Phần 1 tài liệu Tuyển chọn bài thi trắc nghiệm theo cấu trúc đề thi môn Hóa học giới thiệu tới người đọc các bài thi trắc nghiệm theo cấu trúc đề thi, một số phương pháp giải nhanh các bài toán trắc nghiệm hóa học. Mời các bạn cùng tham khảo nội dung chi tiết.
CAO DANG C ^ u true de thi De thi ducJc theo chuong trinh THFT hien hhnh, chu yeu la chuong trinh 16p 12 - D6'i vdi cac m6n: Toan, Vat If, Hoa hoc, Sinh hoc, Ngtr van, U c h sijr, Dia If 8^ thi m6i m6n g6m hai phSn: + Phdn chung cho ta't ca thf sinh, theo n6i dung gi6'ng giCra chuong trinh Chu^n va chuong trinh Nang cao + Phdn rieng theo tCmg chuong trinh: Chuong trinh Chudn va chuong trinh Nang cao Thf sinh diroc chon m6t phdn rieng thfch hop de lam bai; neu lam ca hai phdn rieng thi ca hai phSn rieng d^u khdng duoc cha'm - D6'i voi cac m6n Ngoai ngu: thi m6i m6n chi c6 phSn chung danh cho tat ca thf sinh, theo ndi dung gifi'ng gi&a chuong trinh Chudn va chuong trinh Nang cao, kh6ng c6 phSn rieng Yeu cau va mufc kien thiirc a) Yeu cdu 6n tdp: On tap toan b6 chuong trinh da hoc, khdng hoc tu, hoc lech Bam sat yeu cSu, miic d6 cua thi tuydn sinh Dai hoc va Cao dang Trong qua trinh 6n thi cin nang cao kie'n thiic va k l nang co ban, d6ng thcfi nang cao kha nang suy luan, nang luc tu duy, sang tao b) MAc cdn dqt ve kien thifc, ki nang - Ve kien thifc: Yeu cixx thf sinh phai nam vung, hidu ban cha't, hieu sau cac kie'n thiic chuong trinh va sach giao khoa - Ve kl nang: Van dung thao cac kie'n thiic da hoc d^ tra Idi cac cau hoi hoac giai bai tap; c6 k l nang tfnh toan, ve hinh, dung bi^u d6 Cau true de thi tuyen sinh Dai hoe - Cao dang mon Hoa hoc I P H A N C H U N G C H O T X T C A T H I S I N H (40 So eau) Noi dung TT So eau Nguyen tir, bang tuSn hoan cac nguyen t6' hod hoc, lien ke't hoa hoc Phan ling oxi hoa-khii, t6'c d6 phan ling va can bang hoa hoc Su dien l i Phi k i m (cacbon, silic, nito, photpho, oxi, luu huynh, halogen) Dai cuong wi k i m loai K i m loai k i ^ m , k i m loai k i ^ m thd, nh6m, sat 2 Tong hop ndi dung cac kie'n thiJc hoa v6 cor thudc chuong trinh thdng Dai cuong hoa hoc hOu co, hidrocacbon DSn xuat halogen, ancol, phenol 10 Andehit, xeion, axit cacboxylic 11 Este, lipit 12 A m i n , amino axit, protein 13 Cacbohidrat 14 Polime va vat lieu polime 15 Tong hop noi dung cac kien thiic hoa hiJu co thu6c chuong trinh ph6 th6ng I I P H A N RifeNG Thi sink chi duffc chpn mot phdn rieng thich de Idm bdi hffp Theo chirang trinh Chuan (10 cau) So TT Noi dung KHAI QUAT VE PHl/ONG PHAP TRAC NGHIEM So cau Co hai loai trac nghidm: - Trac nghiem t u luan (thu5ng goi tat la tu luan) - Trac nghiSm khach quan (thucrng goi tat la trac nghiem) Tide nghiem tu luan (cau hoi tu luan): K h i lam bai, hoc sinh phai viet cau tra Idi, phai l i giai, Mp luan chiing minh bang kie'n thiic ciia minh Trac nghiem khdch quan (cau hoi trac nghiem): K h i lam bai, hoc sinh chi phai doc, suy nghi de lura chpn dap an dung s6' cac phuong an da cho Th5i gian danh cho m6i cau chi tiir - phiit Goi la tide nghiem khdeh quan la each cha'm die'm ra't khach quan (thircfng la dting may tinh) Di^m dirge tinh bang each dem so Mn chon dugc cau tra Icfi dung 16 Toe phan ling, can bang hoa hoc, sir d i f n l i cau hoi trac nghiem co dang ehinh: 17 Andehit, xeton, axit cacboxylic C a u dien khuyet 18 Day the' dien cue chuan 19 Crom, dong, niken, chi, kem, bac, ^'ang, thiS'e 20 Phan biet cha't v6 co, hoa hoe va van dt phat tris'n kinh l€, xa h6i, moi Irucfng 21 D i n xuat halogen, phenol, ancol 22 A m i n , amino axit, protein 23 Cacbohidrat Theo chirang trinh Nang cao (10 cau) Noi dung So TT So cau Toe phan ling, can bang hoa hoc, su dien l i 25 Andehit, xeton, axit cacboxylic • 26 Day the dien cue chuan 27 Crom, dong, niken, chi, kem, bac, vang, thie'e 28 Phan biet chat v6 co, chuan dung djch, hoa hoc va va'n de phat trien kinh te, xa hdi, moi tru&ng 29 30 31 Dan xua't halogen, phenol, ancol A m i n , amino axit, protein 1 - Phdn cdu dan la nhirng cau hoac phuong trinh hoa hoc, co nhiJng ch6 bo (ghi bang cac da'u ) - Phdn trd Idi la nhiJng tii, cum tii, nhirng c6ng thiic hoa hge phai lua chon va di^n vao ch6 cho phii hgp - Thi du: Trong nguySn tu: 29CU co (1) electron, (2) proton va ( ) notron 24 Cacbohidrat \m hai phSn: C a u phep doi Gom hai phSn: - Phdn edu ddn b c6t thii nha't g6m mot phSn ciia cau (cau chua hoan thanh) hay m6t yfiu ciw - Phdn trd Idi d c6t thii hai g6m m6l ph^n lai ciia cau hoac mot dap an ma ta phai chon d^ ghep vdi c6t thii nha't cau phu hap hoan chi'nh - Thi du: Chon san phdm phan ling d e6t thii hai ghep vdi cac cha't phan ling d c6t thii nha't de dugc phuong trinh hoa hoc phii hop hoan chinh: C o t thijf hai C o t thix n h a t Dap a) CI2 + N a O H - > D N j + H2O a-5 b) C I , + N a O H 2) K C I O + K C l b-3 3) N a C l + N a C l O , + H j O c-4 ) K C l + O2 d-2 — — ^ - ^ c) K C I O , d) K C I O , 24x + 56y = 20 an T a CO he p h u a n g t r i n h : x + G i a i he p h u o n g t r m h d u g c : x = y = 0,25 m o l -> - Cdch G o m hai phan: cdu ddn la m t cSu c6 n i d u n g cSn xac d i n h d i i n g hay sai - Phan trd Idi g o m chU D (nfe'u cho la d u n g ) hay chC S (n6'u cho la sai) K h o a n h t r o n m o t t r o n g hai chiJ k h i xac d i n h - Thi du: H i d r o c a c b o n no c h i t h a m gia phan l i n g th6', k h n g t h a m gia D - S an S: H i d r o c a c b o n no n h u x i c i o p r o p a n (hay x i c l o b u t a n ) c6 thi tham gia p l i a n l i n g c n g mcf v o n g C a u n h i e u lura c h o n (hay d u n g nhat) G m hai p h d n : cdu ddn la m t cSu h o i hoSc m t cau chua hoan t h a n h (cau bo Phan trd Idi g m hoac phucfng an, p h a i c h o n p h u a n g an d u n g = nc, = j = m o l n g u y e n tir N h u vay: m o l n g u y e n tur H bay t h i c u n g p h a i c6 m o l n g u y e n tir C I (hay 35,5 g a m ) tao muO'i m„„rti = m „ + m ^ , , D a p an B Thi du 2: C h i a m t l u g n g hOn hop ancol n o , d o n chiJc t h a n h hai p h ^ n bang n h a u Phan 1: D6t chay hoan t o a n , t h u dugc 2,24 l i t C O , ( d k t c ) Phan 2: T a c h nudrc (dehdrat hoa) hoan toan, t h u d u g c a n k e n D6't chay hoan toan h n h g p anken t h u dugc m g a m A 1,2 > 1: Cho 20 g a m h n h o p M g va Fe tac d u n g vdi d u n g d i c h H C I H a y c h o n dap an d i i n g Hu&ng ddn trd l&i: t h i t h u dugc bao nhifiu g a m m u o i khan? - Cdch gidi thong A 50 g a m B 55,5 g a m C 60 g a m D 60,5 gam - Cdch gidi thong G g i X la so m o l ciia ancol t r o n g m i phdn Phan 1: C n H j n + i O H + y O thudng: G p i x va y la s6' m o l M g va Fe c6 t r o n g 20 g a m h n hop xmol Cac p h u o n g t r i n h phan l i n g : Mg + 2HC1 X Fe y + 2HC1 -> MgCl2 + X X FeClj + y Hjt (1) mol H,! y mol thudng: G g i C T P T t r u n g b i n h ciia ancol la C j j H j n + i O H H a y chon dap an d i i n g ddn trd l&i B 2,4 D 1,8 d u thay CO g a m k h i H , bay N6'u d e m c6 can d u n g d i c h sau phan ung Hu&ng = 20 + 35,5 = 55,5 ( g a m ) C 3,6 (hay d i i n g nha't, dSy d i l nha't) - Thidu nhanh: G i a t r i cua m la l u n g ) , c^n gbep v6i m t dap an di duoc cau hoan c h i n h - gidi Tir phan tir H C I - Phan - Phan = 95.0,25 = 23,37 gam Kha'i l i r g n g muO'i bang 23,37 + 31,75 = 55,5 ( g a m ) C a u d i i n g sai Dap mMgCi, mpecij = 127.0,25 = 31,75 g a m 5) N a C l + N a C l O + phan ufng c n g y = - Phan 2: _ 24 n x = - ^ = 0,l(mol) 22,4 C^Hsir+iOH—^^^^^^^^^^^^^Cj^Hzn+H2O X (2) ' ^ n C + ( n + l)H20 mol X mol HjO CHH2H + X