The usage: - To denote past finished actions that happened and finished before a certain point of time or another past event (the past of the past tense). e.g: She had sold all the baske[r]
(1)`
VINHPHUC EDUCATION & TRAINING SERVICE PHAM CONG BINH SECONDARY SCHOOL
ENGLISH GROUP
TEACHING PROJECT FOR
GIFTED STUDENTS
CREATED BY TRUONG QUANG KHANH SEPTEMBER 2007
PART ONE PHONETICS
A The aims:
- To introduce to the sts the phonetic symbols, the transcription of a word, the sound of the word… - To improve the sts’ phonetic, stress, and intonation
- To help the sts the phonetic exercises
-B Teaching procedure : The vowel sounds:
There are 20 vowels in the English language, 12 of them are pure vowels (single vowels), and the left eights dipthongs (combination of two vowels)
- The 12 pure vowels: / I - i: /, / e - ổ/, / o - o:/, / - a: /, / u- u:/, / ә - ỗ/ - The dipthongs: / ei - - oi /, / au - әu /, / iә - eә - uә /
Practical Exercises Ex1: Classify /i:/ and /I/:
(2)Ex 2: Classify /a:/ and / /:
Cut, cup, cart, card, done, come, mar, march, must, darn, last, lust, heart, harm, hut, much, calm, farm…
Ex 3: Classify /u:/ and / u/:
Look, cook, book, soot, shoot, pull, pool, could, shoe, suit, stood, stewed, to, too, wooed, wood, food, cool…
Ex 4: Classify / ổ / and / e /:
Dad, dead, man, many, mad, any, at, sat, head, hand, fan, can, land, dense, send, set, met, letter, stretch, fed, catch…
Ex 5: Classify / o: / and / o / :
Corn, cord, copy, swan, sworn, sod, soared, shot, stock, talk, spot, sport, chalk, shock, loss, got, caught, bought…
Ex 6: Classify / ỗ / and / ә /:
Her, teacher, heard, shirt, first, fur, stir, prefer, refer, occur, skirt, hurt, learn, today, sir, sister, brother…
Ex 7: Classify / au / and / әu /:
Now, no, show, how, hoe, loud, load, tone, town, couch, know, noun, known, foal, fowl, rouse, rose, stout, stoat, found, phone…
Ex 8: Classify / iә /, / eә /, / uә /:
Hear, hair, sure, tour, wear, near, fear, year, stair, cure, beard, cheer, scared, careful, fierce, moor, shared, careless, theatre…
Notes: Tripthongs and other vowel sequences: / aiә /: fire, hire, tyre, buyer, wire, flyer, iron,… / әuә /: slower, lower, grower, sower, mower,… / auә /: flower, power, tower, shower, sour, flour,… / eiә /: greyer, player, layer, payer, prayer,…
/ oiә /: employer, destroyer, royal, loyal, annoyance,…
2 The consonants sounds:
There are 24 consonants in English, which are devided into voiceless and voiced consonants as they are shown below:
2.1 Voiceless consonants: / p /, / f /, / /, / t /, / s /, / ∫ /, / t∫ /, / k /, / h /
2.2 Voiced consonants: / b /, / v /, / /, / d /, / z /, / Ʒ /, / dƷ/, / g /, / l /, /m /, / n /, / ŋ /, / r /, / w /, / j /. Practical Exercises
Ex 9: Classify / / and / /:
Think, thigh, though, thought, breath, breathe, bath, bathe, cloth, clothe, clothing, clothes, threaten, although…
Ex 10: Classify / s / and / ∫ /:
She, see, sugar, seat, sound, show, sure, suit, sugary, sunny, soon, saturn, shrink, scream, settle, surely…
Ex 11: Classify / k/ and / t∫ /:
Chess, chimney, choice, chaos, chemist, chest, chemical, chicken, cheap, catch, chemistry, school, scholar…
Ex 12: Classify / s / and / z / :
See, seat, please, measure, mouse, pass, mass, bags, close, has, sum, sick, tease, sues, rise, lays, eyes…
3 The consonant clusters: 3.1 / s / + / p, t, k, f, m, n, w, j /
(3)Plough, play, proud, pray, pure, puritant,… 3.3 / t / + / r, w, j /:
Tree, try, twin, twice, tune, tunic,… 3.4 / k / + / l, r, w, j /:
Clerk, clay, crown, cry, quite, quick, cure, curious,… 3.5 / b / + / l, r ,j /:
Blind, blow, blown, brown, bring, brick, beauty, bureau,… 3.6 / g / + / l, r /:
Glass, glance, grass, grow,… 3.7 / d / + / r, w, j /:
Draw, dress, dwell, dwinkle, duty, duke,…
3.8 / f / + / l, r, j /:
Fly, flat, free, frozen, few, fuse,… 3.9 / / + / r, w /:
Throw, throat, thwart, thwack,… 3.10 / v / + / j /:
View, viewer,… 3.11 / ∫ / + / r /: Shrink, shriek,… 3.12 / m / + / j /: Music, mule,… 3.13 / n / + / j /: New, nude,…
3.14 / spr /: spread, spray, … 3.15 / str /: strand, stray, string,… 3.16 / skr /: scratch…
