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HOW TO WRITE A PARAGRAPH Parts of a Paragraph How to Write a Paragraph Topic Sentence Supporting Details Closing Sentence Prewriting Paragraphs Writing Paragraphs Editing Paragraphs Publishing Paragraphs Definition Sequence Classification Choice Description Explanation Compare and Contrast Evaluation Kinds of Paragraphs PART 1: Parts of a Paragraph Topic Sentence What is the topic sentence? The topic sentence is the first sentence in a paragraph What does it do? It introduces the main idea of the paragraph How I write one? Summarize the main idea of your paragraph Indicate to the reader what your paragraph will be about Example: There are three reasons why Canada is one of the best countries in the world First, Canada has an excellent health care system All Canadians have access to medical services at a reasonable price Second, Canada has a high standard of education Students are taught by well-trained teachers and are encouraged to continue studying at university Finally, Canada's cities are clean and efficiently managed Canadian cities have many parks and lots of space for people to live As a result, Canada is a desirable place to live Supporting Details What are supporting sentences? They come after the topic sentence, making up the body of a paragraph What they do? They give details to develop and support the main idea of the paragraph How I write them? You should give supporting facts, details, and examples Example: There are three reasons why Canada is one of the best countries in the world First, Canada has an excellent health care system All Canadians have access to medical services at a reasonable price Second, Canada has a high standard of education Students are taught by well-trained teachers and are encouraged to continue studying at university Finally, Canada's cities are clean and efficiently managed Canadian cities have many parks and lots of space for people to live As a result, Canada is a desirable place to live Closing Sentence What is the closing sentence? The closing sentence is the last sentence in a paragraph What does it do? It restates the main idea of your paragraph How I write one? Restate the main idea of the paragraph using different words Example: There are three reasons why Canada is one of the best countries in the world First, Canada has an excellent health care system All Canadians have access to medical services at a reasonable price Second, Canada has a high standard of education Students are taught by well-trained teachers and are encouraged to continue studying at university Finally, Canada's cities are clean and efficiently managed Canadian cities have many parks and lots of space for people to live As a result, Canada is a desirable place to live PART 2: How to Write a Paragraph Prewriting Paragraphs What is the prewriting stage? The prewriting stage is when you think carefully and organize your ideas for your paragraph before you begin writing Six Prewriting Steps: Think carefully about what you are going to write Ask yourself: o What question am I going to answer in this paragraph or essay? o How can I best answer this question? What is the most important part of my answer? o How can I make an introductory sentence (or thesis statement) from the most important part of my answer? o What facts or ideas can I use to support my introductory sentence? o How can I make this paragraph or essay interesting? o Do I need more facts on this topic? o Where can I find more facts on this topic? Open your notebook Write out your answers to the above questions You not need to spend a lot of time doing this; just write enough to help you remember why and how you are going to write your paragraph or essay Collect facts related to your paragraph or essay topic Look for and write down facts that will help you to answer your question Timesaving hint: make sure the facts you are writing are related to the exact question you are going to answer in your paragraph or essay Write down your own ideas Ask yourself: o What else I want to say about this topic? o Why should people be interested in this topic? o Why is this topic important? Find the main idea of your paragraph or essay Choose the most important point you are going to present If you cannot decide which point is the most important, just choose one point and stick to it throughout your paragraph or essay Organize your facts and ideas in a way that develops your main idea Once you have chosen the most important point of your paragraph or essay, you must find the best way to tell your reader about it Look at the facts you have written Look at your own ideas on the topic Decide which facts and ideas will best support the main idea of your paragraph Once you have chosen the facts and ideas you plan to use, ask yourself which order to put them in the paragraph Write down your own note set that you can use to guide yourself as you write your paragraph or essay Writing Paragraphs What is the writing stage? The writing stage is when you turn your ideas into sentences Five Writing Steps: Open your notebook and word processor Write the topic sentence, supporting sentences, and closing sentence Write clear and simple sentences to express your meaning Focus on the main idea of your paragraph Use the dictionary to help you find additional