTdng dong C) N h i e m sac the thu^dng chi chiJa cac gen quy dinh tinh trang thiTdng, n h i e m sac the g i d i tinh chtfa gen quy djnh gidi tinh va nhiyng tinh trang hen ket gidi tinh D) C a A , BvaC Cfiu 10: Su" phan l i ciia nhiem sac the nguyen phan va giam phan khac nhU" the nao? ,4.„ A ) Trong nguyen phan cap nhiem s^c the tu'dng dong chi phan l i mot Ian D ) A dung giam phan cap nhiem sac the tifdng dong phan l i hai Ian C f i u 5: Cac trinh tif nucleotit dac hieu c6 d dau tren nhiSm sac the? B) Trong nguyen phan moi nhiem s i c the kep deu tach d tam dong va A ) Co d dau mut nhiem sac the B) Co d tam dong n h i e m sac the phan l i dong deu te bao nen te bao cd ca cap nhidm sac C) Co d diem k h d i dau nhan doi D ) Ca A , B va C the ti/dng dong ;, C f i u 6: Cdc trinh tiT nucleotit dac hieu c6 tham gia ma hoa axit amin khong? Con giam phan I , tam dong chtfa tach ra, ma m o i nhiem sac the kep A ) Khong tham gia ma hoa axit amin PhSn l i ve mot ciTc ciia te'bao nen te'bao chi cd mot nhiem sic the kep B) Cac trinh tiT nucleotit khong lam nhiem vu ma hoa axit amin nhiTng co c^a cap tiTdng dong kep, tao te'bao ddn boi kep, den giam phan I I , nhiem sac tham gia vao qua trinh ma hoa axit amin, v i khong c6 chiing thi qua trinh the' kep m d i tach d tam dong va m o i nhiem sac the ddn phan l i ve ma hoa khong the xay Wc cua te'bao, tao giao turddn boi (n) 51 dm nang Xi) On va luygn thi Sinh hpc - Phung Duy B6ng I C) A va B deu dung ' D) A va B deu diing, nhUng B t n n h bay cu the hdn C a u 11: SU to hdp cua nhiem sac the xay k h i nao? cau A ) Trong nguyen phan B) Trong giam phan C) Trong thu tinh D) Ca A , B va C Cty TMHH MTV DWH Khang Vigt i • ?: t/v : C ) A dung B) Ca A va B dung CSu 16: Mo'i lien giffa A D N va protein d i truyen? protein enzim xuc tac A D N thao xoan, dong xoan, nhan d o i , phien ma, dich ma protein hoocmon va protein dc che'tham gia dieu hoa boat dong gen '' B) A D N lien ket v d i protein (histon) ca'u tao nen nucleoxom la ddn v i ca'u tao A ) T r o n g giam phan la siT to hdp cua cac nhiem sac the de tao giao tijT nen nhiem sac the Do la sir to hdp tir cua cac nhiem sac the khong tU'dng dong, tao C) Qua t n n h nhan d o i cua A D N tao cromatit nhiem sac the kep: nhieu loai giao tu'khac chuan bi phan bao (chat nen tao cromatit la protein) ,>; ) B) T r o n g thu tinh la sir to hdp tir giffa cac giao tiJ diJfc va cai D o la siT i d hdp cua cac nhiem sac the tU'dng dong da phan l i tao cap nhiem s^c the tufdng dong m d i gdm chiec cua bo' va me D) C a A , B v a C cau 17: Dac d i e m cua te'bao sinh sau nguyen phan: »' •diiifi- ^ y_ h'yiV- A ) V e hinh thai, tiTdng doi giong va giong v d i te bao me C) Khong khac B) V e ca'u true, cd bo nhiem sac the giong va giong v d i te'bao me, cac D) Ca A va B m d i day du phan khac te' bao chat cd the giong va giong vdi te' bao me C a u 13: N h i e m sac the c6 vai tro nhu" the' nao phan bao C) V e chiJc nang: T r o n g mot loai te bao, thi chiJc nang cua te bao va te A ) N h i e m sac the nhan doi nhiem sac the kep tao cd sd vat chat cho bao me giong nhau, ke ca kha nang tai sinh, ma, giai ma viec phan bao B) N h i e m sac the phan l i ve cac cufc va to hdp v d i de tao bo nhiem sac the m d i , D) C a A , B v a C cau 18: Dac d i e m cua cac te'bao sinh sau giam phan: A ) Te bao sinh tinh: Tir mot te bao sinh tinh (2n) qua g i a m phan tao tinh C ) Giiip te bao phan chia vat chat d i truyen va truyen thong tin d i truyen qua triing (n) tham gia vao qua trinh thu tinh cac the'he te'bao B) Tir te' bao sinh triTng (2n) qua giam phan tao te' bao ddn b o i , D) C a A , B v a C chi cd te bao IruTng tham gia vao thu tinh, te bao la the djnh C a u 14: Nhffng te bao nao cd chufa cap nhiem sSc the tU'dng dong? hUdng khong tri/c tie'p tham gia vao qua trinh thu tinh A) Te'baox6ma C) Ca'u tao cua te b^o Irtfug khac v d i tinh triing la chiJa nhieu chat dir trff de B) Te bao sinh due sd khai hdp tuT phat trien nen c6 kich thu'dc Idn hdn nhieu so v d i tinh triing C ) Giao tu" sinh tir dot bien lech boi (di bpi) va dot bien da b o i D) Ca A , B va C D) Ca A , B va C cau • •• i * , A ) Gen ( A D N ) quy dinh ca'u true cua protein, dieu hoa sU tdng hdp protein, 12: Sir to hdp cua nhiem sac the giam phan va thu tinh khac nhU the nao? ,| < 15: Dac d i e m d i truyen cua cac tinh trang dUdc quy dinh b d i cic cau gen n^m 19: Cac cd che' sinh hoc xay doi vdi mot cap nhiem s^c the tufdng dong d ca'p te bao: tren nhiem s^c the thU'dng va nam tren n h i m s^c the g i d i tinh khac nhU' A ) C d che' tir nhan d o i , phan l i , to hdp, trao doi doan .the nao? B) C d che di truyen doc lap, d i truyen lien ket hoan toan hoac khong hoan toan T,#5»«rt m^H«f«''RT A ) Do'i v d i cac gen n^m tren nhiem s^c the thiTdng, bo va me c6 vai tr6 C) C d che dot bien ca'u true NST, dot bien lech boi ngang d i truyen V i cap nhiem s^c the tU'dng dong mot chie'c cd nguon goc ttf bo, mot chie'c cd nguon goc tit me D o i v d i cac gen nam tren cap n h i e m sac the gidi tinh X Y t h i vai tro cua bo me, khong ngang (doi v d i cac gen tren doan khong tiTdng dong) gfj B) Cac gen lan rAm tren nhiem sac the X thi d i truyen cheo cac gen n i m tren Y (khong cd alen tirdng iJng tren X ) thi d i truyen t h i n g cac gen tren nhiem sac the thudng, khong tuan theo cac quy luat D) Ca A , B va C cau 20: Trong nguyen phan, sir dong xoan va thao xoan cua nhiem sac the cd tinh chu k i bieu hien nhK the nao? A ) Tir cuoi k i