3.17 / spj /: spure, spurious, … 3.18 / spl /: splendid, split,… 3.19 / stj /: stupid, student,… 3.20 / skj /: skew, skewer,… 3.21 / skw /: square, squash,…
4 The homonyms:
air be ceiling choose course doe ere bee sealing chews coarse dough heir choove aisle beach cell site days fair isle beech sell cite daze fare I’ll sight eight bean cheep cord dear feat ate been cheap chord deer feet aye beat check cote die flower I beet cheque coat dye flour eye
for four fort fought gneiss niece great grate
hair hare hear here hire high hole whole
horse hoarse lock loch law lore made maid
male mail meat meet mete mite might nap knap
naught nought night knight no know not knot
or oar ore one won pale pail pear pair pare
peal peel peer pier plane plain key quay
reigh rein rain raze rays raise rows rose rowed road rode
write right wright sauce source see sea sent scent cent
show shew Sole soul sew sow so
(4)sweet suit tail tale threw through tied tide
too two warn worn way weigh week weak
would wood yoke yolk your yore wore war
PART TWO STRESS A The aims:
- To help the sts know the way to mark stresses, and pronounce words correctly - To emphasize the important of stresses
- To show the rules to mark stresses
- To provide the sts with exercises on stresses and intonation B.Teaching procedure: I Definition :
Stress is the degree of the loudness or prominence with which a sound ort a word is pronounced II Degree:
1 In phrases or sentences:
Primary stress: (/) The strongest and loudest stress of all Secondary stress: () The second loudest stress
Tertiary stress: (\) weaker than secondary stress
Weakstress: (٧) Zero stress, the weakest degree of loudness 2 In words:
2.1 Primary stress: (/) The loudest one 2.2 Secondary stress: (\) The weaker one III The marking rules for word- stress: 1 For disyllables words:
Usually on the first syllables: mother, ready, colour, palace, student, teacher,…
Usually on the root syllables with words having suffixes or prefixes: become, react, foretell, unpleasant, disorder, peaceful, kindness, scientist,…
(But: foresight, forecast, unkeep)
1.3 Usually on the sound of “ate”, “ize”, “ise”, “fy”: dictate, surprise, defy,… 2 For words with more than syllables:
Usually on the 3rd syllables from the end: family, cinema, regular, singular, international, satisfactory,… Usually on the 3rd last syllables with words ending in “ate”, “ize”, “ise”, “fy”, “logy’, “logist”, “cracy”, “ility”: recognize, demonstrade, qualify, psychology, biologist, biology, democracy, responsibility… Usually on the 2nd syllables from the end with words ending in “ian”, “ience”, “ient”, “al”, “ial”, “ual”, “eous”, “ious”, “iar”, “tion”, “sion’: physician, experience, expedient, parental, essential, habitual, courageous, dilicious, familiar,… (Except for: Television)
Usually on the suffixes “ese”, “ee’, “eer”, “ier”, “ette”, “ade”, “esque”: Portugese, refugee, employee, engineer, volunteer, adequade, picturesque, cigarette,…
3 Others rules:
3.1 Words having more than one function:
Noun Verb Noun Verb
rebel rebel conflict conflict
progress progress permit permit
suspect suspect conduct conduct
record record export export
(5)IV Rules for phrase-stress:
1 Compound nouns: (/ \) farm-house, fire-engine, cowboy, black-bird,
But: (\ /): pass-by, sun-set, ice-cream, steak-dinner, glass-window, silk-dress, nylon-stock, cotton-flower,…
2 Compound adjectives: ( \ /) light-blue, absent-minded, blue-eyed, hard-working,… But: (/ \) sun-burnt, sun-lit, sea-sick, sea-faring,…
3 Adjective-nouns: ( \ /) a sad song, a beautiful picture, a fresh egg, an interesting lesson,
4 Present participle-noun: ( \ /) a travelling circus, a singing student, an amusing story, a sleeping child,…
5 Gerund – noun: (/ \) a dancing teacher, an eating apple, a looking glass, a stepping-stone, a magnifying glass, a washing machine,…
Qualifier-adjective: ( /)very tired, rather old, pretty bad, quite important, too weak,… 7 Verb- adverb: ( /) come here, speak clearly, try carefully, read aloud, sit down, ….