words to express your ideas Editing Paragraphs What is the editing stage? The editing stage is when you check your paragraph for mistakes and correct them Grammar and Spelling Check your spelling Check your grammar Read your essay again Make sure each sentence has a subject See if your subjects and verbs agree with each other Check the verb tenses of each sentence Make sure that each sentence makes sense Style and Organization Make sure your paragraph has a topic sentence Make sure your supporting sentences focus on the main idea Make sure you have a closing sentence Check that all your sentences focus on the main idea See if your paragraph is interesting Publishing Paragraphs What is the publishing stage? The publishing stage is when you produce a final copy of your paragraph to hand in Three Publishing Steps: Make a paper copy of your paragraph Show your work to your teacher, tutor, or parents Ask them for hints on how to improve your writing PART 3: Kinds of Paragraphs Definition Paragraph When writing a definition paragraph, you take a thing or an idea and explain what it is Example: Write a paragraph giving the definition of a pest The following words can help you to write a good definition paragraph: "is defined as" Example: A pest is defined as any animal or plant that damages crops, forests, or property "is a kind of" Example: A pest is a kind of animal or plant that damages crops, forests, or property Classification Paragraph When writing a classification paragraph, you group things or ideas into specific categories Example: resources Write a paragraph discussing two types of energy The following words can help you to write a good classification paragraph: o is a kind of Coal is a kind of non-renewable resource o can be divided into Energy resources can be divided into two types o is a type of Coal is a type of non-renewable resource o falls under Coal falls under the category of non-renewable resources o belongs to Coal belongs to the category of non-renewable resources o is a part of Coal is a part of the category of non-renewable resources o fits into Coal fits into the category of non-renewable resources o is grouped resources with Coal is grouped with non-renewable o is related to Coal is related to other non-renewable resources o is associated with Coal is associated with other non-renewable resources Description Paragraph In a description paragraph, you are writing about what a person, place, or thing is like Sometimes, you may describe where a place is located Examples Write a paragraph describing what a polar bear looks like Describe where Canada's industry is located The following words can help you to write a good description paragraph: Properties Measurement Analogy Location size length is like in colour width resembles above shape mass/weight below purpose speed beside near north/east/south/west Properties Size Example: Polar bears are big in size Colour Example: Polar bears are usually white in colour Shape Example: Polar bears have a special shape Purpose Example: The purpose of the polar bear's fur is to keep it warm Measurement Length Example: The length of a polar bear's claws is 20 cm Width Example: The width of a polar bear's head is about 50 cm mass / weight Example: Polar bears weigh up to 650 kg Speed Example: Polar bears can swim at a speed of 40 km per hour Analogy Is like Example: A polar bear is like other bears in shape Resembles Example: A polar bear resembles other bears in shape Location In Example: Quebec Most of Canada's manufacturing is located in Ontario and Above Example: The ceiling is above us Below Example: Most of Ontario is below Hudson Bay Beside Example: Quebec is located beside Ontario Near Example: Many companies are located near Toronto north / east / south / west Example: Ontario is west of Quebec Compare and Contrast Paragraph In a compare and contrast paragraph, you write about the similarities and differences between two or more people, places, things, or ideas Example: Write a paragraph comparing the weather in Vancouver and Halifax The following words can help you to write a good compare and contrast paragraph: Similarities Differences is similar to the other hand both however also but too in contrast as well differs from while unlike Similarities is similar to Example: Spring weather in Vancouver is similar to spring weather in Halifax Both Example: Both Vancouver and Halifax have rain in the spring Also Example: Halifax also has a rainy spring season Too Example: Halifax has a rainy spring season, too As well Example: As well, Halifax has rainy spring season Differences On the other hand Example: On the other hand, winter is much colder in Halifax However Example: However, winter is much colder in Halifax But Example: Vancouver has a mild winter, but Halifax has a cold one In contrast to Example: In contrast to Vancouver, Halifax has a cold winter Differs from Example: Halifax differs from Vancouver by having a cold winter While Example: winter While Vancouver has a mild winter, Halifax has a cold Sequence Paragraph In a sequencing paragraph, you are writing to describe a series of events or a process in some sort of order Usually, this order is based on time Example: Write a paragraph outlining how a person becomes the prime minister The following words can help you to write a good