Syntactic and semantic features of run in english and chạy in vietnamese

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY M.A THESIS SYNTACTIC AND SEMANTIC FEATURES OF “RUN” IN ENGLISH AND “CHẠY” IN VIETNAMESE (Đặc điểm cú pháp ngữ nghĩa từ “run” tiếng Anh “chạy” tiếng Việt) DAO THI HUONG Field: English Language Code: 8.22.02.01 Supervisor: Đặng Nguyên Giang, Ph.D Hanoi, 2020 CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY I, the undersigned, hereby certify my authority of the study project report entitled Syntactic and Semantic Features of "Run" in English and "Chạy" in Vietnamese submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master in English Language Except where the reference is indicated, no other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the text of the thesis Hanoi, 2020 Đào Thị Hương Approved by SUPERVISOR Đặng Nguyên Giang, Ph.D Date: …………………… i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to take this opportunity to thank all the following people for their great supports during my two-year time for the MA course First and foremost, I would like to express my deep gratitude to Mr Đặng Nguyên Giang, Ph.D, my supervisor, for his clear guidance, insightful comments and dutiful supervision I would like to give my sincere thanks to all the lectures at Hanoi Open University for their knowledge, experience and enthusiasm in their lectures, from which I have acquired valuable knowledge and inspiration to fulfill this minor thesis My deep thanks also go to the headmaster of Kien Thuy high school and many of my friends and colleagues, whose support and encouragement help me to have this thesis accomplished Last but not least, I must express my gratitude to my family It is their endless love and expectations that have motivated me to complete this thesis I am immensely thankful for all the assistance they have given me ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Certificate of originality ……….………………………………………… i Acknowledgements …… ……………………………………………… ii Table of contents ………………………………………………………… iii Abstract ……… ……………………………………………………… vi List of tables ……………………………………………………………… viii Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION………………………………………… 1.1 Rationale…………………………………………………………… 1.2 Aims and objectives of the study…………………………………… 1.3 Research questions…………………………………………………… 1.4 Methodology … …………………………………………………… 1.4.1 Data collection ……….……………………………………… 1.4.2 Research methods …………………………………………… 1.5 Scope of the study …………………………….………….………… 1.6 Significance of the study …………………………… …………… 1.7 Structure of the study………………………………….……………… Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW………………………………… 2.1 Previous study 2.2 Words and word classes…………………………….……………… 2.2.1 Polysemy of words…………………………………………… 2.2.2 Word classes………………………………………………… 2.3 Underlying theoretical frameworks ….……………… …………… 14 2.3.1 Theory of contrastive analysis ……………………………… 14 2.3.2 Theory of syntax and semantics ……………………………… 16 2.4 Chapter summary…………………………………………………… 18 iii 20 Chapter 3: SYNTACTIC FEATURES OF “RUN” IN ENGLISH AND “CHẠY” IN VIETNAMESE………… ………………………… 21 3.1 Syntactic features of “run” in English……………………………… 21 3.1.1 “Run” as a verb……………………………………………… 21 3.1.2 “Run” as a noun ……………………………… ………… 29 3.1.3 “Run” as a component in a compound word ………………… 29 3.2 Syntactic features of “chạy” in Vietnamese………………………… 30 3.2.1 “Chạy” as a verb……………………………………………… 30 3.2.2 “Chạy” as an adjective ……………………………………… 32 3.2.3 “Chạy” as a component in a compound word ……………… 32 3.3 A comparison between “run” in English and “chạy” in Vietnamese in terms of syntactic features……………………………………………… 32 3.3.1 Syntactic features found in both languages………………… 32 3.3.2 Syntactic features unique to English………………………… 33 3.3.3 Syntactic features unique to Vietnamese……………………… 34 3.4 Chapter summary…………………………………………………… 36 Chapter 4: SEMANTIC FEATURES OF “RUN” IN ENGLISH AND “CHẠY” IN VIETNAMESE…………………… ……………… 38 4.1 Semantic features of “run” in English………… …………………… 38 4.1.1 “Run” as a verb……………………… …………………… 38 4.1.2 “Run” as a noun………………………………………… … 42 4.2 Semantic features of “chạy” in Vietnamese………………………… 45 4.2.1 “Chạy” as a verb………………………………….………… 45 4.2.2 “Chạy” as an adjective ……………………………………… 47 iv 4.3 A comparison between “run” in English and “chạy” in Vietnamese in terms of semantic features ……………………………………………… 47 4.3.1 Semantic features found in both languages……………… 47 4.3.2 Semantic features unique to English………………………… 50 4.3.3 Semantic features unique to Vietnamese…………………… 54 4.4 Chapter summary…………………………………………………… 55 Chapter 5: CONCLUSION…………………………………………… 56 5.1 Recapitulation……………………………………………………… 57 5.2 Concluding remarks………………………………………………… 60 5.3 Limitations of the study …………………………………………… 60 5.4 Recommendations and suggestions for further studies ……………… 62 5.4.1 For English teaching and learning…………………….