8 Verb-adverbial particle: ( \ /) put on, look up, put off, come through, take off, call on, hand over, go over,….
9 Verb-adverbial particle-noun: (\ /) put on the coat, turn on the light,… 10 Verb-noun-adverbial particle: (\ /) put the coat on, turn the light on,… 11 Verb-preposition: ( / )look at, speak to, wait, for, look up,…
PART THREE VOCABULARY
A The aims: - To help the sts know the function of words
- To show the sts the way to build up vocabulary, especially related words - To provide the sts with vocabulary exercises
- To enrich the sts’ vocabulary
B Teaching procedure: I. Nouns (n):
1 Definition: To call out the names of things, objects, actions, or movements… 2 Functions:
Subject (S): Gender of a verb (A teacher usually works at school)
Object (O): Follow verbs or prepositions (He buys some cakes for his birthday party) Complement (C): Make the coplementation (She was a famous singer)
Compounds (Co): Summer holiday, birthday cakes,…
Possessive cases (Pc): the boss’s car, his teacher’s remarks,… Noun phrases (Np): Free words combination or compounds
3 Plural forms:
Adding “s” to almost count-nouns:
singular plural singular plural
a table tables an apple apples
(6)a house houses an egg eggs
a cat cats an eel eels
a dog dogs an orange oranges
3.2 Adding “es” to the count-nouns that end in “ s, ss, sh, ch, o, x ” with /iz/ sound:
singular plural singular plural
a bus buses a class classes
a dish dishes a wish wishes
a watch watches a torch torches
a potato potatoes a tomato tomatoes
a box boxes
3.3. Adding “ies” to the count-nouns that end in “y” with its preceding consonants:
singular plural singular plural
a lorry lorries a lady ladies
a story stories
3.4. Adding “ves” to the count-nouns that end in “f, fe”:
singular plural singular plural
a wife wives a leaf leaves
a knife knives a loaf loaves
3.5. Irregular changes:
singular plural singular plural
a man men a woman women
a child children an ox oxen
a tooth teeth a goose geese
a louse lice a mouse mice
a medium media a phenomenium phenomenia
3.6. Collective noun: crew, family, group, team,…(either singular or plural form, either singular or plural verb)
3.7. Always plural form-nouns:
clothes police breeches pants pyjamas
trousers scissors pliers (kìm) binoculars glasses
scales shears (kéo cắt cỏ) arms damages earnings
goods greens (vegetable) outskirts savings pains (trouble, effort)
spirits surroundings stairs valuables athletics
ethics mathematics physics politics
3.8. Unchange the names of creatures: deer, sheep,carf, cod, pike, plaice, salmon, squid, trout, turbot (these nouns can take either singular or plural verbs)
3.9. Plural form but singular verb-noun: news, mumps (bệnh sưng quai hàm), billiards, bowls 4 Uncount-nouns:
4.1 Substances:
bread beer Cloth coffee cream
dust gin Glass gold ice
jam oil paper tea sand
soap stone water wine wood
4.2 Abstract nouns:
advice beauty courage death experience
fear help Hope horror information
knowledge mercy Pity relief suspicion
(7)baggage camping damage furniture luggage
parking shopping Work weather
4.4. Notes: Particular sense of uncount nouns:
4.4.1. a help: A great help to + O (He gave a great help to our family) 4.4.2. a relief: A relief to + V (That gave me a relief to continue my study)
4.4.3. a knowledge: A good/ bad knowledge of + N (Pete has got a good knowledge of history) 4.4.4. a dislike / dread / hatred / horror / love of + …(He had a great love for funny stories) 4.4.5. a mercy / pity / shame / wonder + that…(It’s a pity that I couldn’t come)
4.4.6. a fear/ fears; a hope/ hopes; a suspicion/ suspicions: We have a suspicion / suspicions that no one will agree to help
5 Compound nouns:
5.1 Noun-noun: Hanoi-capital; halldoor; hitch-hiker; kitchen-table; traffic light; winter clothes; petrol tank;…
5.2 Noun-gerund: fruit-picking; weight-lifting; lorry-driving; bird-watching; coal-mining; surf-riding; …
5.3 Gerund-noun: waiting-list; landing card; driving board; dining room; driving licence; swimming pool;…
5.4 Free combination:
- shop window; church bell; picture frame; garden gate; college library; gear level;… - city street; corner shop; coutry lane; …
- summer holiday; spring flowers; Sunday paper; dawn chorus; November fog; … - steel door; stone wall; silk shirt;…
- coffee cup; golf club; chess board; football ground;… - fish-farm; gold-mine; oil-rig; …
- football match; beauty contest; pop music;… 6 Suffixes:
6.1 er/ or/ ist/ ant/ ee/…: teacher, visitor, terrorist, vegetarian, applicant, employee,…
6.2 ent/ ce/ ion/ ism/ ance/ age/…: government, difference, action, capitalism, assistance, marriage,… 6.3 hood/ dom/ ship/ ness/ iety/…: neighbourhood, freedom, friendship, sadness, variety,
6.4 ility/ ing/ al/ our/ y/…: possibility, fishing, refusal, arrival, behaviour, difficulty,… II. Adjectives (adj):
1 Kinds (Classification): Main kinds:
a Demonstrative: this, that, those, these. b Distributive: each, every, either, neither.
c Quantitative: some, any, no, little, few, many, much, numbers d Interrogative: which, what, whose.
e Possessive: my, your, his, her, our, its, their f Quality: clever, dry, fat, golden, heavy,… Participles:
a present: ING-form boring, interesting, exciting,…(for objects) b past: ED-form broken, tired, bored,…(for human-beings) c. Notes: Present participles are different from gerund
e.g He was fishing./ His hobby is fishing.
2 Functions (Position):
2.1 Noun-subordinator: a new book, a kind lady, a large room,…
(8)But some verbs can take either an adjective or an adverb: Eg: - He looks calm (=He himself is calm)
- He looks calmly at the angry crowd (= He shows no attitude to the angry crowd) - He turned pale (= He became pale)
- He turned angrily to the man behind (=He was angry with the man behind) - The soup tasted horrible (= The soup was not delicious itself)
- They tasted the soup suspiciously (= They thought there was something wrong with the soup) 3 Comparison forms:
3.1 Positive degree: as + adjs + as Eg: - She is as tall as my wife.
- Peter was as hard-working as I was (me). 3.2 Comparative degree:
3.2.1 Monosyllable-adjectives: adjs-ER + than Eg: - Lan is shorter than Na
- She was better at English than we were (us) 3.2.2 Multisyllable-adjectives: more + adjs + than Eg: - She was more hard-working than us.