trung gian den k i giffa nhiem s^c the ddng xo^n "^W B) Tijf k i cuoi den k i trung gian nhiem sic the thao xoan *' C) X e n ke giffa ddng va thao xo^n tao chu k i ciia sdi nhiem sac D) C a A , B v a C Cty TIMHH MTV DVVH Khang Vi6t ca'm nang ttj 6n va luygn thi Sinh hpc - Phung Duy 06ng Cfiu 21: Sir dong va thao xoan c6 tinh cha't chu k i nguyen phan c6 y nghia nhiT the'nao ve di truyen; A ) ki trung gian, IriTdc tiT nhan doi, nhiem s^c the thao xoan ciTc dai Chinh nhc( 66 ma phan tu" ADN nam sdi nhiem sac tuf nhan doi dan den sif tu" nhan doi cua nhiem sac the B ) Sir dong xoan ciTc dai d ki giffa lam cho nhiSm sac the co cau true dien hmh, dac truing cho loai va thuan Idi cho nhiem sac the phan li va to hdp phan bao Qua dam bao su" ke tuc vat chat va chfe nang giffa cac the he -# tebao C) Sir dong xoan lam cho nhiem sac the c6 cau true vifng chac, bao dam cho nhiem sSc the thiTc hien chiJc niing bao quan thong tin di truyen D) Ca A, B va C Cau 22: Gen cac bao quan nhq ti the, lap the c6 ton tai ti^ng cap alen khong? A ) Gen ti the va lap the c6 ton tai cap alen B ) Trong ti the, lap the, A D N dang vong chung khong ton cac doan ADN tu'cJng dong v n = ddt 3) Theo de bai, hieu sua't thu tinh cua triJng la 40% D o d o tru-ng hinh la " " ~ ^ ^ ^ ^ = 320 te' bao triJug CiJ moi te' bao sinh triJng qua giam phan tao 'riJfng, nen so' te bao sinh tnJng can c o la 320 te bao 57 Ca'm nang ti; 6n va luygn thi Sinh hgc - Phung Duy B6'ng Cty TMHH MTV DVVH Khang Vigt Loai 6: Xac dinh so l i f d n g NST moi triTdng noi bao can cung cap cho cac te bao thiTc hien nguyen phan v a giam phan ,»,.,,,, ^ Phu'dng phap giai loai loan la a p dung cong thiJc: i ( 1) So' Iifdng NST d d n mdi tu'dng du'cfng can cung cap: (2'' - 1) x 2n 2) So l u ' d n g NST d d n mdi hoan toan can cung cap: {2^ - 2) x 2n (k l a so d d t nguyen phan, 2n l a bo NST lu'dng boi cua loai) Loai 7: Xac d j n h bp NST lu'dng boi cua loai: Ap dung cong thiJc: 2n = (So' NST d d n moi tru'dng cung cap) / (2" - 1) Hoac 2n = (So NST d d n xoan ciTc dai)/2 Hoac 2n = So NST giao tiif B A I TAP VAN D V N G ;; * Viet k i hieu bp NST cua loai d cac k i sau day cua giam phan: a)KidauI b) K i giffa I c) K i cuoi I d) K i giiJa I I x duTdc tao khac ve nguon gd^c NST Dap so: Bp NST 2n = TcZ-AAlA':, ^-Aii - K i dau va k i giffa I : AAaaBBbbDDddEEee - bao da cung ca'p nguyen lieu lu'dng - O k i cuoi I I CO 16 kieu giao tU'khac 2) So' loai giao tuf khac v e nguon goc NST l a 16 ddn Hdp tu' c6 sd ' 'ilmV^fyi ' mpif K i cuoi I , k i giifa I I : Co tru'dng hdp: Bai 2: Hai hdp tur cua mot loai nguyen phan lien tiep mot sd d d t , moi tru'dng noi 1) B p N S T n = vdi 22792 NST e) K i cuoi I I Ne'u khong c6 trao ddi doan va dpi bien Ihi c6 bao nhieu kieu hdp lu' difdc + AABBDDEE; aabbddec + AABBDDee; aabbddEE ;/ -i + AABBddEE; aabbDDee + ^^ Mdi te bao c6 NST d trang thai kep diTdng • ' BiS't rang khong c6 trao ddi doan va dot bien Bai 1: Mot hdp tiJ cua loai sinh vat sau d d t nguyen phan lien tiep, moi tru'dng noi bao d a cung cap nguyen lieu lu'dng du'dng vdi 1015 d d n ^ ^ 1) Tim bo NST lu'dng boi cua loai 2) Khi loai phat sinh giao tu" c6 may loai tinh trung, may loai triJng tao khac ve nguon go'c NST (khong trao d d i doan v a dot bien) Bap so: jj^i 3: Bo NST cua loai du'dc k i hieu nhiT sau: A lu'dng ddng vdi a B lu'dng ddng vdi b D li/dng ddng vdi d E lu'dng ddng vdi e Xac dinh bp NST cua loai \ n ^ ; : t • ^V-V '''iin'iij '^^i- 4*"- i " ' " 'i' :t , ««< ddt nguyen phan bang - sd^ddt nguyen phan cua hdp i\i k i giffa cua te bao, Sd kieu hdp tuf: 256 Bai 4: Hai le^bao sinh due sd khai, nguyen phan tai vung sinh san moi tru'dng te ngu'di ta dem du'dc 44 NST kep 1) Tim bo NST lu'dng boi cua loai 2) So ddt phan bao nguyen phan cija moi hdp b^o da cung cap 992 NST ddn mdi hoan loan Khi phat sinh giao liJ, khong c6 trao ddi cheo va dpi bie^n tao nen 16 loai tinh triing khac ve nguon goc 3) So' lu'dng NST ddn mdi hoan toan ma moi tru'dng can cung cap cho moi hdp tiJ thi/c hien cac ddi nguyen phan? 4) Ne'u qua trinh giam phan tao giao tuf va thu tinh xily binh ihu'dng thi CO may loai giao tuf va may loai hdp i\i khac ve nguon gd^c NST Dap so: 1) B p N S T n = 44 2) Goi sd^ddt nguyen phan cua hdp tuf la k (k > 0, nguyen) Ihi so'ddt nguyen phan cua hdp tuf la 3k 22792 Ta CO phu'dng trinh: 2'' +2'^'' = + 2=>k=3=> So ddt nguyen phan cua 44 3) So' NST ddn mdi hoan loan ma moi tru'dng cung cap tur la: ( ^ - ) X 44 = 264 - Cho - Chohdptuf21a: (2'^-2)x44 = 22440 (NST) ^ f 1' ôã >'S (NST) 4) Sd loai giao tuf khac ve nguon gdc NST la 2^^ => So kicu hdp tuf la 2^ ;- ' SdNST ddn mdi lu'dng du'dng cung cap cho mdi te'bao sinh due sd khai Dap so: Bp NST 2n = ' '^^^ 992 Sd te bao hinh tijf hdp tuf +4 = 128 xuM nr • 'vr ?i Gpi so' te' bao sinh liT te bao sinh due sd khai la x, lijf te bao sinh due set khai la y (x, y > 0, nguyen, Ihoa man cong thiJc 2'') Ta CO phu'dng trinh: x + y = 128 hdptuf Ia3,hdptur21a9 hdp NST Tim: ; Bp NST liTdng bpi cua loai So'ddt nguyen phan cua moi te'bao sinh due sd khai '''' Giai phu'dng trinh v6 dinh, tinh du'dc so'ddt nguyen phan cua mdi te'bao sinh due Sd khai la So lu'dng NST ddn mdi ti/dng diTdng cung cap cho mdi te bao sinh due sd k h a i : ( ' - 1).8 = 504 Cty Ca'm nang ti; On va luy$n thi Sinh hpc - Phung Duy D6ng Bai 5: Mot tebao sinh due scJ khai cua tho cii (2n = 14) sau mot so ddt nguyen phan lien tie'p, moi trU'cJng te bao da cung cap 11176 NST ddn mdi hoan to^n Cac te' bao tao