mol PHAN I nC02 + n H^O nx TUYEN CHON BAI THI TRAC n x = 0,lmol THEO CAU TRUC D E THI mH^o =0,1.18 = 1,8 (gam) Dap an D - Cdch gidi nhanh: D6't chay phSn thu dugc 0,1 mol COj, phSn tach nudrc thi s6' mol anken bang s6' mol ancol SO' nguydn tur C anken bang s6' nguyen tit C ancol SO' mol COj dO't anken = sO' mol CO2 dO't ancol va bang sO' mol H2O A PHAN CHUNG CHO TAT CA C A C THI SINH NGIIYEN TU; BANG TUAN HO AN, LIEN KET HOA HOC 1.1 mH20= O'l.lS = 1,8 gam Cho cac nguyen to M (Z = 11), X (Z = 17), Y (Z = 9) va R (Z = 19) DO am di6n cua cac nguyen to' tang din theo thii tu A M < X < Y < R C Y < M < X < R CM y: Khi lam bai tap trac nghifim, vi khOng phai trinh b^y each giai nfin ta dung each giai nhanh (giai nh^m) d^ chon dap an diing 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 A 27% B 50% C 54%.' D 73% Trong hgtp chat ion XY (X la kim loai, Y la phi kim), sO' electron cua cation bang sO' electron cua anion va t6ng sO' electron XY la 20 Biet moi hop cha't, Y chi c6 mOt miic oxi hoa nha't COng thu-c XY la A MgO B LiF C AIN D NaF Trong phan ling dO't chay CuFeSj tao san ph^m CuO, FejO, va SO2 thi mot phan tu CuFeS2 se A nhucrng 13 electron B nhan 12 electron C nhan 13 electron D nhuomg 12 electron Day g6m cac ion X^, Y" va nguy6n tCr Z d^u c6 ca'u hinh electron ls^2s22p'^ la C.Na^F-,Ne 1.6 B R < M < X < Y D M < X < R < Y Trong tu nhien, nguyen to c6 hai d6ng vi la 29 Cu va 29 Cu Nguyen tir khO'i trung binh cua d6ng la 63,54 Thanh phSn phSn tram t6ng so nguyen tur ciia ddng vi 29 Cu la A Na^ Cr, Ar 10 NGHIEM ^ B L i ^ F", Ne D K^ CP, Ar Anion X~ va cation Y^* deu c6 cau hinh electron Idp ngoai cdng la 3s^3p^ V i tri cua cac nguyen tO' bang tuiin hoan cac nguyen tO' hoa hoc la : A X CO sO' thu- tu 17, chu ki 4, nhom VIIA - Y CO so thii tu 20, chu ki 4, nhom IIA 11 B X CO s6' thi'r tu 18, chu ki 3, nhom VIA Y CO so thir tir 20, chu ki 4, nhom IIA C X CO so thir tu 17, chu ki 3, nhom VIIA Y CO s6' thii tu 20, chu ki 4, nhom IIA D X CO s6' thi'r ty 18, chu ki 3, nhom VIIA Y CO s6' thii tu 20, chu ki 3, nhom IIA 1.7 Nguyfin tir cua nguyen t6 X c6 cttu hinh electron ls^2s^2p^3s^3pMs', nguyen tir cua nguyfin t6' Y c6 cA'u hinh electron ls^2s^2p\ Lien ket hoa hoc giua nguyen tir X va nguySn tir Y thuoc loai lien kS't A kim loai B c6ng hoa trj C ion D cho - nhSn 1.8 Nguyen tir cua nguyen td X c6 t6ng s6 hat electron cac phan Icfp p la So hat mang dien cua mot nguyen tur Y nhieu hon s6' hat mang dien ciia m6t nguyfin tir X la hat Cac nguySn t6' X va Y Ian luat la A FevaCl B 23 C 17 D 15, 1.10 Nguyen tii ciia nguyen to X c6 electron a miJc nang lirgng cao nhat la 3p Nguyen tii ciia nguyen to Y cung c6 electron mvtc nSng lucmg 3p va c6 m6t electron a lap ngoai cung Nguyen tii X va Y c6 s6' electron hon kem la Nguyen to X, Y hin lugt la A kim loai va kim loai B phi kim va kim loai C kim loai va hiem D hiem va kim loai 1.11 Cho cac nguyen to: K (Z = 19), N (Z = 7), Si (Z = 14), Mg (Z = 12) Day g6m cac nguyen to dugc sdp xep theo chieu giam d&n ban ki'nh nguyen tii tir trai sang phai la A.Mg,K,Si,N B K , M g , S i , N C K,Mg,N,Si D.N,Si,Mg,K 1.12 Nguyen tii cua nguyen t6' X c6 cau hinh electron ngoiii cung la ns'^np'* Trong hop chat ciia nguyen t6' X v6i hidro, X chiem 94,12% khoi luong Phan tram khoi luong ciia nguyen t6' X oxit cao nha't la A 50,00% C 27,27% 12 A chu ki 4, nhom IIA B chu ki 4, nhom VIIIB C chu ki 4, nhom VIIIA D chu ki 3, nhom VIB 1.14 Nhan djnh nao sau day dung noi v l nguyen tii: f j X , 26 Y , ? A X va Y CO Cling s6' notron B X, Z la ddng vi cua ciing m6t nguyen t6 hoa hoc C X, Y thu6c Cling m6t nguyen t6' hoa hoc D X va Z CO Cling s6' kh6'i 1.15 Cac nguyen t6' tilr Li den F, theo chi^u tang cua dien tich hat nhan thi A ban kinh nguyen tii va d6 am dien diu giam B ban ki'nh nguyen tir va d6 am dien d6u tang C ban kinh nguyen tur giam, d6 am dien tang B NavaCl C A l va CI D A l va P 1.9 Mot nguyen tir ciia nguyen to X c6 tong so hat proton, natron, electron la 52 va CO so khoi la 35 So hieu nguyen tu cua nguyen t6' X la A 18 1.13 Ca'u hinh electron cua ion X^* la ls^2s^2p^3s^3p^3d^ Trong bang tuSn hoan cac nguyen t6' hoa hoc, nguyen t6' X thuoc B 40,00% D 60,00% D ban kinh nguyen tir tang, d6 am dien giam 1.16 Cac chat ma phan tur khong phan cue la A HBr, CO2, CH4 B CI2, CO2, QH2 C NH3, Br2, C2H4 D HCl, C2H2, Br2 1.17 M6t ion M^*c6 t6ng sc) hat proton, notron, electron la 79, s6' hat mang dien nhieu hon sO' hat khong mang dien la 19 ca'u hinh electron ciia nguyen tu" M la A [Ar]3dMs' B [Ar]3dMsl C [Ar]3d'*4s' D [Ar]3dMsl 1.18 Cac kim loai X, Y, Z c6 ca'u hinh electron nguyen tii iSn luot la: ls22s^2p'^3s'; ls^2s^2p''3s^ ls^2s'2p''3s23p' Day g6m cac kim loai xep theo chi^u tang d^n tmh khii tur trai sang phai la A.Y,Z,X B.Z,X,Y C.X,Y,Z D.Z,Y,X 1.19 Day g6m cac kim loai c6 ca'u tao mang tinh th^ lap phuong tarn khd'i la A Li, Na, K B Be, Mg, Ca C.Li,Na,Ca D Na, K, Mg 1.20 Lien ket hoa hoc giira cac nguyen tur phan tii HjO la lien ket A c6ng hoa tri khdng phan cue B hidro C c6ng hoa tri phan cue D ion PHAN UNG OXI HOA - KHlT, TOC DO PHAN UNO VA CAN BANG HOA HOC 2.1 D6 kbit ion Cu^^ dung dich C U S O c6 th^ diing kirn loai A Fe B Na C.K D.Ba 2.2 Cho phirong trinh hoa hoc ciia phan ung t6ng hop amoniac: 2.7 Cho cac can bang hoa hoc: N2 (k) + H2 (k) < > NH3 (k) H2(k) + l2(k) < ± 2HI(k) 2S02(k)+ 02(k) 2S0, (2) N2 (k) + 3H2 (k) CO (k) + H2O (k) (4) 2HI (k) (k) + I2 (k) Khi thay d6i ap sua't, nhom g6m cac can bang hoa hoc deu khong bi chuydn dich la A.(l)va(2) B.(l)va(3) C (3) va (4) D (2) va (4) 2.10 Cho cac phan ling sau: (a) 4HC1 + PbOj > PbCl2 + CI2 + 2H2O (b) HCl + NH4HCO3 —=:^,NH4C1 + CO2 + H2O (c) 2HC1 (d) 2HC1 + 2HNO3 + Zn > 2NO2 + CI2 + 2H2O > ZnCl2 + t c 2.11 S6 phan ling HCl thi hi&n tinh khur la A B C D * Cho chat xuc tac MnOj vao 100 ml dung dich H2O2, sau 60 giay thu duoc 33,6 ml Oj (cr dktc) T6c d6 trung binh ciia phan ling (tinh theo HjOj) 60 giay tren la A 5,0.10' mol/ (/.s) B 5,0.10^ mol/ (Z's) C 2,5.10^ mol/(/.s) D 1,0.10"'mol/(/.s) Cho day cac chat va ion: Zn, S, FeO, SO2, Nj, HCl, Cu^^ CI S6' chat va ion CO ca tinh oxi hoa va tinh khir la A B.5 C.7 D.4 Cho can bang: 2SO2 (k) + O2 (k) < > 2S0^ (k) Khi tang nhiet thi ti khd'i ciia h6n hop so vdi diing noi v^ can bang la: Cho cac can bang sau: (I) H I ( k ) 2SO3 (k) Khi giam ap suat cua he, s6' can bfmg bi chuyen dich theo chieu nghich la A B C.2 D Cho can bang hoa hoc: PCl^ (k) giam di Phat h'liu A Phan irng thuan toa nhiet, can bang dich chuyin theo chi^u nghich tang nhiet d6 B Phan utig nghich thu nhiSt, can bang dich chuyg'n theo chi^u thuan tang nhiet d6 PCl3(k) + CI2 (k); A H > can bang chuydn dich theo chi^u thuan A tang ap suat ciia he phan ung B tang nhiet dd ciia he phan ling C thenn PCI3 vao he phan ung D them CI2 vao he phan uiig Cho phan ling: NajSO, + KMn04 + NaHSO^ ^ Na2S04 + MnS04 + K2SO4 + H2O C Phan ung nghich toa nhiet, can bang dich chuye'n theo chi^u thuan tang nhiet d6 T6ng he s6' ciia cac cha't (la nhung s6' nguyen, toi gian) phuong trinh D Phan ting thuan thu nhiet, can bang dich chuy^n theo chi^u nghich tang nhiet d6 A 27 C.31 Nung nong tittig cap chat sau binh kin: (1) Fe + S (r), (2) FcjO-, + CO (k), (3) Au + O2 (k), (4) Cu + Cu(N03)2 (r), (5) Cu + KNO, (r), (6) Al + NaCl (r) Cac trucmg hop xay phan ung oxi hoa kim loai la A.(l),(4),(5) B (2), (3), (4) C (2), (5), (6) D.