sequence paragraph Exercise 16: Example Problems Solutions 1/ People not know much a/ Punish severely those who poach about the need to protect rare for their horns, meat and skin and and endangered animals those who buy and sell wildlife products illegally 2/ Projects to save endangered animals not have sufficient b/ Stop people from hunting funds endangered animals for food and for commercial purposes 3/ The habitats for endangered animals are being seriously c/ Ask other non-governmental damaged and polluted organizations and individuals to 4/ People who live in or near sponsor by advertising them on mass media endangered animals’ habitats have poor living conditions and d/ Establish more wildlife habitat rely mostly on wildlife products reserves for their livelihood e/ Ask people not to use these 5/ Some countries not have products Make them feel guilty to laws to protect endangered use them animals f/ Preserve good habitats for 6/ People keep buying endangered species by banning fashionable wildlife products dumping wastes into the sea, making campfires in the forests or destroying 7/ There are not enough wildlife the forests habitat reserves g/These animals should be kept together in their natural habitat so that they can be productive and saved from extinction Answer: 1b 2c 3f 4a 5g 6e 7d Writing task Write a paragraph of 180-200 words about measures for protecting endangerd animals Your outline here Your writing here USEFUL EXPRESSIONS There are a number of measures that should be taken to protect endangerd animals For me the main mesures are ……………………… - There are a number of measures that should be taken to protect endangered animals First of all, …………… There should be One thing we can is Moreover…… Last but not least, … We can see that……… Exercise 17: Writing a book report Example: Example: I would like to introduce you “Falling into bed”, a funny story It was written by Phil Healey Last autumn an Englishman went to the United States to visit some important places On the last day of his holiday he went to New York to visit the Empire State Building The weather was cold and it was very windy but he walked up… and up and up He arrived at the top and looked down at the street below Suddenly there was a strong wind and he fell off the building But when he was only a hundred metres from the street, a big car came round the corner with a bed on top of it He hit the bed, not the road Lucky man ! “Falling into bed” is a strange and interesting story Writing task: Write a report of 180-200 words on the book you have read recently The folowing questions can help you Your outline here Your writing here S1:general introduction What is the title of the book? Falling into Bed Who is the author? Phil Healey What the type of book is it? A funny story S2:Summary of book’s content the Where is the book set? New York What is the main theme of the book? Urban myths Who are the main characters? Englishman What is the plot of the story? S3:Conclusion 1.What was your opinion of the book? 3.would you recommend the book? Exercise 18: Do you agree or disagree with the following statements? “ You shouold never make a decision on your future career alone.” Write a composition of about 180-200 words to support your answer Your outline here Your writing here Exercise 19: Write a composition of about 180-200 words on the following topic “ The invention of the Internet has had negative effect on our children.” Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion Your outline here Your writing here Exercise 20: “What are important quanlities of a good student?” Write a composition of about 180-200 words, using specific reasons and examples to support your answer Your outline here Your writing here Exercise 21: “Good books are good teachers and friends.” Write a composition of about 180-200 words, using specific reasons and examples to support your opinion Your outline here Your writing here Exercise 22: “In the future students may have the choice of studying at home by using technology such as computers or television, or of studying at traditional schools Which you prefer?” Write a composition of about 180-200 words to support your position Your outline here Your writing here Exercise 23: “Some people prefer to live in the countryside Others thinkliving in big cities is better and comfortable Which place you prefer to live in?” Write a paragraph of about 180-200 to explain your choice Your outline here Your writing here Exercise 24: “Some people think that they can learn better by themselves than with a group Others think that it is always better to work in groups Which you prefer?” Write a paragraph of about 180-200 words to support your position Your outline here Your writing here ... trật tự từ chi tiết quan trọng đến quan trọng Đề thi bạn gặp: Write about the ideal world in which you would like to live in the year 2020 (Trang 90 SGK Tiếng Anh 12) Như vậy, kỳ thi THPT Quốc gia, ... trúc luận, từ đoạn mở đầu, đoạn thân bài, kết luận Tuy nhiên, viết tranh luận thường yêu cầu kỹ viết riêng; ngôn ngữ sử dụng để tranh luận, chứng minh hay biện giải cho quan điểm đưa Sau số ngôn... they are now (Trang 89 - 90 SGK Tiếng Anh 12) Bản dịch tiếng Việt: Thế giới lý tưởng tơi giới hịa bình (Thế giới đó) Khơng có chiến tranh mâu thuẫn giũa quốc gia Người dân sống nỗi sợ khủng bố