…… 62 5.4.2 For translation from English to Vietnamese and vice versa.……………………………………………………………… 63 5.4 Suggestions for further research ………………………… 63 REFERENCES………………………………………………………… 65 v ABSTRACT An investigation of run in English and chạy in Vietnamese is carried out in the present study in order to clarify the features of those words and find out the similarities and differences between them Description and contrastive analysis are regarded as the main methods used in the present thesis Data used for analysis were mainly collected from dictionaries and the internet Our investigation reveals that run in English and chạy in Vietnamese may function as verbs The biggest difference between run in English and chạy in Vietnamese in terms of syntactic features lies in the verbal forms and the co-ordinate possibility of each in the clauses In terms of semantic features, the findings of the study reveals that there are nineteen meanings in common conveyed by the two verbs, run in English and chạy in Vietnamese When working as a verb, run in English has more meanings than chạy in Vietnamese There are thirty meanings conveyed by run, unique to English whereas chạy has four meanings which are unique to Vietnamese Run in English may be a noun which has fourteen main meanings, and chạy in Vietnamese can function as an adjective and has only one meaning The thesis also presents the implications for English teaching and learning as well as translation vi LIST OF TABLES Page Table 3.1 Forms and functions of the verb “run” in English (adapted from Quirk & Green Baum (1987) ………………………………… vii 20 Chapter INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale It is a fact that language is an essential form of communication It allows people to convey and elaborate their perspective It means that language is the bridge to connect people all over the world Therefore, language is a subtle and complex instrument used to communicate an incredible number of different things Being a basic component of language, word plays an important role in communication Words help us to express many shades of meaning at different levels of style It means that word-meanings can be understood in different ways depending on contexts For that reason, learners, users or translators of English often meet a lot of difficulties in expressing what need to be said or written “Run” is one of the words that possess the biggest quantity of meanings and highest used frequency in English In the book “Word Frequencies in Written and Spoken English”: based on the British National Corpus by Leech, Rayson & Wilson (2001), “run” is one of the motion verbs considered as the most common one with high frequency However, this word is a kind of fairly complicated words For Vietnamese students, the differences in two languages cause a lot of difficulties in using this word They may feel confused when encountering such a word or may not understand and use it effectively For example, in English we say “Would you run (= go quickly or in a hurry) to the post office and get me some stamps?” or “The film runs (= lasts) for two hours.” or “We've run (= operated) the computer program, but nothing happens.” In these sentences, “run” is used as a verb with different meanings On the other hand, this word is also used as a noun like in the following sentence: “Growing nervousness among investors led to a run on some banks.” In Vietnamese, the word “chạy” is not only a verb which indicates a physical activity only but also other kinds of word implying different meanings in real life communication To some extent, it is not too difficult to find such circumstances in which people use the word “chạy”: tàu chạy nhanh [the train runs fast], chạy thầy chạy thuốc [to run about for a doctor and for medicines], chạy chức chạy quyền [bribe to be promoted], or công việc chạy [the work is running very smoothly], etc As a teacher of English, I find that learners may know a lot of English lexical items by learning vocabulary word-lists by heart but they not know how to use them in appropriate contexts The difficulties that Vietnamese learners may meet are not only in semantic features but also in syntactic forms as well For all the reasons above, the thesis entitled Syntactic and Semantic Features of "Run" in English and "Chạy" in Vietnamese is chosen in order to help the author successfully accomplish these challenging tasks Moreover, the researcher hopes that this attempt will help Vietnamese learners of English have a better understanding of the two words and then use them more effectively 1.2 Aims and objectives The aim of the study is clarifying the features of “run” in English and “chạy” in Vietnamese to help the Vietnamese learners of English to study and use these words correctly and effectively In order to achieve the aim, the study is expected to reach the following objectives: - To investigate syntactic features of “run” in English and “chạy” in Vietnamese; - To investigate semantic features of “run” in English and “chạy” in Vietnamese; The very first paragraph of my book The Truth about Writing runs as follows [Đoan sách “Sự thật việc viết văn” diễn sau.] xxvi) Bring (goods) into a country illegally and secretly; smuggle They run drugs for the cocaine cartels [Họ buôn lậu thuốc phiện cho tập đồn cơ-ca-in.] xxvii) Cost (someone) (a specified amount) A new photocopier will run us about $1,300 [Một phô tô có giá khoảng 1.300 la.] xxviii) (of a stocking or pair of tights) develop a ladder xxix) Provide The wait-and-see game continues until the government runs some ready cash [Việc chờ xem tiếp diễn phủ cung cấp số tiền mặt.] xxx) Provide pasture for (sheep or cattle); raise (livestock) They ran sheep and cattle [Họ nuôi cừu gia súc.] As a verb, run in English may have thirty meanings which chạy in Vietnamese may not In addition, run can be a noun whose meanings are unique to English As a noun, run has fourteen main meanings: (i) An act or spell of running; (ii) A journey accomplished or route taken by a vehicle, aircraft, or boat, especially on a regular basis; (iii) An opportunity or attempt to achieve something; (iv) A continuous spell of a particular situation or condition; (v) A widespread and sudden demand for (a commodity) or a widespread trading in (a currency); (vi) The average or usual type of person or thing; (vii) A sloping snow-covered course or track used for skiing, bobsleighing, or tobogganing; (vii) An enclosed area in which domestic animals or birds may run freely in the 54 open; (ix) Free and unrestricted use of or access to; (x) A unit of scoring achieved by hitting the ball so that both batsmen are able to run between the wickets, or awarded in some other circumstances; (xi) A vertical line of unraveled stitches in stockings or tights; a ladder; (xii) A downward trickle of paint or a similar substance when applied too thickly; (xiii) Diarrhea; (xiv) The after part of a ship's bottom where it rises and narrows towards the stern 4.3.3 Semantic features unique to Vietnamese The following meanings are that the verb chạy can be used while run cannot These meanings are illustrated as follows: i) Make the X-rays, the radiation or the specialized equipment affect the body parts for healing chạy tia tử ngoại [expose to X-rays] ii) Quickly avoid something bad, usually by moving elsewhere mưa ập xuống, không kịp chạy thứ phơi sân [the shower came too quickly for them to have time to take into safety the things put to dry in the yard] iii) Give up, don't pursue to the end thầy lang chạy, bệnh nặng [all the herb-doctors had given up because his illness was already too serious] iv) Urgently seek, manage to quickly obtain, achieve what is needed chạy thầy chạy thuốc [seek for a doctor and for medicines] It is revealed in our investigation that there are four meanings conveyed by the verb chạy, unique to Vietnamese In addition, chạy can be an adjective, which run cannot occur in English When working as an adjective, chạy means “smoothly, without stopping” Cơng việc tháng chạy tháng trước [The work is smoother than it was last month.] 55 4.4 Chapter summary In this chapter, a distinction has been made between run in English and chạy in Vietnamese in terms of semantic features It is observable that all their senses of meaning are listed Then a serious effort has been made to analyze run and chạy in their broadest sense to state the similarities and differences between the two words from semantic perspective Our investigation reveals that there are nineteen meanings in common conveyed by the two verbs, run in English and chạy in Vietnamese When working as a verb, run in English has more meanings than chạy in Vietnamese There are thirty meanings conveyed by run, unique to English whereas chạy has four meanings which are unique to Vietnamese Run in English may be a noun which has fourteen main meanings, and chạy in Vietnamese can function as an adjective and has only one meaning 56 Chapter CONCLUSION 5.1 Recapitulation The study mainly focuses on discovering the similarities and differences between run in English and chạy in Vietnamese in terms of syntactic and semantic features Our findings reveal that run in English and chạy in Vietnamese share some similar syntactic features In both languages, run and chạy are lexical verbs Verb phrases containing run and chạy can occur as predicate, subject, object, adverbial, or appositive Before the verbs run and chạy, there may be a modal verb or a verb Following the verbs run and chạy, there may be a noun or a noun phrase Even though they have some syntactic features in common, there are still several differences between run and chạy In terms of verbal forms, run is a lexical verb which has five forms: the BASE, the S-FORM, the PAST, the ING