(l),(3),(6) 2.15 C chi ih^ hien tinh khic D kh6ng the hien tmh khijr va tmh oxi hoa Cho X mol Fe tan hoan toan dung dich chiJa y mol H2SO4 (ti le x : y = 2:5), thu duoc m6t san phdm khu nha't va dung dich chi chiia mu6'i sunfat S6' mol electron lugng Fe tren nhudng bi hoa tan la A 2x B 3x C y D 2y Cho phan ting: 2CsH,-CHO + KOH ^ CfiH,-COOK + CfiH,-CH2-OH Phan iJng chiing to CfiHs-CHO: A vtra th^ hien tinh oxi hoa, vita thi hien tinh khu B chi th^ hien tinh oxi hoa phan ling la B.47 D.23 Nguyen tir S {!6ng vai tro vira la chat khu, vira la chat oxi hoa phan ung nao sau day? A S + 2Na NajS B S + 3F2 — ^ S F f i C S + 6HNO3 (dac) — ^ D 4S + 6NaOH(dac) — ^ H2SO4 + 6NO2 + 2H2O 2Na2S + Na2S203 + 3H2O SUDIENLI Khi hoa tan hidroxit kim loai M(OH)2 bang mot luong vira dii dung dich H2SO4 20% thu ducfc dung dich muoi trung hoa c6 nong d6 27,21% Kim loai M la A Cu C Fe B Zn D- Mg I THU" VIEW T I M H B I N H T H U A N I 17 3.2 Trong so cac dung dich : Na^CO,, KCl, CH.COONa, NH4CI, NaHS04, 3.9 QH.ONa NhOng dung dich c6 pH > la A NasCO,, QH^ONa, CHjCOONa Gia tri ciia a la (biet mgi dung dich [H^l[OH"] = 10"'") * B NasCOj, NH4CI, KCl C KCl, QH,ONa, CH^COONa D NH4CI, CH^COONa, NaHS04 3.3 3.4 Khi cho 100 ml dung dich K O H I M vao 100 ml dung dich HCl thu dugc dung dich c6 chiia 6,525 gam cha't tan Nong d6 mol (hoac mol/1) ciia HCl dung dich da dung la 3.10, Cho cac dung dich c6 cung nong do: Na2C03(l), H2S04(2), UCl (3), A (3), (2), (4), (1) B (4), (1), (2), (3) C 0,25M D 0,5M C (1), (2), (3), (4) D (2), (3), (4), (1) Mot dung dich chira 0,02 mol Cu^"^, 0,03 mol K"^, x mol CP va y mol A 0,03 va 0,02 B 0,05 va 0,01 C 0,01 va 0,03 D 0,02 va 0,05 3.11 Nho tijf tit 0,25 lit dung dich NaOH 1,04M vao dung dich g6m 0,024 mol FeCl,; 0,016 mol Al2(S04)3 va 0,04 mol H2SO4 thu dugc m gam ket tiia Gia tri cua m la A 2,568 B 1,560 C 4,128 D 5,064 Day gom cac ion (khSng ke' de'n su phan li ciia nude) ciing t6n tai m6t dung dich la Day gom cac chat d^u lam quy tim am chuydn sang mau xanh la B amoni clorua, metyl amin, natri hidroxit A A P , N H ; , Br~, OH" B M g ' \^ S O j " , P O j " C anilin, metyl amin, amoniac c H ^ D Ag\^ N O , Dung dich HCl va dung dich CH;,COOH c6 ciing nong d6 mol, pH cua hai dung dich tuong ihig la x va y Quan he giiJa x va y la (gia thiet, cii 100 phan tu CH3COOH thl c6 phSn tii dien l i ) Fe^^ N O , sof B y = 2x A 12,8 B 13,0 C y = x - D y = x + C 1,0 D 1,2 Tr6n iSn V m ! dung dich NaOH 0,01 M vdi V m l dung dich HCl 0,03M dugc 2V m l dung dich Y Dung dich Y c6 pH la C.l ' cr 3.13, Tr6n 100 ml dung dich h6n hop g6m H2SO4 0,05M va HCl 0,1M vdi 100 ml dung dich h6n hgp g6m NaOH 0,2M va Ba(0H)2 0,1M, thu dugc dung dich X Dung dich X c6 pH la A y = lOOx A B Dung dich X chiJa h6n hgp g6m NajCO^ 1,5M va K H C O , I M Nho tiir tir tCmg gigt cho den he't 200 ml dung dich HCl I M vao 100 ml dung dich X, sinh V lit (a dktc) Gia tri ciia V la D.4 A 3,36 Cho cac cha't: C 4,48 KA1(S04 ) H O , C H O H , C , H 2 , , (saccarozo), C H C O O H , 18 D 0,12 B I M D anilin, amoniac, natri hidroxit 3.8 C 0,03 A 0,75M A metyl amin, amoniac, natri axetat 3.7 B 0,30 trai sang phai la Gia tri ciia x va y Ian lugt la 3.6 A 0,15 K N O (4) Gia tri pH ciia cac dung dich dugc sap xep theo chiei rang tir SO4 Tong khoi luong cac muoi tan c6 dung dich la 5,435 gam 3.5 Trdn 100 m l dung dich c6 pH = g6m HCl va H N O , voi iOO m ! dung dich NaOH n6ng a (mol//), thu dugc 200 ml dung dich c6 pH = 12 3.15, ^ B 1,12 D 2,24 Dot chay hoan toan m gam h6n hgp ancol don chiic, thugc ciing day Ca(0H)2, C H C O O N H dong dang, thu dugc 3,808 lit C O (dktc) va 5,4 gam H O So chat dien H la Gia tri ciia m la A B.4 A 5,42 B 4,72 C.5 D.2 C 7,42 D 5,72 19 3.16 Dung djch X c6 chita: 0,07 mol Na'; 0,02 mol SO4" va x mol OH Dung dich Y CO chi'ra CIO4 , NO3 va y mol ir; tdng s6' wpl CIO4 va NO3 la 0,04 Tron X va Y dugc 100 ml dung djch Z Dung dich Z c6 pH (bo qua SLt di6n li ciia H2O) la A B 13 C D 12 3.17 Cho dung dich Ba(HC03)2 iSn luot vao cac dung dich: CaClj, Ca(N0,)2, NaOH, Na2CO,, KHSO4, Na2S04 Ca(OH)2, H2SO4, HCl So trucmg hap c6 tao kfi't tua la A B C D 3.18 Phat bieu nao sau day khong dung? A Trong cac dung dich: HCI, H2SO4, H2S c6 ciing nong d6 0,01 M, dung dich HjS CO pH 16n nha't B Nho dung dich NH, tir tCr t d i du vao dung dich CUSO4, thu dmc ke't tiia xanh C Dung dich Na2C03lam phenOlphtalein kh6ng mau chuyfin sang mau h6ng >D Nho dung dich NH3 tCr ttr tdi du vao dung dich AlCl;,, thu dugc ke't tiia trang 3.19 Cho 150 ml dung dich KOH 1,2M tac dung vdri 100 ml dung dich AlCl, n6ng x mol//, thu dugc dung dich Y va 4,68 gam ket tiia Loai bo ke't tiia, them tifi'p 175 ml dung dich KOH 1,2M vao Y, thu dugc 2,34 gam ke't tiia Gia tri cua x la A 1,2 B 0,8 C.0,9 D 1,0 3.20 Hoa tan h5n hgp gom: K2O, BaO, AljO-,, Fe304 vao nirdc (du), thu dirge dung dich X va cha't ran Y Sue khf CO2 den du vao dung dich X, sau cac phan img xay hoan loan thu dugc ket tiia la A K2CO3 B BaCO, C Fe(OH), D Al(OH), PHI KIM (cacbon, silic, nita, photpho, oxi, liru huynh, halogen) 4.1 Cho CO (du) di vao ong su" nung nong dimg h6n hgp X g6m AI2O,, MgO, Fe^^, CuO thu dugc chat ran Y Cho Y vao dung dich NaOIi (du), khua't kT, tha'y lai phan kh6ng tan Z Gia sir cac phan ung xay hoan toan Phan khSng tan Z gom A MgO, Fe, Cu B Mg, Fe, Cu C MgO, F e , Cu 90 D Mg, Al, Fe, Cu 4.2 Cho 13,44 lit clo (6 dktc) di qua 2,5 lit dung dich KOH a JOO"C Sau phan ling xay hoan toan, thu dugc 37,23 gam KCi Dung dich KOH tren c6 n6ng d6 la A 0,2M B 0,4M C 0,48M D 0,24M 4.3 Trong phong thi nghifim, nguM ta thucmg di^u che' HNO3 ttr A NH3 va O2 B NaN02 va H2SO4 dac C NaN03va H2S04dac D NaNOg va HCI dac 4.4 Trong phong thi nghiem, de di^u che m6t lugng nho X tinh khiet, nguc^i ta dun nong dung dich ainoni ilitrit bao hoa Khi X la A NO B.NO2 C.N2O D N2 4.5 Trong phong tiif nghiem, ngudi ta thircmg di6u che clo bang each A dien phan nong chay NaCl B cho dung dich HCI dac tac dung vdi MnOj, dun nong C dien phan dung dich NaCl c6 mang ngan D Cho F2 d^y CI2 khoi dung dich NaCl 4.6 Hap thu hoan toan 4,48 lit CO^ (cf dktc) vao 500 ml dung dich h6n hgp NaOH 0,1M va Ba(0H)2 0,2M, sinh m gam k ^ tiia Gia trj ciia in la A 9,85 B 11,82 C 19,70 D 17,73 4.7 Phan iJng nhifit phan khong diing la 2KNO2 + O2 A 2KNO3 ^ B NH4NO2 C NH4CI - > N2+2H2O NH3 +,HC1 NaOH + CO2 D NaHCOj 4.8 Cho cac phan ting sau: H2S + 02(du) NH3 + O2 NH4HCO3 — ^> 850"C,Pt Khi X + H2O -> Khf Y + H2O + HCI loang ^ Khi Z + NH4CI + H2O 21 4.15 Cho 0,448 lit khf CO2 (a dktc) ha'p thu he't vao 100 ml dung dich chiia h6n Cac khf X , Y , Z thu dirge Ian lugt la 4.9 A SO3 , NO, NH3 B SO2, N , N H C SO2, NO, CO2 D SO3 , N , CO2 Cong thuc phan tir ciia hop chat khf tao boi nguyfin to R va hidro la RH^ Trong oxit ma R c6 s6 hoa tri cao nha't thi oxi chiem 74,07% ve kh6'i luong Nguyen to R la hgp NaOH 0,06M va Ba(OH)2 0,12M, thu dugc m gam ket tua Gia tri ciia m la A 1,970 B 1,182 C 2,364 D 3,940 4.16 Hoa tan hoan toan 8,94 gam h6n hgp g6m Na, K va Ba vao nude, thu A.sr B.As dugc dung dich X va 2,688 1ft khf H2 (dktc) Dung dich Y gom HCl va C N D P H2SO4, ti le mol tuong irng la : Trung hoa dung dich X hbi dung dich 4.10 Cho 0,1 mol P20 K2CO3 + H2O 2QH2„.,OH + 2Na->2C„H2„„ONa + H t Tong so mol cua hai ancol, theo (3) bang: x = ^ ^ = 0,06 (mol) 22,4 ^ Vay K L P T T B ciia ancol bang: 0,06 Xac dinh c6ng thirc phan tir va ggi itn hai muoi Tinh % khoi lugng m6i muoi h6n hgp X Hu&ng ddn gidi: Ggi cSng thiic chung cua mu6'i chua biet la Ci,H2-^,C00Na (trong d6 n la s6' nguyen tur C trung binh cua hai g6'c