deu hinh te' bao sinh trvJng, giam phan cho triJng Hieu sua't thu tinh eiaa tri^ng la 50%, cua tinh triing la 6,25% M o i tri^ng thu tinh vdi tinh triing tao hdp tu; Tim so'hdp tufdtfdc hinh So' liTdng te' bao te' bao sinh triJng v a sinh tinh can thie't de hoan tat qua trinh thu tinh? olj ifil< So'ddt nguyen phan cua te'bao sinh due sd khai cai? De hoan tat qua trinh thu tinh, moi trUdng t e b a o da cung cap cho moi loai te' bao sinh due sd khai bao nhieu NST ddn mdi tu'dng du'dng de tao triJng va tao tinh trung? Ne'u c a c tebao sinh tinh dUdc tao lis t e b a o sinh due dure Dap so': Sohdptur: 128 So t e b a o sinh tnJng: 256 So t e b a o sinh tinh: 512 h, hieu sua't thu tinh cua tinh trung la 6,25% So lu'dng NST ddn mdi tu'dng du'dng moi tru'dng cung cap cho te bao sinh due cai (2^ - ) X 38 - 2^ X 38 = 4826 NST Bai 9: Mot nhdm te bao sinh due difc sd khai chiJa 720 NST ddn, cac te bao n^y phan chia lien tiep mot so'ddt b^ng So'ddt nguyen phan cua moi te'bao bang so lifdng NST ddn bo NST ddn boi cua loai Cac te'bao tao •"a deu trd te bao sinh tinh giam phan cho cac tinh trung, hieu sua't thu tinh cua tinh trung la 10% Khi giao phoi vdi ea the cai da tao nen cac hdp tuf V(Ji tong so NST ddn la 4608 chifa nhan doi Hieu sua't thu tinh cua tru'ng 1^ 50% Cit mot tru'ng thu tinh vdi tinh trung cho hdp tur Tim bp NST liTdng boi cua loai Cty TNHH MTV DWH Khang Vi^t So' lifdng te bao sinh due sd khai difc va so' te' b^o sinh tinh trung De hoan tat qu^ trlnh thu tinh can phai c6 bao nhieu te'bao sinh tri?ng? Bao nhieu te bao sinh due cai sd khai chifa bU'dc vao vung chin? Neu cho rang eac to bao sinh due sd khai deu c6 so ddt nguyen phan bing Dap so: B o N S T n = ' ' " ; J*'*^- So te bao sinh due dut sd khai la: 90 So te bao sinh tinh triing: 1440 ''i SotebaosinhtnJng: 1152 'OTV t>.: r r ; A-H So' te bao sinh due cai ehi/a bufdc vao vilng chin c6 the la: 9, 18, 36, 42, 144, 288, 576 Bai 10: Xet cap NST ttfdng ddng chiJa cap gen di hdp dai 4080A" Gen troi A CO 3120 hen ket hidro, gen Ian a c6 3240 lien ket hidro ' So' li/dng tifng loai nucleotit moi giao tuT binh ihiTdng, ehtfa gen noi tren bang bao nhieu? ;c /-v Hdp tuf khong binh thiTdng: , Aaaeo: A = T = 1200 nucleotit G = X = 2400 nucleotit aOco: A = T = 360 nucleotit G = X = 840 nucleotit Bai 11: Mot te' bao sinh due 2n nguyen phan ddt lien tiep da doi hoi moi tri/dng noi bao eung cap nguyen lieu di truyen tiTdng difdng vdi 56 NST ddn de g6p phan tao eac te'bao Tren moi cap NST thi/dng cua te'bao sinh due xet cap gen Bp NST 2n cua loai ct trang thai chi/a nhan doi Cd the chiJa cac cap gen dong hdp tren cic NST thifdng c6 the ed nhi^ng kieu gen viet nhU' the nao? t :.' Dap so: Bp NST 2n cua loai: 2n = 56 : (2^ - 1) = 1:, Kieu gen dong hdp cua cac cap NST thu'dng: AABBDD, AABBdd, AAbbDD, aaBBDD, aabbdd, aabbDD, aaBBdd, Aabbdd Khi CO hien tU'dng giam phan khong binh thu'cJng dot bien lech bp! (di bpi) thl so li/dng tifng loai nucleotit moi loai giao tuT dtfdc hinh bang bao nhieu? Bai 12: Trong loai tha'y cd loai tinh trting vdi k i hieu gen va NST gidi tinh la Neu cho cac loai giao tuf khong binh thu'dng tai to hdp vdi giao tijf binh thU'dng chufa alen iSn noi tren thi so lu'dng tijTng loai nucleotit cua moi hdp tijf bang bao nhieu? f; • > ; Neu khong cd hien tU'dng trao doi doan thl nhi^ng loai tinh triing cd X viet Hudngddn Sur giam phan lam cho moi giao tijT chi^a NST cftp tifdng dong Tren moi NST c6 gen Do so lu'dng tijfng loai nucleotit moi gen chinh la so IiTdng tifng loai nucleotit cua moi giao tuf So nucleotit cua gen =^^^^x = 0 3,4 G = X = 720 Giao tij" chtfa gen A: ' A + G = [ A + G = 1200 ^ Giao tuf chiJa gen a: A + G = : _ A + G=1200 A=T=480 G = X=840 A=T=360 Giao tu* dufdc hinh dot bien lech boi Co loai giao tuf Aa va O r 62 Giao tuf Aa c6: A = T = 480 + 360 = 840 GiaotijrOco: G = X = 720 + = 1560 A = T = G = X = ABDEHIX vaabdehiY Bp NST eua loai bIng bao nhieu? nhir the" nao? , V AB Neu cd hien tU'dng trao doi doan cap NST tufdng dong ^ = , k i hieu ab cac loai tinh trung cd Y viet nhU'the nao? Dap so: Bp NST ddn bpi (n) cd 3NST thiTdng va INST gidi tinh => 2n = NhiJug loai tinh triing chiJa NST gidi tinh X: M DE m X, M DE M X, AB de H I X, AB de hi X, i • X = i abdeMX,abdcmX,abDEMX,abDEHIX < Cac loai tinh trung chiJa NST Y A M DE m Y, AB DE hi Y, AB de H I Y, AB de h i Y , A b d e h i Y , a b d e H I Y , ^ DE hi Y, ab DE H I Y, MDEHIY,AbDEMY,AbdcHIY,AbDEHIY, aB d c M Y , a B d e H I Y a B D E h i Y,aB d e h i Y "m^d Bai 13: Xet cap NST thiTdng Tren moi cap NST chuTa cSp gen Trong loai tha'y cd loai giao tuT AB DE va ab de Cho bie't khong cd dot bie'n Quy luat di truyen nao lam cho so loai giao tiJ sinh la it nha't? Hay viet kieu gen ciia tc bao sinh due 2n sinh cac loai giao tuf va phan gen cua cac loai giao tuf sinh tif te bao sinh due dd • 63 Ca'm Cty TIMHH MTV nang tu 6n va luy$n thi Sinh hpc - Phung Quy DO'ng Quy luat di truyen n^o lam cho so' loai giao t ^ sinh la nhieu nhat? Viet phan gen cua cic giao tuf Hi/firng ddn Quy luat di truyen lien ke't gen hoan toan tao so lOai giao tu" it nhaft Kieu gen cua te'bao sinh due 2n: = = ==• cho giao tvi: iom.t^ • ab de AB DE, ab de, ab DE, AB de •.; Quy luat hoan vi gen cho so'loai giao tuf nhieu nhat: H']' Thanh phan gen cua cac loai giao tu": Ngoai giao tOr lien ket c6 them loai giao tuT hoan vi cap alen Ee vh loai giao tu" hoan vi ca cap alen Bb v^ Ee Bai 14: Xet cap NST tiTdng dong, moi NST cM& phan tuf ADN dai 1,02mm Phan