PARTICIPLE, and the PAST PARTICIPLE Verb phrases containing run can occur as subject complement, object complement, adjectival complement, or prepositional complement There are some lexical verbs followed by run with the -ing or to-infinitive forms When run is used after a preposition, it stays in the -ing form What’s more, run can be used in nominal clauses (that clauses, wh-interrogative clauses, yes-no interrogative clauses, nominal relative clauses, To-infinitive nominal clauses, nominal -ing clauses), adverbial clauses (clauses of time, clauses of place, clauses of condition and concession, clauses of reason or cause, clauses of circumstance, clauses of purpose and clauses of result) Run in English may be a noun which usually works as a head noun The noun run can function as subject, object, complement, or complement in prepositional phrases While the verb run in English has five forms, this isn't a feature of chạy in Vietnamese In terms of verbal forms, chạy has the same verb form in any 57 cases In Vietnamese, the notions of the past and the future are encoded implicitly in dialogues' settings and not in verbs It's no surprise that the present tense is the one that would be encountered most frequently If we want to put an emphasis on the time, some words like đã, are often added For example, in order to express the present continuous, people use before the verb The past simple and future tenses are expressed by prefixing verbs with and sẽ, respectively Rồi, được…can be used for the present perfect or past perfect tenses The use of and are optional with regards to expressing time Before the verb chạy, there can be an adverb Besides that, Chạy can also be used as an adjective whose form stays the same for the comparative and superlative Chạy functioning as predicative can be a subject complement or object complement In addition, to form a new word with a new meaning, the word chạy can be followed by a noun, an adjective or a verb, and in this case the combination makes compound words In terms of semantic features, it is investigated that there are nineteen meanings conveyed by the two verbs, run in English and chạy in Vietnamese: (i) Move at a speed faster than a walk, never having both or all the feet on the ground at the same time; (ii) Run as a sport or for exercise; (iii) (of an athlete or a racehorse) compete in a race; (iv) (of a batsman) run from one wicket to the other in scoring or attempting to score a run; (v) Move about in a hurried and hectic way; (vi) (of a boat) sail straight and fast directly before the wind; (vii) Navigate (rapids or a waterfall) in a boat; (viii) Extend or cause to extend in a particular direction; (ix) (of a bus, train, ferry, or other form of transport) make a regular journey on a particular route; (x) Put (a form of public transport) in service; (xi) Take (someone) somewhere in a car; (xii) Own, maintain, and use (a vehicle); (xiii) Be in or cause to be in operation; function or cause to function; (xiv) Move or cause to move between the spools of a recording machine; (xv) Happen or arrive at the specified time; (xvi) Stand as a candidate 58 in an election; (xvii) Work; (xviii) Carry and take away quickly (talk about dispatch, correspondence); (xix) Spread out into long and narrow bands As a verb, run in English may have thirty meanings which chạy in Vietnamese may not: (i) Enter (a racehorse) for a race; (ii) Chase (someone) away; (iii) (of hounds) chase or hunt their quarry; (iv) (of a boat) sail straight and fast directly before the wind; (v) (of a migratory fish) go upriver from the sea in order to spawn; (vi) Pass or cause to pass quickly in a particular direction; (vii) Move or cause to move forcefully or with a particular result; (viii) Fail to stop at (a red traffic light); (ix) (with reference to a liquid) flow or cause to flow; (x) Cause water to flow over; (xi) Fill (a bath) with water; (xii) Be covered or streaming with (a liquid); (xiii) Emit or exude a liquid; (xiv) (of a solid substance) melt and become fluid; (xv) (of the sea, the tide, or a river) rise higher or flow more quickly; (xvi) (of dye or colour in fabric or paper) dissolve and spread when the fabric or paper becomes wet; (xvii) Pass into or reach a specified state or level; (xviii) Be in charge of; manage; (xix) (of a system, organization, or plan) operate or proceed in a particular way; (xx) Organize, implement, or carry out; (xxi) Continue or be valid or operative for a particular period of time; (xxii) (of a play or exhibition) be staged or presented; (xxiii) (especially of a political party) sponsor (a candidate) in an election; (xxiv) Publish or be published in a newspaper or magazine; (xxv) (of a saying, argument, piece of writing, etc.) have a specified wording; (xxvi) Bring (goods) into a country illegally and secretly; smuggle; (xxvii) Cost (someone) (a specified amount); (xxviii) (of