axit) va t6ng s6' m o l la a Cac phan irng chay: 2HCOONa + O - > Na2C03 + CO2 + H2O (1) 2C-„H2,,,COONa + (3n + DO^ -> Na^CO, + (2n + \)CO^ + (2n + 1)H20 (2) Theo ( , ) khoi lugng cua Y (Na2C03) bang: a 0,01 —+ 106 = 2,65 a - , mol va hieu khoi lugng CO2 va H2O la: Ggi n la s6' nguyen tu' cacbon trung binh hai ancol, ta c6 cac phan itng: MZ^= = x.n.44 = 0,06.2,375.44 = 6,27 (gam) Thi du H6n hgp X g6m 0,01 mol natri fomat va a mol mu6'i natri cua axit no, dan chiic la dong dang Wtn tie'p Dot chay h6n hgp X va cho san pham chay (CO2, hoi H2O) \in lugt di qua binh dung H2SO4 dac va binh dung K O H ran tha'y khd'i lugng binh tang n h i l u han binh la 3,51 gam PhSn chat ran Y lai sau d6't la Na2C03, can nang 2,65 gam Hu&ng ddn gidi: C„H2,.,,0F + Kh6i lugng binh tang = khd'i lugng CO2 = ,,0,04 0,01 44(2n + l ) + 2 18 = 3,51 Rut n = 2,75 Vay c6ng thilc ciia cac mu6'i la: (2) (3) C2H5-COONa va C3H7-COONa natri propionat ' natri butirat hoac natri isobutirat Ggi X la so mol CjH^-COONa thi s6' mol QHs-COONa la (0,04 - x), theo n ta c6: _ 3x + ( , - x ) • = 2,75 =>x = 0,03 n =0,04 51,25 = 14n- 18 133 Vay: %HCOONa = _a01:gg-100% Theo dinh luat bao toan kh6'i lugng: X + O2 - > CO2 + H.O, ta tfnh duoc: ^0 ^ ^ 0,01.68 + 0,01.96 + 0,03.110 4,94 15,66 = 0,87 (mol) 18 " Vi este la cua axit dong dang lien tiep (va ciing ancol) nen chung CO cung cong thiic chung Ggi x, y la SNTCTB va SNTHTB, ta c6 cong thiJc chung ciia este la C^^H^Oj Phan ling d6't chay: mH„= % C H , - C O O N a = M l : ^ ^ = 19,4% ^ ' 4,94 %C3H7-COONa = 100% - 13,8% - 19,4% = 66,8% va s6' mol QH7OH = 0,035 - 0,01 = 0,025 (mol) C,H,02 + x + ^ - 0,025.60.100% %m, „ -,„ ^ — = 66,96% c,H,oH %mc^n,,„H 2,24 b) PhUffng phdp dung so nguyen tA cacbon trung binh (SNTCTB) so nguyen tit hidro trung binh (SNTHTB) va Dac didm ©ua cac bai toan ap dung phucfng phap la khong biet d6ng dang c6 lien tiep hay khdng K h i giai, truoc he't ta tim s6' nguyen tur C trung binh n => hai cha't c6 s6' nguydn tit C Idn han va nho hofn i i Sau dua vao dieu ki6n cho d^ ke't luan c6 m6t hoac nhi^u nghiem hop If Th6ng thudng ta di dang suy luan cha't thir nha't va tren ca scf s6 mol CO2 dfi tnr, cha't thii hai Sau day la nhung thi du di^n hinh Thi du Cho h6n hop X g6m este cua axit ke' tie'p day d6ng dang la R,COOR va R2COOR Dot chay hoan toan 20,1 gam h6n hop X citn 146,16 l i t kh6ng khf dieu kien tieu c h u i n (chiia 20% thd tich la O2 va 80% the' tich la N j ) San ph^m chay thu dugc cho Ian lugft qua bmh dung H2SO4 dac va sau qua binh dung dung dich Ca(OH)2 du Sau thf nghiem, khd'i luong binh tang m (gam) va binh tang 46,2 gam Mat khac, neu cho 3,015 gam X tac dung vita dii v6i NaOH dugc 2,529 gam h6n hap mu6'i Ti'nh m 46 Sa' mol CO2 = — ^ = 1,05 (mol) 44 134 2 ' (1) ax = 1,05 a ^ = 0,87 r y ^ x + - ^ - l = 1,305 •a = 0,18 mol v a x = l ^ = 5,833,y = M ^ = 9,666 0,18 • •' 0,18 Theo quy tac hoa trj thi s6' nguyen tiuf H cac este phai la s6' chSn Do CTPT cua cac este la C.H.Oj ( M = 100) va C^H.^Oj ( M = 114) Ggi p la s6' mol cua C^HioOj X , ta c6 phuang trinh v^ tdng so mol cacbon hoac CO2: 6p + ( , - p ) = 1,05 Rut p = 0,15 m o l %C,H,COOC,H,=5ilii±iOO* 85,07% iZO) % C H C O O C H , = 100% - 85,07% = 14,93% R -COOR + NaOH ^ Tinh % ve khO'i lupng cua este X S6'mol O , = i ^ ^ — = 1,305 (mol) ' 22,4 100 xCO^+^H^O Ggi R la gd'c hidrocacbon trung binh cua axit, ta c6: T i m c6ng thurc ciia este Hudng ddn giai: Oj Dat a la tong so mol ciia este ta c6: =100-66,96-33,04% Tfnh kh6'i lugng m6i mu6'i sau phan ling xa phong hoa 20,1 + 1,305.32 - 46,2 = 15,66 (gam) hay - R -COONa + ROH (2) S6' mol mu6'i = s6' mol este = ^ i l ^ A ^ ^ o,027 (mol) 20,1 529 ' Do M„„,i = = 93,66 ^ R = 93,66- 67 = 26,66 0,027 G6'c R < 26,66 chi c6 the' la C H - ( M = 15) va g6'c R > 26,66 la C H , (M = 29) Do cdng thiic cua cac este va mu6'i tuang ling: C H - C O O C H , va C H - C 0 N a ( M = 82) C2H, - C O O C H , va C H , - C 0 N a ( M = 96) 135 V i s6' mol inud'i cung t i le nhu s6' mol este nfin s6' mol CjH^-COONa = 0,027.-—-0,0225 (mol) va khoi luang CjH^COONa - 0,0225.96 = 2,16 0,18 - De dot chay he't phan can dung luong thu dugc bang each nhiet phan hoan toan 92,43 gam KMn04 Cho san pham chay Ian lugt di qua binh dung H2SO4 dac va binh dung dung djch Ba(0H)2 (du) Sau thi nghiem khoi luong binh tang 3,915 gam, d binh c6 36,9375 gam ke't tua trang Hay xac dinh c6ng thiic phan tii' cua hai hidrocacbon va tinh phSn % theo khfi'i lugfng cua m6i chat h6n hop A Hu&ng ddn gidi: Theo phan irng phan huy: 2KMn04 -^-> Goi b, la s6' mol ciia C^Hix, ta c6 phuong trinh vi tdng s6' mol CO2: 8b, 4- 7(0,0225 - b.) + 2.0,0075 = 0,1875 (C,H„ (C7H,,,) (C2H,OH) Riit ra: b, = 0,015 mol va s6'mol CyHig = 0,0075 mol Kh6'i lugng cac chat: • mc,„,„„ = 0,0075.46 = 0,345 (gam) mc,H„ = 0,015.114= 1,71 (gam) Xac dinh CTPT bang each lap ti le so nguyen ti( cua cac nguyen to phan tur nhu xac djnh c6ng thiJc don gian (CTDG) hoa huu eo Can hm y rang, d6'i vdi cac hop chat v6 eo, tuySt dai da so trucmg hop CTDG cung dong thdi la CTPT 197 Goi cong thiic cua hidrocacbon la C^H^ (trong x,y la SNTCTB va SNTHTB) va a, b la so mol cua CjH^OH va cua hidrocacbon, theo di bai 32 a + b = ^ — =0,03 (mol) Theo cac phan ling chay: 44 CjHsOH + O - > 2CO2 + H O (3) (4) Ta tha'y s6 mol cua C2H5OH = so mol nguyfen tur oxi c6 ancol = t6ng s6' mol O C O va H O trCr di s6' mol O dem dd't chay, ndn: 136 Vay CTPT cua cac hidrocacbon la C^Hj^ ( M = 100) va CKH,S ( M = 114) L C a c h thiifnhat 36,9375 b = 0,03 - 0,0075 = 0,0225 (mol) = /,3 Xac dinh cong thiic phan tix cua cac hop cha't v6 co c6 nhi^u each khac Sau day xin neu mot so each thong dung va don gian nha't nco, =nBaco, = - ^ : : : ^ = 0,1875 (mol) vk 0,0225 CUA C A C H O P C H A T V O C O = 0,2175 (mol) a = (0,1875.2 + 0,2175 - 0,2925.2) = 0,0075 (mol) ^ V I I I X A C D I N H C N G THlTC P H A N T l T 92 43 T a c o : n „ , = ^ ^ = 0,2925 (mol) " 158.2 915 Oj^xCOj+^H^O (0,2175-3.0,0075) %C2H30H = 12,3%; % C , H , H = 60,96%; %C7H,6 = 26,74% K2Mn04 + MnO, + O j t Ba(OH)2 + C O -> BaCO,^ + H O C,H,+ _ mc,„„ = 0,0075.100 = 0,75 (gam) » va theo siJ hap thu H O cua H2SO4 va hap thu COj cua Ba(0H)2: "H,O = - — 0,1875 -2.0,0075 ^ rrrrrT = 7,66 0,0225 V =— (gam) va kh6'i lugng CH.-COONa = 2,529 - 2,16 = 0,369 (gam) Thi du Cho mot h6n hop long g6m ancol etylic va hai hidrocacbon la ddng dang lien tiep Chia h6n hop phan bang Lam bay hoi he't ph&n 1, thd tfch hoi cua no bang the' tich cua 1,32 gam k h i cacbonic duoc cf Cling dieu ki6n nhiet do, ap sua't _ )o do: x = Thi du D l hoa tan gam oxit Fe.Oy can 52,14 m l dung djch HCl 10% (D = 1,05 g/ml) Xac djnh c6ng thiie phan tur cua sat oxit Hu&ng ddn gidi: Phuong trinh hoa hoc cua phan ting hoa tan sat oxit: Fe,0^ + 2yHCl -> xFeClj^/, + yH20 (1) (Hoe sinh thucxng Iiing tung ve hoa t r j eua Fe: C^n ehii y tong hoa t r j cua Fe phai bang t6ng hoa trj Cua oxi phan tu Fe^jOy) Tfnh s6' mol H C l : Hun = 52,14.1,05.10 100.36,5 =0,15 (mol) T h e o ( l ) : nuc, = 2y.np,o 137 hay ^ 0,15 = 2y =>- = 56x+16y y Vay CTPT cua sat oxit la: F c j O , (kh6ng t6n tai Fe^Of,, FCfiOy ) Thi du Hoa tan hoan toan mOt ft oxit Fe^Oy bang H2SO4 dac, nong thu duoc 2,24 lit khf SO2 (d dktc), phSn dung djch chiia 120 gam mOt loai mu6'i sat day nha't Xac djnh cong thiic phan tir cua sat oxit Hu&ng ddn gidi: A x i t H2SO4 dac, nong la cha't oxi hoa manh ntn cac loai sat oxit (trong sat c6 s6' oxi hoa < +3) tan, deu thu duoc muoi Fe^"^ Phuong trinh phan ling