tuf A D N NST c6 nguon goc tuf bo chiJa 22% Adenin, phan tuf ADN NST c6 nguon goc tir me chiJa 34% Adenin Cho bic't nucleotit dai 3,4 x 10"^mm va khong c6 hien tiTdng dot bie'n cau true NST ':m^tnj::mm M So' lu'cfng tufng loai nucleotit moi loai phan tuf ADN i: Te'bao chuTa cap NST giam phan cho cac loai giao tuf, c6 I loai giao tuf chiJa 28% Adenin, tinh so' lu'cfng tifng loai nucleotit phan tuf ADN cua moi loai giao tv( ' Hiidngddn i ' So'lu'cfng tifng loai nucleotit moi loai phan tu'ADN: ** ' , , 1,02x2 So'nucleotit cua phan tu" ADN: — - = 6x10 nucleotit 3,4x10"^ I Tijf suy so' lifdng tifng loai nucleotit moi loai phan tu* ADN - Phan i\i ADN c6 nguon goc tir bo: A = T = 2 % x x 10*^= 1320000 nucleotit tfvj; G = X = 1680 000nucle6tit - Phan tuf ADN c6 nguon goc tuf me: A = T = 34% X X 10^ = 2040000 nucleotit G = X = 960 000 nucleotit So lu'cfng tufng loai nucleotit moi loai giao tuf: - Hien tiTcJng tuTng loai nucleotit loai giao tuf: Giao tuf thuf nhat c6 22% Adenin ? ,-ji j^.^^, A = T = 1320000 nucleotit ,„ G = X = 960000 nucleotit Giao tuf thiJ v^ thiJ hinh sir trao doi doan, deu c6 28% Adenin A = T = 28% X X 10* = 1680000 nucleotit , G = X = 132000 nucleotit , v : t a - a -r; - DVVH Khang Viel Hien tiTdng dot bien lech bpi: Giao t^ thiJ nhat chiJa ca NST cap tiTdng dong: 34%+ 22% — = 28% A = T = 28% X X 6.10*" = 3360000 nucleotit r;.;''' i t i ) G = X = X 10^ - 3360000 = 2640000 nucleotit , , t; • (jiao tuf thi? hai khong CO NST nao cua cSp tiTdng dong: i: , A = T = G = X = nucleotit 'iM^'ivvs/J B^i 15: Mot cap NST tu'dng dong, moi NST gom doan tirc:fng tfng: tfng vdi NST thtf nhat c6 cac doan 1, 2, 3, 4, NST thi? hai c6 cac doan a, b, c, d, e TiJf te' bao chiJa cap NST co tha'y xua't hien: Giao tuf chu'a NST c6 cac doan 1, 2, 3, d, e '; Mot nhom te'bao chu'a NST c6 cac doan 2, 3, 4, Mot nhom te'bao chu'a NST co cac doan 1, 2, 3,4,5 1, 2, 3,4,5 vti a, b, c, d, e Gidi thich sir hinh cac nhom to' bao tren HUiing ddn D6 la giao tuf hinh si/ trao doi cheo giffa cac NST cap tufdng dong Do la hien tiTdng dot bie'n cau true NST dang mat doan Do la hien tiTdng dot bie'n the lech bc)i (di boi) Bai 16: Cl mot loai sinh vat, gia thie't moi cap NST tiTdng dong deu chu'a c^c cap gen di hdp Khi khong c6 hien tifdng trao doi doan va dot bie'n thi so loai tinh trilng sinh nhieu nhat bang 256 Bo NST liTdng boi cua loai co bao nhieu NST Trong cac cSp NST lu'cfng dong, neu co cap NST xay trao doi doan tai diem thi so' loai tinh trung cua loai co the tang them bao nhieu? Hudngdp Bo NST lircTng boi cua loai: 2^ = 256 => k = Vay 2n = 16 " ' Mot Cclp NST trao doi doan tai diem se tao ra: X 2^ = 512 loai tinh irijng ' * Do tang them: 512 - 256 = 256 loai tinh triing Bai 17: Xet ba cSp NST tiTdng dong ciia ngirdi Cap NST 21 chu'a m6t cap gen di hdp, cap NST 22 cMa hai cap gen di hdp va cap NST 23 chuTa mot cap gen dong hdp Kieu gen cua cap NST tiTdng dong co the viet nhiT the' n^o? Khi giam phan binh thufdng, phan gen moi loai giao lit sinh fcdc kieu gen noi tren nhiT the nao? ,y! ' • % 65 Cty TNHH MTV DVVH Khang Vigt Ca'm nang t i ; 6n va luy^n thi Sinh hpc - Phung Duy Ddng HUdng dan ™ 128 ^ r>(, So te bao 2n: — - = 64 = X Kieu gen: Aa — X ^ X ' ^ (1) : bd ^ Do m6i hdp tu: da nguyen phan lien tiep ddt Aa — X ' ^ X ^ (2) bD pai 19= Xet cSp NST thufdng cua mot te bao sinh due c6 ehtfa phan gen •J Aa — X ^ X " - - (3) Aa —X'=X'= (4) bd bD 'f i-i Thanh phan gen moi loai giao tu'binh thirdng: + K i e u g c n ( l ) va(2): Khi giam phjin khong c6 hoan vi gen deu cho loai giao tuf (hpc sinh tu" viet) - Khi giam phan c6 hoan vi deu cho loai giao tuf: A BD X ^ A bd a BD X ^ a M X'^ A Bd X'', A bD X'' a Bd X'', a bD X^ + Kieu gen (3) va (4): viet tiTcfng tuf nhu" tren Bai 18: Tong ham ItfcJng A D N cua cac te bao sinh tinh triing va cac te bao sinh triJng d ruoi giam la 68pg (picrogam) tong ham lifdng A D N c6 tat ca cac loai tinh triing duTdc tao nhieu hdn tong ham liTdng A D N ta't ca cac tru-ng diTdc tao la 126pg Biet rang tat ca cac triJng deu du-pc thu tinh Ham liTcJng A D N c6 moi te bao 2n cua ruoi giam d trang th^i chi/a nhan doi bang 2pg Xac dinh so Ian nguyen phan lien tiep cua moi te bao sinh due diTc va te' bao sinh due cai ban dau (cac te' bao sinh due da sinh cac te bao sinh tinh trung va te'bao sinh triJng noi tren) Ne'u tat ca cac hdp tu" du'ctc hmh deu trai qua mot so Ian nguyen phan lien tiep nhu" va tong so' ham lifcJng A D N chiJa tat ca cac te bao duTdc sinh sau nhffng Ian nguyen phan ay la 256pg thi moi hdp tuT da nguyen phan lien tiep may Ian? Hudng dan Trirdc phan bao deu c6 hien tiTdng NST nhan doi lam cho ham liTcJng ADN tang gap doi 2pg x = 4pg Goi x la so te'bao sinh due diTc 2n va y la so'te bao sinh due cai 2n ta c6 he phu'cfng trinh: ;T 2x + y - i / : ' ' • Do te bao dinh due diTc 2n da nguyen phan Ian lien tiep Te bao sinh due cdi 2n da nguyen phan I Ian , fg, So' Ian nguyen phan cua moi hdp tuT: Hai te bao sinh due cai giam phan cho tnJng deu diTdc thu tinh cho hdp tuf Moi hdp tuf da cho so te bao la: — = 128 66 deF ' Te bao sinh due eo the cho bao nhieu kieu giao tuf khae nhau? Viet phan cua moi giao tuf (khong c6 trao doi doan va dot bie'n) Ne'u tru-dc mot te bao nhiT vay da trai qua Ian nguyen phan lien tiep va nhan diTdc cua moi trtfcfng noi bao 175000 nucleotit de tai ban cac gen noi tren Trong cac te bao thi tong so nucleotit eo cap gen diTdc xet tren cap fk; NST ay la bao nhieu? Hudng dan Thanh phan kieu gen cua cae giao