a stocking or pair of tights) develop a ladder; (xxix) Provide; (xxx) Provide pasture for (sheep or cattle) or raise (livestock) In addition, run can be a noun whose meanings are unique to English As a noun, run has fourteen main meanings: i) An act or spell of running; ii) A journey accomplished or route taken by a vehicle, aircraft, or boat, especially on a regular basis; iii) An opportunity or attempt to achieve something; iv) A 59 continuous spell of a particular situation or condition; v) A widespread and sudden demand for (a commodity) or a widespread trading in (a currency); vi) The average or usual type of person or thing; vii) A sloping snow-covered course or track used for skiing, bobsleighing, or tobogganing; vii) An enclosed area in which domestic animals or birds may run freely in the open; ix) Free and unrestricted use of or access to; x) A unit of scoring achieved by hitting the ball so that both batsmen are able to run between the wickets, or awarded in some other circumstances; xi) A vertical line of unraveled stitches in stockings or tights; a ladder; xii) A downward trickle of paint or a similar substance when applied too thickly; xiii) Diarrhea; xiv) The after part of a ship's bottom where it rises and narrows towards the stern As can be seen, there are four meanings conveyed by the verb chạy, unique to Vietnamese: (i) Make the X-rays, the radiation or the specialized equipment affect the body parts for healing; (ii) Quickly avoid something bad, usually by running or moving elsewhere; (iii) Give up, don't pursue to the end; (iv) Urgently seek, manage to quickly obtain, achieve what is needed; In addition, chạy can be an adjective, which cannot occur in run When working as an adjective, chạy has only one meaning, that is “smoothly, without stopping” 5.2 Concluding remarks Theoretically, the findings of the study reveal that the theoretical frameworks (theory of contrastive analysis; theory of syntax and semantics) used in the present study are highly reliable and appropriate for investigating the syntactic and semantic features of individual words in different languages such as English and Vietnamese The results have also shown the relationship between the syntactic and semantic features of run in English and chạy in Vietnamese These two words are described, analyzed and compared from syntactic and semantic perspectives 60 Syntactically, the verbal forms of run in English are more complex than those of chạy in Vietnamese Run is a lexical verb which has five forms whereas the form of chạy stays the same in any cases Run also has more syntactic functions in the clauses By this, I mean that run in English is more flexible in building clauses as well as sentences Therefore, the biggest difference between run in English and chạy in Vietnamese in terms of syntactic features lies in the verbal forms and the co-ordinate possibility of each in the clauses Moreover, run can be a noun functioning as subject, object, complement, and compliment in prepositional phrases, which is unique to English In Vietnamese, chạy can be an adjective The adjective chạy can be modified by the intensifier and it can be a subject complement and object complement Moreover, chạy may function as a component in a compound word Semantically, although belonging to different languages, the verbs run and chạy have nineteen meanings in common However, there are thirty meanings conveyed by run unique to English whereas chạy has only four meanings unique to Vietnamese It means that the verb run in English is quite flexible and can take part in more situations of sense than chạy in Vietnamese When working as a noun, run has a lot of meanings (fourteen main meanings) Chạy has only one meaning when functioning as an adjective 5.3 Limitations of the study Despite a considerable effort that has been made, some limitations of this study cannot be avoided ofto time, knowledge, reference material limitation Besides, due to the limited sources of examples serving as the data for the study, some parts of the study have not accomplished a satisfactory depth as they should Firstly, syntax and semantics are analyzed for only one pair of words run in English and chạy in Vietnamese in this thesis Secondly, the researcher’s knowledge makes it impossible to provide sufficiently and focus on other pairs of words intensively Although the study 61 has offered some insightful findings, it has a limitation The results in this study are just relatively reasonable because of the limited number of instances with run and chạy taken for analysis I hope that in the future research, more instances will be analyzed to have a standard result The study might be served as a foundation for studies on other pairs of words in English and Vietnamese Though I have made my great efforts in this thesis to work out the best results, due to limitation of time and