hoa tan Fe^Oyi 2Fe,Oy + (6x - 2y)H2S04 Tfnh: n^,, = 24 xFe^iSO,)^ + (3x - 2y)S02 + (6x - 2y)H20 (1) • = 0,1 (mol) 120 (mol) 400 ^ ^ X ^ 0,3 30,43 ^ —-— 16y 69,57 ^ y = Ta lap bang: 16 24 32 40 48 56 loai loai loai S loai loai loai D6'i chiS'u v6i cac don cha't cho or dSu bai, chi c6 nha't trucmg hop n = 4, = 32 - > X = S la phii hgfp Con cac trucmg hop khac: phu hop A thi n i6ng phu hop Chang han nhu n = 3, A = 24: Nguydn t6' c6 A = 24 la Mg, nhimg M g lai khdng c6 hop cha't vdri oxi c6 s6' oxi hoa +3 Hay tuong tu nhu the' Tfnh khoi lugrng nguyfin t i i cua X , Y , Z x y Dat M , X , n la K L N T , s6' mol va hoa tri cua X , ta c6 phan ling: X + nHCl - > XCl, ^ 23 11 M x + — M.2x + — M.3x = 24,582 10 10 vay CTPT cua A la NO2 (1) (2) Theo phan ling (1): Cach thtir hal Lap phuong trinh lien he giira K L N T ( A ) vdi hoa t n n, sau bien luan A theo n de t i m cap nghiem nao phii hop nha't (ca ve A va n) Thi du I D6't chay h€t gam don cha't X c^n diing luong vira dii oxi ia 0,7 lit (dktc) Hay xac dinh don cha't X Viet c6ng thiic phan t i i va goi ten hop chat tao Diet rang X la mot cac don cha't cho dudri day: H = 1, Be = 9, C = 12, M g = 24, A l = 27, S = 32, Ca = 40, M n = 55, Fe 56, Cu = 64, Z n = 65, A g = 108 Hu&ng ddn gidi: Goi A la K L N T ciia X , n la hoa tri ciia no d6'i v6i o x i Phuong trinh phan irng chay ciia X : 2X+-02^X20„ Hu&ng ddn gidi: Theo d6 bai: ^ T ^ / ^ •> A CTDG cua A: NO2 CTPT la (N02)„ M A = 29.1,59 = 46 = 46n - > n = 138 > A = 8n Khi cho m6t luong k i m loai X bang luong ciia no c6 24,582 gam h6n hop A tac dung v6i dung dich HCl, thu duoc 2,24 l i t H j (dktc) Vay CTPT cua sat oxit la Fe,04 Thi du MOt oxit A cua nito chiia 30,43% N kh6'i luong T i khoi (hoi) cua A so vdri khOng khf la 1,59 T i m cOng thiic phan tijr ctia A Hu&ng ddn gidi: Dat cong thiic ciia A la N^O^, ta c6: 14x 22,4 n Thi du Cho ba kirn loai X , Y, Z c6 ti It kh6'i luong nguyfin t i i 10 : 11 : 23 H le s6' mol hOn hop cua kim loai tren la : : (hOn hop A ) n c,,.s(),,, =-7;;;: ^ 0,7 2A Ca (A = 40) nhung n = : kh6ng phu hop 22,4 Theo(l): Theo (1) ta CO t i 16: (1- n 2,24 0,2 X- = — >x = — 22,4 n The'x t i i (3) vao (2) ta c6: M = 12,17n (3) Chi C O n = 2, M = 24,34 la phu hop Vay X la M g , Y la A l 1^.24,34 = 26,774^ va Z la Fe 23 Uo 24,34 = 55,98 Thi du K h i hoa tan cung m6t luong k i m loai R vao dung dich H N O He, nong va vao dung dich H2SO4 loang thi the tfch khf NO2 thu duoc gap ISn the tfch khf H2 cr ciing dieu kien Kh6'i luong muO'i sunfat thu dupe ''^ng 62,81% khO'i lupng mudi nitrat tao Tfnh K L N T cua R 139 Hudtng dan gidi: Di^u luu y Of bai la su thay d6i so oxi hoa cua kim loai R hoa tan cac axit khac nhau, nhung ta lai khang djnh dugc R la kim loai ddtig truoe H day the dien hoa va c6 s6' oxi hoa thay doi Dat a la so mol ciia R; n, m la so oxi hoa duang cua R tan ) axit Ta c6 phan i1:ng: 2R + nH2S04R2(S04)„ + nHst d, R + 2mHN03 RCNO,),^ + mNOst + mW^O (2, Theo (1,2) ta c6 phuong trinh: ma = - a ^ 2m = 3n Vi n, m la s6' nguyen va < nen chi c6 cap m = va n = la phii hop Ti 16 cac mud'l: a(R + 96) 62,81 ^ a(R + 3.62) 100 Vay kim loai R la Fe IX PHUONG PHAP XAC DINH CONG THlTC HOP CHAT HlTU CO X a c d j n h c o n g thijrc p h a n tur hcJp c h a t hCiru c d a) Phuong phdp xdc dinh CTPT qua phuong trinh phan icng chdy: Khi biet khoi lugng cac san pham chay ta c6 the xac dinh CTPT theo phuong trinh phan iJng chay: y z xCO,+^H,0 + - N , 2 x+ - - M(g) 9y 14t 44x M 44x 9y 14t m m H,0 m TU day tim dugc gia trj ciia x, y, t Dua vao phuong trinh: M = 12x + y + 14t + 16z tim dugc gia tri cua zChi'i y: - Ne'u dSn h6n hgp san ph^m chay qua he thong lam lanh, hoi nude bi ngung tu The tich h6n hgp giam, la the tich hoi nudfc - Ne'u dan san pham chay qua dung dich kiem, sau hap thu xongkhd'i lugng blnh tang, la khoi lugng COj va H2O (O2 du va N2 d u * tao d^u khong bi hap thu) - Neu bai toan chi cho COj phan irng vdfi dung dich kiem, thi tu)' theo ti le mol giiJa COj va kiem ma muol tao la muoi axit (NaHCOv hay muoi trung ti'nh (Na2C03), hoac ca hai loai mu6'i CO, 140 N, - Ne'u d6't chay hgp chat hifu cof ma sau phan ling thu dugc NajCO,, jljO, CO2 thi phSn nguyen t6' cua chat huu co g6m C, H, O, Na Khi ^6 chu y tinh kh6'i lugng C hgp chat huu co: mc= 12 n„,^ + 12.n^„^„,_ Thi du I Tr6n 200 ml hoi chat huu co X (thanh phan g6m C, H va O) voi 900 ml CO du r6i dd chay Sau phiin ling thu dugc h6n hgp co th^ tich 1300 ml Dan san ph^m qua he th6'ng lam lanh, ihd tich lai la 700 ml, cho tie'p dung dich NaOH tha'y 100 ml khi, cac th^ tich of cung dilu kien C6ng thiic phan tiJ ciia X la A CjH^O B CH.O CCHA- D.C2H4O2 G.C3H,02 D.C2HA lu&ng ddn gidi: Dap an dung la B Theo dSu bai: V„^„= 1300-700 = 600(ml) Vco, = 0 - 100 = 600(ml) V„;,,= 100 ml V„,^,= 900 - 100 = 800 (ml) Phuong trinh phan ling chay: ' y O^^xCOj+^Hp x+ - ~ y z ml X ml ml 1ml x+ - - 600 ml 600 ml 200 ml 800 ml y z y 2_ 200 800 600 600 Giai ra: X = 3, y = 6, z = Vay CTPT ciia X la: C^Uf,0 Thi du Oxi hoa hoan toan 0,74 gam m6t hgp chat hiJu ca X bang CuO va cho san pham Ian lugt qua b\nh dimg 10 ml H2SO4 95% (D = 1,8 g/ml) va ''^h dung KOH du Sau qua trinh hap thu xay hoan toan, nong d6 axit ^ong binh la 92,32% va khoi lugng binh tang 1,32 gam Biet ti khoi hoi cua X so vofi hidro bang 37 Cong thiic phan tijf cua X la A.C2H4O2 B.C3HfiO - Bien litdn chi biet khoi licang mol (MJ Hu&ng ddn gidi: Dap an diing la C • S6' mol H2O dugc tao da ha'p thu b binh 1: 12x + y = MA M - Ndng dung dich H2SO4 ban dSu: 12x < MA => X < — ^ ^ 12 m„s„.100% - N6ng dung dich H2SO4 Ket hgp \6\u kien y < 2x + va cac gia tri x, y nguyen ducfng (y chi lay gia tri chan) sau ha'p thu H2O: m„ ^, 100% Q% = 92,23% = — " ^ ^ ^ ^ (2) ' 10.1,8 +18.n„,„ Vi a binh nude bi ha'p thu bcfi dung dich H2SO4 dac, do n6ng axit CO giam nhung 01^ kh6ng d6i nSn chia (1) cho (2) ta c6: 18+18n„,„ 95 HH 18 • mo = 0,74 - (0,06 + 0,36) = 0,32 (gam) Ggi cong thiic ciia X la CJIyO, 0,32 , = 3:6:2 12X(C3H(i02)„ = 74=>n= CTPT ciia X chinh la cong thirc don gian nha't: 12x + y + 16Z = MA + Dua vao c6ng thiic tfnh s6' l i e n ke't d6i (hoac s6' vong) hoac l i e n ke't ba (mot l i e n ket ba bang lien ket d6i) phan i\x xac dinh CTCT (d6ng phan) co the' co, sau dua vao tfnh chat hoa hgc cua hgp cha't hoac ca'u tao ciia san phdm phan iJng oxi hoa khong hoan toan hgp cha't de' suy CTCT diing s6' cac d6ng phan da tim dugc - Bien lugn chi Met CTDGN 3.1,32 = YY m^o, = = 0,36 (gam) : 0,06 : + Ne'u A CO chiia oxi (C.HyO,), ta c6 phuong trinh: Cho z = ^ 12x + y = MA - 32 Gia tri cua z phu thu6c vao hgp cha't hiJu co chiia cac nhom chirc khac nhau: ancol, ete, andehit, xeton, axit, este va kh6'i lugng mol gam 0,36 D6'i vdri hidrocacbon khi: x < 12x + y = M A - 16 Do tang khoi lugng binh bang m^,, => X : y : z = lap bang xet gia tri ciia y theo x, tim cap nghiem thich hgp Cho z = I -> tfnh x, y tuong tu trucrng hgp trfin o = 0,03 mol 92,32 => mH = 2.0^1,0 = 0,06 • C3H6O2 b) Bien luan xac dinh cong thAc phdntA M6t bai toan xac dinh CTPT hgp cha't huu ca dugc coi la dii dilu kien d6ng th5i cho bie't: - Khd'i lugng mol ciia cha't hiiu co - Kh6'i lugng cac san phsim phan tich (d6't chay) d^ xac dinh c6ng thil^" don gian nhat (CTDGN) N6'u thieu m6t di^u kien trfin thi bai toan cin dugc giai ban? phuong phap bien luqn thich hgp C2„H,„02„ Chuyen CTPT ciia axit: C„H2„(COOH)„ Bien luan de tim gia tri ciia n dua vao so nguyen tir oxi Thi du Hay bien luan xac dinh CTPT ciia mot axit huu co no, mach