tuf: AB DEf AB deF ab DEf ab deF k2 Tong so'nucleotit C O cap gen tren: Goi X la tong so nucleotit eo cap gen tren ta c6: ' ' ' ' x(2' - 1) = 175000 nucleotit => x = 25000 nucleotit Bai 20: Trong dieu kien binh thiTdng, xet cap gen, cap thuf nhat dai 5100A" c6 gen A chufa 20% Adenin, gen a chi?a so Itfdng tufng loai nucleotit bang Cap thuf hai CO gen B chiJa 15% Guanin va tong sS'lien ke't hidro cua gen bkng 1725 Gen b so' lu'dng tufng loai nucleotit bang Tai viing sinh san cua o'ng dSn sinh due mot te bao sinh due chiJa cac gen noi tren nguyen phan lien tiep nhieu Ian cho te' bao 2n, moi tru'dng noi bao da cung ca'p bao nhieu Ian nucleotit moi loai cho qua trinh tai ban cua cac gen do? Cac te bao giam phan cho cae loai giao tuf, so liTdng tufng loai nucleotit moi loai giao tuf bang bao nhieu? Hiidngddn So lu'dng moi loai nucleotit can cho qua trinh tai ban: Cap gen thii 1: x = 32 - 2^ 4x- y = 126P y = = ' ab 5100 A " So nucleotit cua gen x2 = 3000 nucleotit 3,4 + Gen A eo: A = T = 3000 x 20% = 600 nucleotit G = X = 3000 X 30% = 900 nucleotit 300 + Genaco: A = T = G = X = =750 nucleotit ' „ : Cgm nang ti/ On + luygn thi Sinh hpc - Phiing Duy BS'ng Cap gen thu" 2: Gen B: Goi X la so'nucleotit cua gen B ta CO: (2 X 15%x) + (3 X 15%x) = 1725 =>x = 1500 nucleotit A = T = 1500 X 35% = 525 nucleotit G = X = 1500 X 15% = 225 nucleotit + Gen b: A = T - G = X = ^ = nucleotit So lifdng tij'ng loai nucleotit m o i truTdng cung cap cho mot te bao chiJa cac gen noi tren nguyen phan hen tiep Ian cho te bao A = T = (600 + 750 + 525 + 375) x (2' - 1) = 15750 nucleotit G = X = (900 + 750 + 225 + 375) x (2' - 1) = 15750 nucleotit So Itfcfng tiTng loai nucleotit cua m6i giao 11?: cap gen di hdp giam phan cho loai giao tu" AB, Ab, aB, ab - Giao tu" AB c6: A = T = 650 + 525 = 1125 nucleotit Cty TNHH MTV DWH Khang Vi^t Ki giiJa cua Ian phan bao thiJ nhat giam phan gen nhan d o i nhuTng cW^ phan li nen ta c6: f / A = T = (1250+ 1350) X = 5100nucle6tit V !f G = X = (300 + 150) X = 900 nucleotit Ke't thuc Ian phan bao thi? nhat giam phan cap NST kep chiJa gen A ve t6'bao nen ta c6: Te'bao chiJa gen a c6: A = T = 1350 + 1350 = 2700 nucleotit G = X = 150 + 150 = 300 nucleotit - Te bao chiJa gen A co: A = T = 1200 + 1200 = 2400 nucleotit ; G = X = 300 + 300 = 600 nucleotit Khi hoan qua trinh phan bao giam nhiem: - Giao tu" chiJa gen A c6: A = T = 1200 nucleotit G = X = 300 nucleotit : - Giao tu-chiya gen a c6: A = T = 1350 nucleotit G = X = 150 nucleotit Bai 22: Xet cap NST 22 va 23 te bao sinh due 2n d mot ngu-di dan ong, G = X - 900 + 225 = 1125 nucleotit ngircfi ta thay c6 cap gen d i hdp n^m tren cap NST 22 va gen troi nam tren - Giao tuT Ab c6: A = T = 600 + 375 = 975 nucleotit NST gidi tinh X Gia thiet NST Y khong mang gen alen Neu qua trinh G = X = 900 + 375 = 1275 nucleotit giam phan xay binh thuTdng thi c6 the hinh nhieu nha't la bao nhieu loai - Giao turaB c6: A = T = 750 + 525 = 1275 nucleotit tinh trung? Viet phan gen cua cac loai tinh trijng G = X = 750 + 225 = 975 nucleotit HUdngddn - Giao tuf ab c6: A = T = 750 + 375 = 1125 nucleotit Kieu gen cua te bao sinh due 2n d nguTdi dan ong: ' G = X = 750 + 375 = 1125 nucleotit Bai 21: Mot cap gen di hdp Aa dai 5100A" nam tren cap n h i e m sac the tu^dng Mx-Y,„hay^X-Y,, dong Gen A nam tren NST thu" nhat c6 1200 Adenin, gen a nam tren NST thi? ab aB ? hai CO 1350 Adenin - Hinh loai tinh trung c6 phan kieu gen nhu" sau: Khi tc' bao d vao ki giffa Ian phan chia thi? nhat cija phan bao giam AB X'"', ab X°^ AB Y, ab Y, (vdi kieu gen 1) nhiem, so' hrdng liTng loai nucleotit cua cac gen te bao bang bao nhieu? Ab X"^ aB X"^"", AB Y, aB Y, (vdi kieu gen 2) Khi te'bao ke'l thiic Ian phan chia thiJ nhat phan bao giam nhiem cho AB te bao thi so lu'dng tijfng loai nucleotit cac gen m§i te bao b^ng bao nhieu Bai 23: Cac te' bao sinh tinh trung deu c6 kieu gen = Khi hoan qua t n n h phan b^o giam nhiem t h i so' luTdng tijfng loai ab nucleotit m o i loai giao tuT binh thu'dng bang bao nhieu Hai cap gen di hdp deu dai 4080A" A Hudngddn Gen A CO ti le: A : G = : Gen B c6 ti le: A : G = : ; , 5100 A" Gen a CO ti le: T : X = : Gen b c6 ti le: T : X = : ' ' 1000 te'bao sinh tinh trung deu giam phan binh thu'dng, c6 100 te Gen c6: — x = 3000 nucleotit ^^0 CO hien tu'dng hoan vi gen giffa cap Aa va Bb 3,4 A" Hay tinh so lu'dng tiTng loai nucleotit cua moi gen Gen A c6: A = T = 1200 nucleotit Hay tinh so lu'dng tiifng loai nucleotit moi loai tinh triing ; G = X = 1500 - 1200 = 300 nucleotit I; HUdngddn Gen a c6: A = T = 1350 nucleotit 68 G = X = 1500 - 1350 = 150 nucleotit * So' GenluTdng c6: ^ttfng 3.4 ^ x loai =nucleotit 2400'nucleotit cua gen: > nang t i ; fln va luyjn thi Sinh hpc - Phung Duy Bfl'ng dm Cty TIMHH MTV DVVH Khang Vi^i Gen A CO ti le A : G = : nen: A : T : G : X = : : : hay 3 2400 3+3+ 1+1 1 Loai tinh trung aB c6: A = T = (600 + 675) X 100 = 127500 nucleotit G = X = (600 + 525) X 100 = 112500 nucleotit Loai tinh U-iing ab CO: , A = T = (600 + 750) X 1900 = 2565000 nucleotit G = X = (600 + 450) X 1900 = 1995000 nucleotit Bai 24: Trong mot te bao sinh due chiJa hai cap gen di hdp Cap gen thiJ nha't dai 5100A", cap thtf hai bang mot nuTa chieu dai cua cap gen thiJ nha't Cac gen trpi A, B cap gen tren deu eo 20% Adenin moi gen Ian a, b cua ca cap gen deu CO so'lu'cJng tiifng loai nucleotit bang J - 2400 =>A = T = x3=900nucle6tit 3+3+1+1 G = X = — ^ ^ 5 — x l = 300nucle6tit 3+3+1+1 - Gen a CO ti le: T : X = : ^ A : T : G : X = 1:1:1:1 VayA = T = G = X = 600 nucleotit So' lu'cJng tuTng loai nucleotit moi gen bang bao nhieu Khi te bao sinh due nguyen phan ddt lien tie'p da doi hoi moi truTdng noi bao cung cap lijrng loai nucleotit bang bao nhieu? Sir giam phan binh thiTdng cua cac te bao sinh due noi tren kha nang cho bao nhieu loai tinh triing? So'liTdng tijfng loai nucleotit cua moi loai tinh triing? - Gen B CO ti le: A : G = : nen: A : T : G : X = 9:9:7:7 A=T= x9 = 675 nucleotit 9+9+7+7 G =X=— — X7 9+9+7+7 - Gen b CO Khi tie'n hanh phep lai giffa ca the chiJa cac tebao sinh due tren vdi mot ca the khac dydc F: phan li kieu hinh theo ti le : : Bie't rang moi gen quy djnh mot tinh Irang Hay vie't sd lai .: 525 nucleotit Tinh so lu'cJng tifng loai nucleotit cua m6i loai hdp tuf Fi ti le: T : X = : nen: HUdngddn So lu'cJng tiJfng loai nucleotit cua moi gen A : T : G : X = 5:5:3:3 , , A=T^ ^^^^ X = 750 nucleotit 5+5+3+3 G =X = : — — X 5+5+3+3 Gen A = gen a co: ^ ^ x = 450 nucleotit - 900 te bao tao thanh: x = 3600 tinh trung - Do te bao khong c6 hoan vi gen cho: 1800 AB va 1800 ah, nhu" vay Loai tinh triing AB c6: A = T = (900 + 675) X 1900 = 2992500 nucleotit G = X = (300 + 525) X 1900 = 1567500 nucleotit - Loai tinh triing Ab CO: 2=3000 nucleotit ^^v•^^•.-•••.:•^f ^ '•"'X'Xi A = T = (900 + 750) X 100 = 127500 nucleotit G = X = (300 + 450) X 100 = 75000 nucleotit - Gen A c6: A = T = 20% x 3000 = 600 nucleotit G = X = 30% X 3000 = 900 nucleotit - Genaco: A = T = G = X = 3000 100 te bao c6 hoan vi gen tao 100 x = 400 tinh triing Do 100 CO hoan vi gen cho: 100 AB, 100 ab, 100 Ab, 100 aB AB Kieu gen = khong c6 hoan vi gen chi cho loai giao tuf AB, ab ab • \ ' ' ' 3,4 So lu'cJng tiTng loai nucleotit moi loai tinh trung: AB Kieu gen = c6 hoan vi gen cho loai giao tu": A B , ab, Ab, aB ab rv f = 750nucleotit - Gen B c6: A = T = 20% x 1500 = 300 nucleotit • G = X = 30%x 1500 = 450nucle6tit , ' - Genbco: A = T = G = X = ^^^=375nucleotit Moi tru'dng noi bao cung cap tifng loai nucleotit: A = T = (600 + 300 + 750 + 375)(2^ - 1) = 14175 nucleotit G = X = (900 + 450 + 750 + 375)(2-' - 1) = 17325 nucleotit So' luTdng ti^ng loai nucleotit cua moi ioai tinh trung Sir giam phan binh thudng cua te bao sinh due chiJa cap gen di hdp c6 kha nang cho loai tinh triing, CO phan gen nhiT sau: A B , Ab, aB, ab - Tinh trung AB CO: A = T = 600 + 300 = 900 nucleotit ' ! G = X = 900 + 450 = 1350 nucleotit 71 Ca'm nang tiJ 6n va luy§n thi Sinh hpc - Phung Duy B6ng Tinh triing aB c6: Tinh tmng Ab c6: Tinh trung ab c6: A G A G A G = = = = = = T = 750 + 300 = 1050 nucleotit X = 750 + 450 = 1200 nucleotit T = 600 + 375 = 975 nucleotit X = 900 + 375 - 1275 nucleotit T = 750 + 375 = 1125 nucleotit X = 750 + 370 = 1|^5 nucleotit Sd lai: , o Ab Ab a) P: X aB aB G: Ab, aB x Ab, aB ' , Ab - Ab , aB r\: :Z Cty TNHH MTV DWH Khang Vigt Hcjn tvi — c6: A = T = 600 + 750 + 300 + 300 = 1950 nucleotit aB G = X = 900 + 750 + 450 + 450 = 2550 nucleotit H(,p ,0; -l.t :1— Ab aB aB Ab Ab b) P: — X — (Hoan vi 20% d ca the) aB aB G: (0,4 Ah 0,4 aB 0,1 AB- 0,1 ab) x (0,5 Ab 0,5 aB) F,:0,2^:0,2^:0,05^:0,05^:0,2^:0,2^:0,05^:0,05^ Ab Ab Ab Ab aB aB aB aB c) P: — X — (Hoan vi 20% d mot ca the) ab aB • • G: (40% AB, 40% ab, 10% Ab, 10% aB) x (50% Ab, 50% aB) F,: , ^ : , : , ^ : , ^ : , ^ ^ : , ^ : , ^ : , ^ Ab Ab Ab Ab aB aB a-B aB Vdti bat ki tan so hoan vi gen nao cua cac sd lai b va c cung deu cho ti le: 1:2:1 So lu'dng tirng loai nucleotit cua moi loai hrtp tu": Ab - Hdp tUf — c6: A = T = 600 + 375 + 750 + 375 = 2100 nucleotit Ab G = X = 900 + 900 + 375 + 375 = 2550 nucleotit Ab : * Hdp tur — c6: A = T = 600 + 375 + 750 + 375 = 2100 nucleotit ab G = X = 900 + 375 + 375 + 375 - 2400 nucleotit - AB Hdp tu" — c6: A = T = 600 + 750 + 300 + 375 = 2025 nucleotit ab G = X = 750 + 750 + 450 + 450 = 2475 nucleotit - - Ab Hdp tu" co: A = T = 600 + 750 + 300 + 375 = 2025 nucleotit aB G = X = 900 + 750 + 450 + 375 = 2475 nucleotit AB Hdp tu" — - c6: A = T = 600 + 600 + 300 + 375 = 1875 nucleotit Ab G = X = 600 + 600 + 450 + 375 = 2025 nucleotit — cd: aB A = T = 750 + 750 + 300 + 300 = 2100 nucleotit G = X = 750 + 750 + 450 + 450 = 2400 nucleotit Hdp t\{—c6: ab A = T = 750 + 750 + 300 + 375 = 2175 nucleotit G = X = 750 + 750 + 450 + 375 = 2325 nucleotit "pai 25: Xet cap gen di hdp nam tren mot cap NST tiTdng dong Cap thtJ nhat dai 4080A", cap thtf hai dai 2040A" Cap thi? nhat c6 gen A chufa 20% Adenin, cap thtf hai c6 gen B chiJa 15% Adenin Moi gen Ian tiTdng u-ng vdi hai gen tren deu CO so lufdng tijrng loai nucleotit bang Co 1000 te bao sinh due co kieu gen giong chiJa cSp gen di hdp noi tren giam phan binh thu'dng, thay xuat hien 100 giao tijT deu c6 780 Adenin Tinh so lu'dng tiTng loai nucleotit cua moi gen noi tren Tinh so' li/dng tiTng loai nucleotit cac giao tuf thuoc moi loai sinh tiT 1000 te'bao sinh due noi tren HUdfng dan So'lu'dng tijfng loai nucleotit cua moi gen: 4080 A" Gen A c6: x = 2400 nucleotit ;| 3,4 A = T = 2400 X 20% = 480 nucleotit k' G = X = 2400 X 30% = 720 nucleotit 2400 -V Gen a c6: A = T = G = X = = 600 nucleotit 2040 A" '5'" Gen Bed: x = 1200 nucleotit 3,4 A = T = 1200 X 15% = 180 nucleotit ' G = X = 1200 X 35% = 420 nucleotit Gen b c6: A = T = G = X = = 300 nucleotit I So luUng tirtig loai nucleotit cac giao tu" thuoc moi loai Taco: Ab = 480 + 300 = 780 A r\ aB = 600+ 180 = 780 A ''V | N h i r vay 100 giao tuT c6 780 A c6 phan gen kieu gen Ab, aB Do la cac giao tuT du'dc sinh tiJf hoan