knowledge of the author, mistakes and limitations are unavoidable Therefore, any of your comments and corrects for my better work would be highly appreciated 5.4 Recommendations and suggestions for further research 5.4.1 For English teaching and learning For teaching English, because grammar and vocabulary are both integral part of the language which we cannot be omitted, we cannot separate teaching them Mastering a language means knowing not only the grammatical rules, but also how to use them, in what context, when and where it is appropriate to use, to what people it is suitable, and so on Additionally, the final purpose of language teaching is to develop learners’ communicative competence as well as linguistic competence In teaching vocabulary, teachers need to provide learners with an increasing number of words, and also provide them more details about the word, their sense relations in comparison with their equivalents in the target language From the findings of the study, teachers may know the typical mistakes that their learners often make when writing as well as translating the sentences and may find out necessary solutions to help them correct effectively Teaching and learning both grammatical and lexical items are popular and paid a lot of attention in many schools in Vietnam However, lexical ones are often recognized as an area in which they have difficulties to grasp well 62 The following suggestions should be considered to get a good vocabulary learning results It is vital that students learn words in specific and real situations, so that they can be equipped the knowledge of language to understand them better What’s more, learners also should pay attention to transfer meaning in process of translating words in different contexts To master endless source of words, learners can make full use of some documents like: dictionaries, books, newspapers, novels, films and so on It would be highly recommended for them to compare and contrast the two sources of languages to interpret words accordingly As a result, Vietnamese learners of English can understand comprehensively how they are applied in diverse situations 5.4.2 For translation from English to Vietnamese and vice versa Translation is the process by which the meaning of a text and the subsequent production of an equivalent text that communicates the same message are interpreted from the source text to the target language For translators, in order to a correct translation, they must understand the grammatical rules of the two languages, their writing conventions, and even implicit meanings into consideration In fact, there exists a common misconception when newcomers of translation interpret word-for-word correspondence between any two languages The findings of the study about the syntactic and semantic features of run in English and chạy in Vietnamese may help the translators to find the appropriate expressions when dealing with the specific situations and contexts where the word run and chạy are used, help the learners decide the best word choice, avoid unnecessary misinterpretation 5.4.3 Suggestions for further research This thesis has focused only on studying the syntactic and semantic features of run in English and chạy in Vietnamese Therefore, there are still 63 some other aspects related to this problem left for further studies such as discourse analysis, cultural aspects, transformational perspectives, etc 64 REFERENCES Foreign authors Anshen, F., & Aronoff, M (1999) Using dictionaries to study the mental lexicon Brain and Language Bloomfield, L (1914) An Introduction to the Study of Language New York: Henry Holt Bloomfield, L 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between the Verb ‘Run’ in English and the Verb ‘Chạy’ in Vietnamese 47 Nguyễn Hữu Quỳnh, Nguyễn Thu Minh (2001) Ngữ pháp tiếng Việt , Nxb Từ điển bách khoa 48 Nguyễn Thiện Giáp (1985/2002) Từ vựng học tiếng Việt Hà Nội: Nxb Đại học Trung học chuyên nghiệp/Giáo dục 49 Nguyễn Văn Trào (2009) Emotion Expressing Idioms in English and Vietnamese: A Contrastive Analysis Unpublished doctoral dissertation, The University of Queensland, Australia 50 Võ Đại Quang (2005) Một số vấn đề Cú pháp, Ngữ nghĩa, Ngữ Dụng & Âm vị học Nxb Văn hóa-Thơng tin Hà Nội 68 ... run in English and chạy in Vietnamese and make a comparison between them Chapter 4, SEMANTIC FEATURES OF ? ?RUN? ?? IN ENGLISH AND “CHẠY” IN VIETNAMESE, shows semantic features of run in English and. .. To investigate syntactic features of ? ?run? ?? in English and ? ?chạy? ?? in Vietnamese; - To investigate semantic features of ? ?run? ?? in English and ? ?chạy? ?? in Vietnamese; - To uncover the similarities and. .. between run in English and chạy in Vietnamese in terms of syntactic features lies in the verbal forms and the co-ordinate possibility of each in the clauses In terms of semantic features, the findings