ho CO CTDGN la C H O Vie't CTCT ciia axit va ggi ten Bie't axit mach thang Hu&ng ddn gidi: Ggi CTPT ciia axit la (C2H302)„ hay C2„H,„02„ -> C„H2„(COOH)„ V i axit no nen: Sg' n'guyen tii H cua g6'c = 2.s6' nguyen tijr C ciia g6'c + - s6' nhom chiic 143 c) Etc khOng no: d) Andehit don chiic: C H = CH - O - C H , C H - C H - CHO A x i t mach hd, thang c6 CTCT: H C O C - CHj - C H j - COOH e) Xeton don chiic: C H , - CO - C H , Xac d j n h c o n g thurc cau t a o (CTCT) h d p c h a t hCiru c d Thi du M t hop cha't hixu co X chiia 10,35% hidro K h i d6't chay X 2n = 2.n + - n => n = => C T P T : C^Uf^O^ - Tuong ling v6i m6t CTPT c6 nhieu CTCT (cac dong phan) Di xa< dinh dung CTCT cua m6t hop chat hSu ca phdi bie't mdt so tinh chat thu duoc C O va H O vdfi s6' mol nhu va s6' mol O2 tieu t6'n bang l^n s6' mol X K h i cho X c6ng hop H2 ( N i , t") thu dugc ancol don chiic, c6n ho„ hoc hoac mot so tinh chat vat li (nhir t", t;;,,, hoa tan ) cua cha't a'y cho X tac dung vdi dung dich K M n thu dugfc ancol da chiic C6ng thiJc ca'u tao cua X la - Cung CO the dua vao cau tao san ph^m oxi hoa khong hoan toan cu hop chat huu ca ma suy CTCT diing cua no - De viet day du cac dong phan cua hop cha't hiJu co (of chirong trini, thong chi gidi han viet dong phan cau tao va d n g phan hinh hoc) i tie'n hanh nhu sau: Tir dong phan c6 CTPT tong quat: C.HyO, + Xac dinh d6 khong bao hoa a (s6' lien ka't n hoac s6' vong ) tron-; phan til theo cong thiJc: ô ã Hu&ng ddn gidi: 2.x + - y Tmh a: a= 2.3 + - , ^1 V i a = va phan tijr chi c6 nguyfin tir oxi nSn c6 cac CTCT sau: a) Ancol kh6ng no don chirc: b) Ancol vong don chufc: CHj = CH - C H - O H /% — D.CH3-CH2-CHO CxHz^Oy + ^ ^ Hop chat hiJu co thuoc day d6ng dang nao? Thi du Viet CTCT c6 the' c6 cua d n g phan c6 CTPT C^E^O C.CH2 = C H - C H - O H V i s6' mol C O bang so mol H O tao sau phan ling dd't chay X, nfin phan tur X s6' nguyen tuf H bang Mn s6' nguyen tit C Goi s6' nguySn ttr C la x, ta c6: + Xac dinh cac dang dong phan vie't theo y^u c^u dSu bai: Mach hcf (mach thang, mach nhanh), mach vong Dua vao gia t r i cua a va s6' luong cac nguyfin tur c6 phan tu" phan loai d n g phan c6 th^ c6 - Viet cac dang mach cacbon (b6 khung cacbon) bao g m : mach nhanh, mach kh6ng nhanh, mach mot nhanh, hai nhanh va mach vong - Dat cac n6'i doi, ndi ba, nhom the hoac nhom chiic vao v i t r i dttu mach D i chuyen cac nfi'i doi, n6'i ba, nhom thS' hoac nhom chi]:c trfin cac mach cacbon - Kiem tra loai bo cac dong phan triing su dd'i xiJng cua macii cacbon B.CH,COOH Hu&ng ddn gidi: Dap an dung la C 2x+2-y a = ~ • A C H , - C H - OH ^> X C O + X H O - Theo % kh6'i luong H : • ^ — — — = 14x + 16y - T h e o so mol O2: ^ ^ = 100 (I) (II) Ke't hgfp (I) va ( I I ) , giai X = , y = Vay CTPT cua X la CjHfiO V i X + 2H - > ancol don chiic, nen A hoac la andehit C H , - C H - CHO hoac la ancol kh6ng no don chiic CHj = CH - C H - OH Nhung X + KMn04 - » ancol da chiJc, nSn X ling vdfi c6ng thiic ancol (KMn04 oxi hoa vao n6'i d6i): « C H = CH - C H - O H + [O] -> C H O H - CHOH - C H O H (KMn04) Thi du Cho 6,6 gam m6t andehit X don chiic, mach hdf phan ling vdfi lugng du A g N O , dung dich NH„ dun nong Lugng A g sinh cho phan ling he't vdfi axit H N O , loang, thoat 2,24 l i t k h i N O (san ph^m khir nha't, a d i l u kitn tieu chudn) C6ng thiic ca'u tao thu gon ciia X la A CH,CHO B.HCHO C.CH,CH2CH0 D C H = CHCHO Hu&ng ddn gidi: Dap an dung la A Dat CTPT cua andehit X la C H^ - CHO Cac phuong trinh hoa hoc: CH — O H 145 C , H y - C H O + 2[Ag(NH3)2]OH NH, Dap Q H y - COONH4 + 2Ag^^ + SNH^t + H2O (1) 3AgN03 + N o t + 2H2O 4HNO3 + 3Ag diing la A Phuorng trlnh phan iJng : (2) 2CuFeS2 + | o CuO + FejOa + S 94 S6 mol NO = ^ = 0,1 (mol) 22,4 Theo (1) va (2): S6' mol A g = s6' mol NO = 3.0,1 = 0,3 (mol) Trong phan ling : +3 +2 Fe - e - > Fe -2 S - 12e ^ Dap an diing la C S6' mol C,Hy-CHO = - s6' mol A g = 0,15 m o l • 6,6 Mx = - ^ = 4 B Hl/dNG DAN CHON s - Na (Z = 11) C O le - > Na+ c6 lOe : ls^2s^2p^ 12x + y + 29 = 44 => X = 1, y = CTCT cua X la C H , - CHO Chti y: Trfin day trlnh bay m6t s6' phuong phap giai nhanh cac bai toan trSc nghiem hoa hoc Thuc te' c6 n h i l u bai toan c6 the' ap dung nhi^u phuang phap khac nhau, ban doc c6' gang phSn tich va nhanh chong nhan phuong phap don gian nha't de giai Nhudng 13e +4 - F (Z = 9) C O 9e - > F ~ c6 lOe : Is^ls^lp^ - N e ( Z = 10)c6 lOe : ls-2s^2p^ 1.6 Dap an dung la C • X " = X + l e - > X C O ca'u hinh electron : ls22s^2p'*3s^3p\ X C O 17 electron ^ X c6 s6' thii tu 17 ; c6 Idp electron - > chu k i 3; la nguyen to p, c6 electron Idtp ngoai cung - > b nhom V I I A DAP AN • Y^^ ^ Y + 2e - > Y C O ca'u hinh electron : Is22s22p'^3s^3p''4sl N G U Y E N TLT, B A N G T U A N H O A N , L I E N K E T H O A H O C Y C O 20 electron - > Y c6 s6' thii tu 20 ; c6 Idp electron ->• chu k i 4; la 1.1 nguyen to s, c6 electron Idp ngoai ciing - > of nhom I I A Dap an dung la B Viet ca'u hinh electron cua cac nguyen tir se bie't : M (Z = 11) d chu k i 3, nhom l A ( k i m loai kiem), X (Z = 17) d chu k i 3, nhom V I I A (halogen), Y (Z = 9) d chu k i 2, nhom V I I A va R ( Z = 19) d chu k i 4, nhom l A Tijr bie't d6 am dien tang dSn theo day : R < M < X < Y 1.2 Dap an diing la D 1.7 X b chu k i nhom l A : k i m loai k i l m X cf chu k i nhom V I I A : halogen - > Lien ke't hoa hoc giira X va Y la lien ke't ion 1.8 Goi X la % tdng so nguyen tir dong vj ^^Cu Ta c6 : 63x + 65(1 - x) = 63,54 1.3 x = 0,73 hay 73% Dap an diing la C Dap an diing la C XlaAl, YlaCl 1.9 Dap an diing la C Dap an dung la D Goi s6' electron cua X Ih a, cua Y la b S6 electron hoa t r i la n Ta , CO : a - n = b + nl !• ^ a + b = 20 ^ b = 10 - n - Khi n = a = 11, b = miJc oxi hda nha't - Khi n = a = 12, b = NaF thoa man v i Na va F chi c6 m6t M g O : loai v i oxi c6 miic oxi hoa - K h i n = - > a = 13, b = - > A I N : loai vi N c6 nhilu mirc oxi hoa P + N = 35 J - > S6'hieu nguyen tii ciia nguyen to X la 17 1.10, Dap an diing la B ca'u hinh electron Idp ngoai cting cua: Nguyen t d Y la 3p^4s' Nguyen t d X la p ' Nguyen t d X d nhom V I I A , la phi k i m ' Nguyen t d Y d nhom l A , la k i m loai 146 147 1.11 P H A N JJNG D a p an dung la B 1.12 D a p an diing la B ca'u hinh electron I6p ngoai cung ns^np** cho bie't X la nguySn t6' a nhom V I A C6ng thiic phan tit cua hop chat v6i hidro la H j X T a b i e ' t : ^ x _ M K = 94J2_^ M„, 2 on, Dap an diing la A T6'c d6 phan ling liic dfiu : Vj = k.CNjJ.CHj ] \ K h i tang ndng d6 H j len l^n t h i : ^ v, = k [ N ] ( [ H ] ) ^ = k [ N ] [ H ] ' = v j Oxit cao nha't cua X la SO, Trong phan tur SO,, phSn tram kh6'i luong cua S la: 32.100% 2.2 32 X \k nguyen t6' luu huynh (S) %mc = ^ O X I H O A - K H L T , TOC D O P H A N L J N G V A C A N B A N G H O A HOC Đã 2.1- Dap an diing la A 2.3 Dap an dung la D 2.4 Dap an diing la A Phuong trinh phan iJng : = 40% CU + 4HNO3 1.13 Dap an dung la B ca'u hinh electron cua nguyfin t6' X la: ls'2s22p'^3s^3p^3dMsl 2.5 Dap an dung la C 2.6 Dap an diing la D Nguyen t6 X d nhom V I I I B 1.14 Dap an diing la D X va Z CO cung s6' khdi A = 26 1.15 Dap an dung la C +2H2O Cha't xiic tac chi lam phan ling thuan nghich nhanh dat tdi trang thai can bang, khdng lam chuye'n dich can bang Nguyen tir nguyen to X c6 lorp electron - > Nguyen t6' X chu k i X la nguyen t5'd, c6 electon hoa tri Cu(N03)2 + N t 2.7 Dap an diing la C 2.8 Dap an diing la D 2.9 Dap an diing la C Do la nhung can bang c6 s6' phan