vi gen ciaa kid'u gen = Kieu gen = c6 ab ab hoan vi se cho loai giao tuT: AB, ab, Ab, aB Co so luTdng t t o g loai nhu' sau: 73 Cty TMHH MTV DVVH Khang Vi? CS'm nang tif On va luyen thi Sinh hoc - Phung Duy Dfing AK n i n r , A D K 1000-(100X2) A b = aB = 100; A B = ab = = 400 HUdng dan ,;; - So li/dng tijfng loai nucleotit cac giao tu" thuoc m o i loai: - L o a i giao tOr A B C O : A = T = 400 X (480 + 180) = 264000 nucleotit G = X = 400 X (720 + 420) = 456000 nucleotit - L o a i giao tiJab C O : A = T = 400 x (600 + 300) = 36000 nucleotit G = X = 400 X (600 + 300) = 366000 nucleotit - M o t te bao sinh due diTc giam phan cho tinh trung '' : - ' ' ^ :, M o t te bao sinh due cai giam phan cho triJng , Vay cac tinh triing chiem t i le ^ , eac triJng chiem t i le la ^ tong so' giao tu Isinh So tinh trung = 80 x - = 64 SotriJng = x - ^ = 16 L o a i giao tu-aB c6: A = T = 100 x (600 + 180) = 78000 nucleotit ,,,,.„ G = X = 100 X (600 + 420) = 102000 nucleotit Bai 26: d m o i cap N S T tufdng dong cua ca the cai xet cap gen di hcfp Su" giam phan binh thuTdng cua cac te bao sinh due chiJa cac cap gen d i hdp lam cho loai C O kha nang toi da cho 16 loai tinh triing khac X a c dinh bo N S T luTdng boi cua loai So N S T ddn mot giao tu": n = 192 64-16 -=4 =>2n = IBai 28: H d p tuf c u a loai thiJ nhat n g u y e n p h a n ddt l i e n tiep d a doi h o i m o ftriTdng noi bao c u n g ca'p n g u y e n l i e u tuTdng diTdng v d i 336 N S T ddn Hdp tur c u a loai thu" h a i c6 92 N S T ddn d trang thai dong x o a n cife d a i B o N S T lU'dng boi c u a m o i loai bang bao n h i e u Cho k i hieu ve cac cap gen di hdp de viet phan gen cua cac loai truYig N e u d ca the dye, NST gidi tinh Y khong mang gen alen thi phan gen cac loai tinh trung c6 the viet nhiT the nao? Hiidng dan B o N S T lir9ng boi cua loai: 2" = 16 => n = D o 2n = Thanh phan gen cua cac loai triJng: A B D E , A B D e , AbdE, ABde a B D E , aaDe, aBdE, aBde A b D E , A b D e , A b d E , Abde abDE, abDe, abdE, abde Thanh phan gen cac loai tinh triing - ) L o a i giao tu" A b c6: A = T = 100 x (480 + 300) = 78000 nucleotit G = X = 100 X (720 + 300) = 102000 nucleotit - '< N S T X chtfa gen E c6 cac loai tinh triing: A B D E , ABdE, AbDE, AbdE ABDY, ABdY, AbDY, AbdY a B D E , aBdE, abDE, abdE a B D Y , a B d Y , A b D Y , abdY s: Hiidng ddn Bo NST cua loai thu" nhat: 2n = 336 2^-1 = 48 92 Bo NST cua loai thi? hai: n = — = 46 i B a i 29: M o t te bao sinh due 2n nguyen phan ddt lien tiep d o i hoi m o i trutin^ i n o i bao cung cap nguyen lieu de hinh 98 NST ddn m d i Xac dinh bo N S T iUdng boi cua loai? Neu m o i N S T bp NST 2n deu c6 cau true khac va m d i NST ddi I d e u gii? cafu true khong d o i giam phan thi kha nang loai cd bao nhiei |loai giao tur difc Neu bo N S T 2n chi eo mot cap NST ttfdng dong g o m NST c6 ea'i N S T X chiJa gen e thi loai c6 them cac loai tinh triing: Itrtic giong (eac cap alen deu dong hdp) va m o i N S T deu khong thay A B D e , A B b d e , A b D e , Abde Ijcau true giam phan thi kha nang eo the cho bao nhieu giao tuT cai a B D e , aBde, abDe, abde Bai 27: M o t te" bao sinh due diTc 2n va mot te' bao sinh due cai 2n deu nguyen phan mot so' ddt bang (eac te' bao eon sinh deu tiep tiic nguyen phan) Gia thiet rang cac te' bao noi tren sinh i\i ddt nguyen phan cuo'i ciing deu giam phan cho long so 80 giao tu" binh thu-dng Cho biet so liTdng N S T ddn cac giao tu" diTc nhieu hdn so' liTdng NST cac giao tuf cai la 192 Hay cho biet so liTdng N S T te bao li/3ng boi (2n) cua loai HUdng ddn 98 B o N S T lifdng boi cua loai: 2n = - r — = 14 2^-1 " ' So loai giao tuT dufc triTdng hdp N S T gii? nguyen eau true: n = Suy so loai giao tuf dUc: 2'' = 128 loai So loai giao tiJ cai k h i eo mot cap NST tiTdng dong gom N S T eo cau tru gio'ng nhau: n = - = Suy so' loai giao tuf cai: 2**= 64 loai 74 Cty TNHH MTV DVVH Khang Vi§ C^m nang tij On va luygn thi Sinh hgc - PhCing Duy Dfl'ng Bai 30: ga quan sat mot te'bao sinh due di/c dang d ki giffa nguyen phan, ngirdi ta dem du-dc 78 NST kep Te' bao nguyen phan ddt lien tiep da doi hoi moi tru'dng npi bao cung cap nguyen lieu de tao bao nhieu NST ddn m6i Loai te bao giam phan binh thudng kha nang nhieu nha't c6 the cho bao nhieu loai tinh trijng tru'dng hdp khong c6 hien tu'dng trao doi doan? Dieu kien de cho so loai tinh trung nhieu nhat la gi? Gia thiet c6 1000 te bao sinh tinh triing giam phan binh thiTdng, hieu xuat thu tinh cua tinh triing la 1/1000, cua truhg la 20% Xac dinh so te bao sinh truHg Cac hdp tu" du"dc tao da nguyen phan lien tiep nhieu ddt, vdi so Ian bang nhau, moi tru'dng noi bao da cung cap nguyen lieu de tao 2184 NST ddn mdi Xac dinh tebao sinh va so'ddt nguyen phan cua hdp tuf HUofng ddn Te bao nguyen phan ddt lien tiep: 2" = 78 Moi tru'dng noi bao cung cap: 78.