- We are more intelligent than him 3.3 Superlative degree:
3.3.1 Monosyllable-adjectives: the adjs-EST Eg: - Nam is the best in our class.
- She was the kindest lady I’ve ever met. 3.3.2 Multisyllable-adjectives: the most + adjs Eg: - Sharol was the most intelligent in my group. - She is the most hard-working girl I’ve ever known. Notes: For adjs ending in “er”, “y”, “ly”, or the irregular cases:
Adjective Comparative Superlative
clever Cleverer the cleverest
pretty Prettier the prettiest
happy Happier the happiest
silly Sillier the silliest
good Better the best
bad Worse the worst
far farther/ further the farthest/ furthest
little Less the least
many / much More the most
old older/ elder the oldest/ eldest
3.4 Parallel: - “The… the”:The older she gets, the wiser she become. - And: It’s getting darker and darker.
She has now more and more free time.
- Gerunds/ infinitives: Riding a horse is not as easy as riding a bike
It’s nicer/ better/ more fun to go with someone than to go alone 3.5 Like/ alike: Tom is very like Bill.
Tom and Bill are alike. 3.6 Like/ as: He swims like a fish. You look like a ghost. Do as I told you.
3.7 Like + N/ as + N: He worked like a slave (He worked very hard/ He wasn’t a slave). He worked as a slave (He was a slave in fact).
(9)4 Clauses:
That – clause: It is disappointed that he failed the exam.
It’s better that someone should tell him. find/ think/ believe + that it + adjs + to + V:
I found that it is impossible to start now. She thought that it was silly to ask him to stay. It be + adjs + (of O) + infinitives:
a. Character: brave, careless, corwardly (nhút nhát), cruel, generous, good, nice (=kind), mean, rude, selfish, wicked, wrong,…
b. Sense: clever, foolish, idiotic (ngu), intelligent, sensible (nhạy bén), silly, stupid,… Pronoun + be + adjs + noun + infinitives:
Using the above adjectives and: astonishing, curious, ridiculou s(lố bịch), unreasonable, funny(=strange), odd (lập dị), pointless, useful, useless,…
- That’s the amazing idea to show. - It was an unreasonable result to accept.
It’s + adjs + infinitives: advisable, inadvisable, better, best, desirable, essential, good, important, necessary, unnecessary, vital (tất yếu),…
It be + adjs + (for O) + infinitves: convenient, dangerous, difficult, easy, hard, possible, important, safe, unsafe,…
S + be + adjs + infinitives :
- Angry, delighted, dismayed, glad, happy, pleased, relieved, sorry, sad,…( S + be + glad/ happy/ sorry/ sad + to say/ tell/ inform; Others adjs + to find/ learn/ hear/ see/…)
- Able, unable, apt, inclined, liable, prone, prepared, quick, reluctant, slow, ready, willing, unwilling.
Special cases:
- Due: (time) >The race is due to start in minutes
- Due to: a result of >The accident was due to his carelessness.
- Owing to: because of >owing to his carelessness, we had an accident. - Certain/ sure + to V= opinion >He is sure to take legal action
- Certain/ sure that + (clause) = opinion >I am certain that the price will be higher. - Certain/ sure/ confident of + N/G: He was sure of entering the haunted house. - Bound + to V= obligation > We were bound to leave.
- Afraid/ ashamed of + N/G: She was afraid of being left alone.
- Sorry for/ about + N/G: Tom felt sorry for making so many mistakes. - Afraid/ ashamed/ sorry + to V: I’m sorry to tell you that bad news. - Anxious about = worried He was anxious about going in the dark alone. - Anxious for O to V = wish He was anxious for you to go in the dark alone. - Anxious that + (clause) We are anxious that we couldn’t come.
- Fortunate/ lucky that +(clause) = It’s a good thing…It was lucky that we weren’t late. - S + be fortunate/ lucky to V She was lucky to have such an interesting book.
- Possible/ probable/ likely + future = perhaps It’s possible that man will live longer. - Aware/ conscious of N/G We should be aware of protecting our nature.