tijr cf hai ve' bang 2.10 Dap an diing la C 1.16 Dap an dung la B Trong cac phan ling (a) va (c), HCl th^ hien tinh khut 1.17 Dap an dung la B Nguyen tuf M c6 t6ng s6' hat proton (P), natron ( N ) va electron (E) la 79 + = 82hat §2.11 Dap an diing la B Phuong trinh phan litig : P + E + N = 79 + = 82 2H2O2 ) H O + 0,1- (1) P + E - N = 19 + = 22 2P + 2E = 4E = 104 E = 26 Theo (1) : nH^o, =^^0, = ^ - Nguyen tii M c& 26 electron nen c6 ca'u hinh electron la: [ A r ] 3pMs' 1.18 Dap an diing la D Dua vao ca'u hinh electron ta bie't: X , Y , Z d i u la kirn loai b chu k i X la k i m loai k\6m (Na) A C in~^ v=—=:^^=5,0.10-^ t 60 2.12 Dap an diing la B - Z la k i m loai nh6m ( A l ) 2.14 Dap an diing la A 1.20 Dap an diing la C mol/(/.s) NhOng cha't va ion c6 ca tinh oxi hoa va tinh khur la: S, FeO, SOj, N2, HCl 2.13 Dap an diing Ik A 1.19 Dap an diing la A 148 ACCHzO^) = 0,003.10 = 0,03 m o l / / = 3.10"^ mol// Y la k i m loai k i ^ m th6 (Mg) Tinh khit: A l < M g < Na = 0,003 (mol) A u kh6ng phan ling \di oxi - > loai dap an B v^ D Phan img (2): FejO, + CO khdng phai la phan ling oxi hoa k i m loai loai ddp an C Con dap in A phu hop 149 2.15 an dung la Dap C - Sau phan ling cua Fe vdri H S O thu dugc dung dich chi chura mu6'i sunfat, chilng to phan ling xay vita du - TUT t i le mol: n : nH,so, = : an diing la Dap A Chi CO nhfing mu6'i tao bdi baza manh va axit y6'u, thuy phan mdi cho pH > .3 Dap an diing la D -> San p h i m khir la SO^ (kh6ng the la H hoSc S) Phuang trinh phan ling : K O H + HCl Phirong trinh phan ting: S6'mol K O H = 0,1 = 0,1 (mol) Ne'u K O H phan ling he't thi cha't tan la KCl phai c6 khd'i luang 0,1.74,5 = 7,45 gam 16n han 6,525 gam 2Fe + 6HJSO4 -> Fe.CSOJ, + SSOj + H O (1) Theo (1): S6' mol electron (e) sat cho = s6' mol SO2 = s6' mol H2SO4 = KCl + HjO N h u vay K O H du, HCl phan ling he't Cha't tan g6m K C l va K O H du y 2.16 Dap an dung la A Goi s6' mol HCl phan ling la x -> s6 mol K C l la x Ta c6 : 2.17 Dap an dung la D (0,1 - x).56 + 74,5x = 6,525 -> x = 0,05 -> C M ( H C I ) = ^ = 0,5M 0,1 Khi giam ap sua't ciia he, can bang (IV) chuyfo dich theo chilu nghich 2.18 Dap an diing la B .4 Dung dich trung hoa ditn nSn : A H > 0: phan ling thu nhiet nfin k h i tang nhifit d6 can bang chuyen dich theo chi^u thuan 2.19 S6' mol dien tfch duong = s6' mol dien tich am -> 0,2.2 + 0,3 = Dap an dung la A SNajSO, + 2KMn04 + 6NaHS04 SNa^SO^ + 2MnS04 + K2SO4 + 3H2O T6ng he s6' ciia cac cha't = + + + + + + = 27 + 2y -> x + 2y = 0,07 Dap an diing la A Natri axetat la mud'i ciia bazo manh va axit ye'u, dung dich bi thuy phan cho m6i trudng bazo nen cung lam xanh quy t i m 4S + N a O H d a c ^ 2Na2S + NajSO^ + SHjO S l T D I E N L I Dap an diing la D Trong dung dich : Dap an diing la A - A x i t HCl dien l i hoan toan : HCl ^ Phuong trinh phan ling trung hoa : M ( H ) + H2SO4 MSO4 + H O (1) go H+ + C F - A x i t CH3COOH dien l i 1% : CH3COOH Gia sut CO mol (98 gam) H2SO4 phan ling K h i kh6'i lucmg dung ^=± H"^ + CHjCOO" Dung djch HCl c6 pH = x -)> [ H+ ] = C M ( H C I ) = 10"" = C^i CH3COOH) inn dich axit H2SO4 la Z ^ i ^ = Dung dich CH3COOH c6 [ H+ ] = 10"^ lO'^ -> pH = y = x + 490 gam 20 Theo (1) : Sau k h i hoa tan mol M ( H ) , khd'i lugfng dung dich la : -> S6' mol MSO4 tao la : Dap an diing la A Dat V = 1000 m l Ta c6: HQJ^- m,„„,ai.h = 490 + M + 34 = -> M = 64 = 0,01 mol; n^^* = 0,03 mol Sau thuc hien phan ling trung hoa: •S6' mol H^ = 0,02 mol/2 l i t -> 150 (II) Metyl amin va amoniac deu c6 tinh bazo nen lam xanh quy t i m - + Vay k i m loai M ^ Cu (I) Giai he phuong trinh (I) va (II) dugc x =0,03 ; y = 0,02 Dap an dung la D o 3.1 X 0,02.64 + 0,03.39 + 35,5x + 96y = 5,435 gam Phirong trinh phan ling: 2.20 Dap an diing la A H * + OH"" HjO [H^] = 0,01M -> pH = 151 3.8 Dap an dung m B chat dien li la: KAl(S04)2.12H20,CH3COOH,Ca(OH)2 va CH3COONH4 3.9 Dap s6' diing la D pH = ^ [H^] = 0,1 mol// ~> n^ = 0,1.0,1 = 0,01 mol pH = 12 [H^] = 10-'' ^ [OH] = 10"' ^ OoH- =0,01.0,2 = 0,002 (mol) S6 mol OH" CO 100 ml dung dich NaOH a mol// la: 0,1.a mol ->0,l.a = 0,01 +0,002 = 0,012 0,012 a = — = 0,12 mol// 0,1 3.10 Dap an dung la B 3.11 DapandiinglaC S6 mol cac cha't: DNaOH = 0,25.1,04 = 0,26 (mol); = 0,024 mol; " H ^ S O , =0,04 mol; =0,016 mol Cac phuong trinh phan ling: (1) np,ci, 0^1^(50,), 2NaOH + H2SO4 >Na2S04 + 2H2O 3NaOH FeCl,mol > ¥e(OH)^ i + 3NaCl 0,08 mol + 0,04 0,072 mol 0,024 mol 0,024 mol 6NaOH + A I ( ) ^ 2) >2A1(0H)3 4- + 3Na2S04 0,096 mol 0,016 mol 0,032 mol Sau ba phan iJng (1) (2) va (3), s6' mol NaOH d.u la: "NaOH = 0,26 - (0,08 + 0,072 + 0,096) = 0,012 (mol) NaOHdu + A1(0H)3 i >Na[Al(0H)4] 0,012mol 0,012mol Ket tua g6m: 0,024 mol Fe(0H)3 va 0,032 - 0,012 = 0,02 (mol) A1(0H)3m = 0,024.107 + 0,02.78 = 4,128 (gam) 3.12 Dap an dung la C 152 3.13 Dap an diing la B So mol 100 ml dung dich h6n hop hai axit: n^ = 2.0,1.0,05 + 0,1.0,1 = 0,02 (mol) S6' mol OH" 100 ml dung dich h6n hop baza: OoH- =0,1.0,2 + 2,0,1.0,1= 0,04 (mol) Khi tr6n iSn hai h6n hop dung dich xay phan ling: H^ + OH- H2O -> Trong 200 ml dung dich c6 0,04 - 0,02 = 0,02 mol OHTrong 1000 ml dung dich c6 a mol OH" 1000.0,02 a = 200 = 0,1 mol hay 10 -14 10-14 = 10-13 H^ 10 OH- IO ->pH=13 3.14 Dap an dung la B Cac phuong trmh phan irng: KHCO3 + HCl ^ KCl + COjt + H2O ,-1 ,-1 Na2C03 + 2HC1 -> 2NaCl + C02t + HjO NajCO, + CO2 + H2O 2NaHC03 Theo (1) : nco^d, = O,lmol = Theo (2): n c o ^ ( , = ^ n H a ( ) =^(0,2-0,l) = 0,05(mol) S6' mol NajCOj du sau phan ung (2) 1^: HNaXCdu =0-15-0,05 = 0,1 mol Theo (3): nco^(3) = nN^^co^du = 0,1 mol ^ s6' mol CO2 bay la: 0,1 + 0,05 - 0,1 = 0,05 (mol) Vay Vco, = 0,05.22,4 = 1,12 lit 3.15 Dap an diing la B S6' mol cac chat: 3,808 5,4 = 0,3 (mol) (mol); "co, =- 22,4 = 0,17 ' ^ " li > "co, Ancol no don chiJc c6 c6ng thiic chung C„H2„+20 =nKHco, (1) (2) (3) DHCKD "H,O 1^ 153 Phuang trinh phan ling chay: C„H2„,20 + y - > C + ( n + l)H20 X 3n mol (i 0,17 mol •X = 0,255 mol 0,17 Theo dinh luat bao loan kh6'i lugng: X m,„,„| = mco^ + niH^o - "^o, = 7,48 + 5,4-8,16 = 4,72 gam 3.16 Dap an diing la C - Trong dung dich X: So mol dien tich duong (+) = 0,07 mol (Na-^) So mol dien tich am (-) = 0,02.2 + x = 0,04 + x Dung dich trung hoa dien nen: x = 0,07 - 0,04 = 0,03 mol OH' - Trong dung dich Y: S6'mol dien tich duong (+) = y mol (H^)-> S6' mol dien tich am (-) = 0,04 mol | >' = O'^^ mol H^ - Khi trdn X va Y xay phan ling: H^+ OH ^HjO 0,03 mol 0,03 mol S6' mol H^ du la 0,01 mol [H-]=Ml=o,l = 10-'->pH=l u, 3.17 Dap an dung la D Sau dung dich tac dung v6i dung dich Ba(HC03)2 tao ke't tiia la: NaOH, NajCO,, Na2S04, Ca(OH)2, H2SO4 va K H S O 3.18 Dap an diing la B Kh6ng thu dugc ke't tua mau xanh ma thu duoc dung dich mau xanh ciia phiic cha't [Cu(NH3)4]2\ 3.19 Dap an diing la A Phuang trinh phan ling Mn thir nha't: AICI3 + K O H A l C O H ) , ! + 3KC1 (1) 154 = 0'15-1,2 = 0,18 (mol) n A U O H ) i = ^ =0'06(mol) Theo (1): KOH phan iJng het, nAicijd) = 0,06 mol Cac phucmg trinh phan ling Ian thii hai: AICI3 + 3K0H ^ A1(0H)3>1' + 3KC1 a mol 3a mol a mol HKOH Al(OH)3 + KOH d u K [ A l ( O H ) ] (tan) (a - 0,03) (a - 0,03) nAi(OH)34~ mol (2) (3) = 0'03(mol) % O H ) = 0-175.1,2 = 0,21 (mol) Theo (2 va 3): n'KOH) = 3a + a 0,03 = 0,21 -> a = 0,06 mol Vay t6ng s6' mol AICI3 la: 0,06 + 0,06 = 0,12 (mol) ->C^(AlCl3) = x = ^ = l,2M 3.20 Dap an diing la D Khi hoa tan h6n hgp vao H2O (du) xay cac phan ling: K2O + H O K H BaO + H2O -> Ba(0H)2 (1) (2) + 20H + 3H2O -> 2[Al(OH)4](3) Dung dich X gdm KOH, Ba(0H)2 va [A1(0H)4]Chat ran Y la Fe304 Sue CO2 de'n du vao dung dich X, xay cac phan iJng: Ba(0H)2 + CO2 ^ BaC03^ + H2O (4) BaCO, + CO2 du + H2O ^ Ba(HC03)2 (tan) (5) [A1(0H)4]- + CO2 ^ A l ( H ) i + HCO3 !