(2^ - 1) = 2418 NST ddn mdi So loai tinh trung sinh nhieu nha't la moi cap NST phai c6 ca'u true khae va qua trinh giam phan c6 hien tu'dng trao doi doan nhieu nha't (khong xet dot bie'n) Khi khong c6 hien tu'dng trao doi doan thi so loai tinh triing sinh nhieu nha't la 2''-* (khong xet de'n dot bie'n) So te' bao triJng: 1000 te' bao sinh tinh triing giam phan binh thifdng cho X 1000 = 4000 tinh trung t So tinh triing dUde thu tinh: 4000 x —i— = tinh triing 1000 ^ a"' -^'u- • u ' 4x100 So te bao smh tru'ng: = 20 20 So te' bao eon sinh va so ddt nguyen phan cua moi hdp tuf Mot hdp tuT nguyen phan da doi hoi moi tru'dng noi bao cung cap = 546 NST ddn So ddt nguyen phan cua mdi hdp tu": 78^2*^-ij = 546=>k = So ddt nguyen phan cua moi hdp tu' la Ian lien tiep So te'bao eon sinh tuf hdp tuf: x 2^ = 32 te'bao eon Bai 31: Trong o'ng sinh due c6 10 tc' bao sinh due thiTc hien siT phan bao nguyen phan lien tiep mot so ddt da doi hoi moi triTdng cung cap nguyen lieu de tao 2480 NST ddn Cac te bao sinh deu giam phan tao cac giao tu", moi tru'dng npihdp baotijT.da cung them taogiao 2560 ddn de hinh 7fi nen 2.1.128 Xac dinh gidi boBiet NST tinh rangca'p lu'dng cuahieu edboi sua't thenguyen cua dathuloai taotinhlieu rary' 2n = Gidi tinh cua cd the: So te'bao tham gia giam phan la: - ^ ^ ^ = So giao tuf diTdc hinh thanh: ^^^""^^^ = 1280 ^ 10 - Neu 320 te bao sinh due cai thi chi c6 320 tru'ng: Khong phu hdp - Neu 320 te bao sinh due difc se cho: 320 x = 1280, phu hdp vdi diei kien de bai , Vay gidi tinh cua cd the la difc ; So Ian nguyen phan cua moi nhom hdp tuf: , Tong so te'bao nhom hdp tuf sinh ra: 10240 : = 1280 Goi X la so' Ian nguyen phan cua nhom hdp tuf thu" hai thi so' Ian nguyer phan cua nhom hdp tuf thiJ nha't la 2x Ta CO phi/dng trinh: (2^"+2^) = 1280 x = 2, 2x=4 Cty TNHH MTV D W H Khang Vigt C^m nang tij On va luygn Ihi Sinh hgc - Phung Duy Bdng Bai 2: Mot te bao sinh triJng d cd the di hOp ve cap gen nam tren cap NST tuWng dong K i hieu la AaBbDd ; X; ; fitm: Te' bao sinh triJng giam phan c6 kha nang cho bao nhieu loai triJng (khong c6 trao ddi doan va dot bien) A) loai tru-ng B) loai tnJng C) loai triJng D) loai triJng Tren thiTc te'cho may loai tru"ng? (khong c6 trao ddi doan va dot bien) A) loai tnJng: A B D va abd B) loai triJng la: ABD, Abd, AbD, Abd ; C) loai trtfng la: ABD, Abd, AbD, Abd, aBD, aBd, abD, abd D) Cho mot loai trtfng chia lam trU'dng hOp tren Bai 3: Cap NST trfdng dong thu" nhat c6 NST c6 nguon goc tit ho va chtfa cac gen theo trat tiT ABCDE CSp NST c6 nguon goc tif me chu'a cac gen ttfdng iJng theo trat ttf abcde Cap NST tifdng dong thu" hai, c6 NST c6 nguon goc tiJf bd chu'a cac gen theo trat tif FGHIK, NST c6 nguon gd^c ttj" bo'chu'a cac gen theo trat tir fghik Stf giam phan cua tebao sinh due chu'a cap NST tu'dng dong c6 the c6 giao tuT: A) Chu'a NST ABCDE va fghik B) Chu'a NST Abcde va fghik C) Chu'a NST ABCDE va fghik hoSc chu'a NST BCDE va fghik D) Co the xay ta't ca cac trtfdng hdp tren (7>MV>ngA(;/7/l:Cacgenlienkethoantoan Trudng hap B: Cac gen lien ket khong hoan toan Trudng hap C: Dot bien dao doan, hoac dot bien ma't doan) TrU'dng hdp A c6 the cho nhffng loai tinh trung nao khac? A) Chu'a NST ABCDE va fghik B) Chu'a NST abcde va FGHIK C) Khong CO giao tuf nao khac D) Ca A va B TrU'dng hdp B, kha nang c6 the cho nhfJug loai giao tuf nao khac:/* J • ^ A ) Chu'a NST ABCDE va FGHIK hoac chu'a NST ABCDE va fghik B) Chu'a NST abcde va FGHIK hoac chu'a NST abcde va fghik ' C) Chu'a NST Abcde va FGHIK hoac chu'a NST abCDE va FGHIK hoSc chu'a NST abCDE va fghik D) Tat ca cac trirdng hdp A, B va C TrU'dng hdp C, kha nang c6 the cho nhi?ng loai giao tijr nao khac: A) Chu'a NST ABCDE va FGHIK B) Chtfa NST abcde va FGHIK C) Chu'a NST Trirdng hdp A) Chu'a NST C) Chu'a NST pai 4: Khi NST so 21 cua mot te bao triJng d ngtfdi khong phan l i Ian mot giam phan, ket qua n^o sau day khong diing? ' A) Co the tao triJug khong c6 NST sd21 hoac trtfng c6 NST sd21 I B) Co the tao tnJng khong CO NST sd21 C ) C t h e taoratru'ngkh6ngc6 N S T s d I D) Co the tao triTng binh thiTdng (c6 NST so 21) Ghichii: ^ I Hoc sinh thiTdng nham Ian ve sd loai giao tuT du'dc hinh qua nhieu Ian giam phan cua te bao sinh due (ttfc la sd loai giao tuT c6 kha nang sinh san cua loai) vdi so' loai giao tuf thifc te tijf mot te bao sinh due sinh qua giam phan Vidu: Kieu gen = ^ qua giam phan cho loai giao tuT la AB, Ab, aB, ab a b A B Nhiftig tir mot te bao sinh due c6 kieu gen = = qua giam phan chi c6 loai a b giao tu': ,,• Tmyng hap 1: Cho giao tiJf AB va ab Trudng hap 2: Cho giao tuT Ab va aB Mot te bao sinh due cai qua giam phan chi tao triJug Cho nen tren thiTc te chi c6 the cho mot loai triJng Vidu: I Mot tebao sinh due cai c6 kieu gen = ^ = se c6 kha nang cho loai giao ' ' a b d tuf la: ABD, AbD, aBD, abD, Abd, Abd, aBd, abd Nhirng tren thirc te chi cho mot loai triJng loai giao tuf tren Trong bai 4: Khi hoc ve cd che hinh the di boi, hoc sinh dufdc biet la qua trmh giam phan cap 21 khong phan li nen tao loai giao tuf: Mot loai giao tuf CO ca NST so 21 va mot loai giao tuf khong c6 NST sd 21 V i vay, hoc sinh raft de nham Ian lam bai 4, cho rang triTdng hdp D la dung Nhirng tren thiTc td'la khong dung vi mot tebao sinh due cai qua giam phan chi cho triJng DAP AN I.D 2.1 B 2.2 D 3.1.D 3.2 D 3.3 D 3.4 D 3.5 D A abcde va fghik D) Tat ca cac trirdng hdp A, B va C D, kha nang c6 the cho nhiTng loai giao tuT nao khac: BCDE va FGHIK B) Chu'a NST abcde va FGHIK abcde va fghik D) Tat ca cac trirdng hdp A, B va C 79 ... D B D D D D A A C 10 C 11 .C 12 C 13 C 14 B 15 C 16 D 17 D 18 C 19 D 20 D 21 D 22 B 23 D 24 D 25 C 26 A 27 A 28 C 29 D 30 B 31 D 32 B 33 D 34 D 35 C 36 D 37 A 38 B 39 D 40 C 41 D 42 C 43 D 44 D... nhieu riboxom lam viec - v^^ : • DAP AN D 10 D 11 .C 12 A 13 B 14 C 15 A 16 A 17 A 18 A 19 A 20 A 21 A 22 A 23 A 24 C 25 D 26 D 27 D 28 B 29 C 30 B 31 A 32 C 33 D 34 D 35 D 36 C 37 D it T r i... nhiem sac the )• l.B 2.C D C D D D D D 10 D 11 D 12 D 13 D 14 D 15 D 16 D 17 D 18 D 19 D 20 D 21. D 22 B 23 D 24 D 25 D 26 D 27 D ^ : IV.BAITAPTVLUAN ^ Logi 1: Xac dinh so'loai giao tijTkhac ve