| Cha't ke't tua thu dugc E AKOH), PHI KIM (cacbon, silic, nito, photpho, oxi, luu hiiynh, halogen) i ^ l Dap an diing la A Khi CO kh6ng khir dugc MgO va AI2O3, c6n cac oxit khac diu bi khii | kirn loai AI2O3 tan dung dich NaOH Do phan khdng - tan dung dich NaOH g6m MgO, Fe va Cu 155 AI2O3 4.2 Dap an diing la D Phuong trinh phan ling : CI2 + K O H — ^ S6' mol BaCO, lai la: 0,1 - 0,05 = 0,05 (mol) ^ 5KC1 + KCIO3 + H2O 4.7 SO' m o l Clo = = 0,6 (mol) ^ 22,4 SO' m o l K C l duoc tao = • • CM(KOH) = ^ Dap an diing la C 4.9 Dap an diing la C Hop cha't v6i H2 cua R la R H , - > R or nhom V A , cOng thiic oxi cao t Phuong trinh phan ling d i l u die' HNO3 : 4.4 4.8 = 0,24M Dap an dung la C — ^ Na^COy + CO21 + H^O NaHC03 = 0,5 (mol) 74,5 - S6' mol K O H = - s6' mol K C l = 0,6 mol ^ NaN03 + H2SO4 Dap an diing la D Phan ling nhiet phan NaHCO^ vie't dung phai la: Theo phuong trinh phan u"ng : - D u C I 4.3 m B , c o , i = 0,05.197 = 9,85 (gam) HNO3 + NaHS04 Dap an dung la D nhat la R2O, Tabie't: - " ^ = ^ mRo, = 100 ^ R 14 2R +5.16 R la nguyen t6' nito ( N ) Phuong trinh phan irng : 4.10 Dap an diing la B NH4NO2 — 4.5 ^ Bai t i m dap an theo phuong phap loai trir: Dap an diing la B Cac dap an A , C, D d^u khOng phu hop theo so mol H3PO4 (0,2 mol) Phuong trinh phan ling di^u che' clo phong thi nghifim : va so mol K O H (0,35 mol) 4HC1 + Mn02 ^ 4.6 N2 + H2O MnCl2 + C l t + H 4.11 Dap s6' diing la C Dap an diing la A • So m o l cac chat: "CO, = ^ Bai gidi hang phiMng phdp can bang dien tick: Cac phuong trinh phan ling: -Phan I: = 0,2 (mol); n^^^n = 0,5.0,1 = 0,05 (mol); Fe^^ + 3NaOH Fe(0H)3^ + 3Na* N H ; + NaOH - > N H ^ t + Na^ + HjO (1) (2) nBa(OH), = 0,1 mol nFc(OH),i =7^- Cdc phuong trinh phan ling: CO2 + NaOH 0,05 (1) "NH.t = 0,05 mol CO2 + Ba(0H)2 - > 0,1 NaHCO, 0,1 BaCOjl + HjO (2) CO2 + BaCO, + H2O ^ 0,05 m o l Hp^, = 0,01 mol = 0.03 (mol) - > n = 0,03 mol BaClj + S0^~ - > BaS04>l + C r Ba(HC03)2 "Baso.l = ^ (3) = 0,02 (mol) n^^ = 0,02 mol Til s6' mol dien tich (+) cua Fe'^ NH^ va s6' dien tich (-) cua S O " , tinh duoc s6' mol CI" la 0,02 mol Do do, khO'i luong muO'L khan thu duoc c6 can X la: 156 (3) 0,1 mol CO2 du 0,2 - (0,1 + 0,05) = 0,05 (mol) 0,05 - Phan 2: = 0,01 (mol) ^ m = 2[0,01.56 + 0,03.18 + 0,02.96 + 0,02.71] = 7,46 (gam) 4.12 Ddp s ' d i i n g Ih C .16 Dap an diing la A Cac phuong trinh phan ting: Fe + S — F e S (1) 0,075 mol 0,075 0,075 mol H6n hop ran M g6m: (0,1 - 0,075) = 0,025 mol Fe va 0,075 mol FeS M tac dung vdfi HCl du: Fe 0,025 mol + + Hjt 0,025 mol (2) FeS + 2HCl->FeCl2 + H^St 0,075 mol 0,075 mol H6n hop X g6m: 0,025 mol H j va 0,075 mol H2S D6t chay h6n hop X: (3) 2H2 0,025 mol 2HCl^FeCl2 + O2 0,0125 mol 2H2S + 0,075 mol 3O2 4.17 Dap an dung la C NaOH + NaHCO, -> NSjCO, + H2O (1) Dung dich X + dung dich CaCl2 (dir) — ^ CaC034' 11 So mol BaCO, = ^197 S6' mol cac cha't: = 0,1.0,12 = 0,012 (mol) ^UMH + a = 0,06 + 0,02 = 0,08 (mol//) cac phan ling: "BacoH), CO2 + NaOH 0,006 0,006 mol ->NaHC03 (I) CO2 + Ba(0H)2 0,012 0,012 mol ^ B a C O j i + H2O 0,012 mol (2) Sau phan irng.(l) va (2) du 0,02 - (0,006 + 0,012) = 0,002 mol CO va da tao 0,012 mol BaCO^i, vay tifip tuc xay phan ling: + BaCO.I = 0,06 (mol) - Vay lit dung dich X c6 0,06 mol Na2C03 va 2(0,07 - 0,06) = 0,02 mol NaHCO, Do do: = 0.1 -0,06 = 0,006 (mol) > 89 S6' mol CaCO, = — = 0,07 (mol) 100 n c o ^ = ^ = 0,02 (mol); + H2OBa(HC03)2 (3) 0,002 0,002 mol N h u vay c6 0,002 mol BaCO, tan Do kh6'i lugng ket tua BaCO thu dugc la: m = (0,012-0,002).197 = 1,970 (gam) 158 mu6'i va 0,04 mol H2SO4 phan irng, tire la c6 0,04 mol SO4" tao mu6'i Dung dich X + dung dich BaCl2 ^ BaCO.vl^ + Ba(HC03)2 4.15 Dap an diing la A CO2 v a y s6' mol HCl phan ling la 0,16 mol, tiic la c6 0,16 mol CI" tao -> Dung dich X g6m NajCO, va NaHCO, (du) 4.14 Dap an dung la C HCQ, De trung hoa 0,24 mol O H " c^n 0,24 mol H^ (HCl, H2SO4), 0,16 mol H ^ ciia axit HCl va 0,08 mol H^ cua axit H2SO4 (5) 4.13 Dap an diing la C Nlign xet: V i S6' mol O H " = s6' mol H = 0,24 mol Phuong trinh phan ling: -> 2SO2 + 2H2O 0,1125 mol nBa(OHK > H z t + (NaOH, K O H , Ba(0H)2) = 8,94 + 5,68 + 3,84 = 18,46 gam Vo = (0,0125 + 0,1125).22,4 = 2,8 (lit) HNaOH Na, K , Ba Tdng khdi lugng cac mu6i = 8,94 + (35,5.0,16) + (96.0,04) (4) -> 2H2O 86 mol H2 = = ^ =0,12 (mol) -> s6 mol H = 0,24 mol 22,4 - Theo (1): S6 mol NaOH = s6' mol NajCO, = 2.0,06 = 0,12 (mol) Do do: m = 0,12.40 = 4,8 (gam) 4.18 Dap an diing la B Cac phuong trinh phan ling: A l C l , + 3NaOH A l ( O H ) , i + 3NaCl A K O H ) , + NaOH ^ N a [ A l ( O H ) ] (tan) "^-IS Dap an diing la C S6 mol cac cha't: nco2 = ^ ^ = "Ba(0H)2 = 0,125.1 = 0,125 (mol) 159 Cdc phuang tnnh phan ling: CO2 Dap an dung la D ->BaC03i + H20 + Ba(OH)2 mol , mol BaCO, + COzdu + Trucmg hap xay an mon dien hoa la : 0,125 , - Dung dich HCl c6 lan H O - > Ba(HC03)2 (tan) , mol 0,025 mol Chat tan dung dich X la Ba(HC03)2 c6 n6ng d6 mol la: - Dung dich CUCI2 CUCI2 (Cu tao bam vao sat, tao pin dien hoa) 5.5 Dap an diing la C 5.6 Dap an dung la C - Cac phuang trinh phan ling : CUCI2 4.20 Dap an dung la C 2NaOH + CI2 Dat CTPT cua oleum la H2S04.nS03 So mol oleum = , : = , 0 mol "oleu, -> Da CO phan t\x 0'03 Goi ndng d6 ban dSu cua dung dich NaOH la a: a = 0,05 + H2SO4 dugc tao tilr phan tur oleum Vay n 5.7 Na"^ + e ^ 5.8 Dap so dilng la C 2KNO3 5.2 Dap an dung la B XCI2 Phuang trinh phan irng : X + 2HC1 + " ""^ " "Ij " """^ ^ = ^ = ^^^ '^ Kim loai X, c6 Mx, < Mx^ > 55,67 la Ca (M = 40) 55,67 la Sr (M = 87) va y la s6' mol Taco: 2Cu4 + 02 +4H"^ + S ~ H21 + Cl2t + Na+ + OH" Theo(l) : n^^ =2ncuso4 = 2a Theo (2) : n ^ ^ - = nN.ci ICNO3 (2) va Cu(N03)2 c6 34,65 gam h6n hap lOlx + 188y = 34,65 S6'mol O2 = ^ + ^ = (I) ^ -»H6n hap X CO - + ^ + y = ^ ^ ^ m o l 2 ^ y - + 2y.46 (1) Taco: ^^'^'^ > 2CuO + 4N02t + O2 (1) S ' m o l N = 2y Cac phuang trinh dien phan : ^ X Theo(lva2): Dap an diing la D dpdd 2KNO2 + t 2Cu(N03)2 t Dat 2NaCl + H2O Na Cac phuang trinh phan utig: 5.1 Dap an dung la C 2CUSO4 +2H2O = 0,1M Khi dien phan NaCl nong chay (dien cue tra), ion Na"^ chay v6 catot va bi khur: H2SO4.SO3 DAI CUONG VE K I M LOAI 5.3 (2) Dap an diing la D %ms = — 100% - , % 178 X2 CO NaCl + NaCIO + H O (1) 0,0075 C6ng thiJc cua oleum la: Kim loai (KhiXlaClj) Theo (1) va (2): s6' mol NaOH = sd mol Cu = ^ = 0,01 (mol) 64 S6' mol NaOH = 0,2.0,15 = 0,03 mol "NaOH ^ — ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ Cu + C l t = b D^ dung dich sau dien phan c6 moi truomg ki^m thi b > 2a (2) = 18,8 (II) x + 5y • Giai he phuang trinh (I), (II) tinh dugc x, y va tinh duac kh6'i luong Cu(N03)2 h6n hap (9,40 gam) ^•9' Dap an diing la B 161 ... la A xiclobutan, cis- but- 2- en va but- 1- en B but- 1- en, 2- metylpropen va cis- but- 2- en 74 C xiclobutan, - metylbut- - en va but- 1- en D - metylpropen, cis- but- 2- en va xiclobutan j5... (hay 3-metylbutan-2-ol), san pham chinh thu dugc la A 3-metylbuten-3 (hay 2-metylbut-3-en) B 2-mfctylbuten-2 (hay 2-metylbut-2-en) i C 3-metylbuten-2 (hay 3-metylbut-2-en) 9.9 D 3-metylbuten-l (hay... Val-Phe va tripeptit Gly-AlaVal nhung kh6ng thu dugc dipeptit Gly-Gly Cha't X co c6ng thiic la A Gly-Phe-Gly-Ala-Val B Gly-Ala-Val-Val-Phe C Gly-Ala-Val-Phe~Gly D Val-Phe-GIy-Ala-Gly 22.8 Ne'u thuy