- Aware/ conscious + that +(clause) She was concious that she would be late. 5 Suffixes:
(10)Nationality:
a an: American, Venezuelan, German, Mxican, African,… b ese: Chinese, Vietnamese, Portugese, Sudanese, Lebanese,… c i: Pakistani, Iraqui, Israeli, Yemeni, Saudi,…
d ian: Argentinian, Australian,Brazillian, Italian,… e ish: English, Polish, Turkish, danish, Finnish,… f others: Czech, French, dutch, Swiss, Greek, Thai,… C Verbs (v):
1 Definition: To denote action, state, and be the most important part of sentences. 2 Classification:
Auxiliary verbs:
Primary auxiliary verbs: be/ have/ (These verbs can either be auxiliaries or lexical verbs)
Modal verbs: can/ could/ may/ might/ must/ have to + base form/ will/ would/ shall/ should/ be going to + base form/ used to + base form/ ought to + base form/…(These are sometimes functional verbs)
Lexical verbs:
Intensive verbs: verbs that show the state (She feels tired/ He is selfish)
Extensive verbs: verbs that show the affection (He gets angry/ They arehelpful)
Intransitive verbs: verbs that can function as verb phrases and make sentences meaningful without any complementation
e.g She cried (noisily).
It rains/ is raining (hard/ heavily/ cat and dog) Transitive verbs: verbs that need complementation
a. Monotransitive verbs: verbs that followed by one object (S+V+O) e.g She bought flowers.
Ann met her fiancé yesterday.
b. Ditransitive verbs: verbs that followed by both direct and indirect objects (S+V+O+O) e.g She bought me some sweets (= She bought some sweets for me)
They gave me a big cake (=They gave a big cake to me) c. Complex transitive verbs: follow the form “S + V + O + Co”
e.g He made me angry.
The female film star drove him mad. 3 Affixations:
en: added to nouns or adjectives (mean make, or lead to )
e.g danger…….to endanger wide…… to widen courage……to encourage lenghth……to lenghthen rich……… to enrich broad …… to broaden ize/ ise: added to nouns or adjectives (mean make, or develop, or specify)
e.g modern……to modernize industrial….to industrialize maximum….to maximize capital…… to capitalise natural…… to naturalize minimum….to minimize 4 Sentence models:
4.1 S + Vintrans: e.g They laugh/ The wind is blowing.
4.2 S + Vmonotrans + O: e.g He did his homework/ Harlay carried an umbrella. 4.3 S + Vin/ extensive + Cs: e.g He became famous/ They are nearly exhausted. 4.4 S + Vintrans + A: e.g He went abroad/ She arrives late.
4.5 S + Vditrans + O + O: e.g She buys me presents/ That brings my father success 4.6 S + Vcomplex trans + O + C: e.g The story made me bored/ You drive me mad.
(11)D Adverbs (adv):
1 Kinds (Classification):
Adv of manner: bravely/ fastly/ happily/ quickly/ well/ hard/…
( She sings marvellously/ He worked very hard) Adv of place: by/ down/ near/ here/ there/ up/…
(She comes there twice a week/ Here comes the police) Adv of time: now/ soon/ still/ then/ today/ yet/…
(We are going to Hanoi today/ He will return soon) Adv of frequency: always/ often/ sometimes/ never/ once/ twice/…
(We never eat dog-meat/ She once became the leader) Adv of sentence: certainly/ definitely/ luckily/ surely/…
( He was certainly the liar/ luckily, she passed the exam) Adv of degree: fairly/ hardly/ rather/ quite/ too/ very/…
(He was quite handsome/ Hardly did we see anything) Adv of interrogative: when/ where/ why/…
(When did you go?/ Where is she now?) Adv of relative: when/ where/ why
(He came when we were watching T.V)
2. Same form with adjectives:
back deep* direct* early enough
far fast Hard* high* ill
just* kindly late* left little
long low Much* more* near*
pretty right* Short* till straight
well wrong* Most*
Note: Adv* can either have “ly” or not, but differences in meanings. 3 Positions (Functions):
Adv of manner:
Follow verbs: e.g: He danced gracefully Before prepositions or follow objects in “V + pre + O”:e.g: He looked at me carefully
He looked carefully at me Follow S: e.g:He suspiciously tasted the soup
At the beginning or at the end of sentences: e.g: Carefully he checks the suitcase
He checks the suitcase carefully. Adv of time:
At the beginning or end of sentences: afterwards/ eventually/ lately/ now/ recently/ soon/ then/ today/ tomorrow/ at once/ since then/ till/…
e.g: He will returns soon Today we will learn lesson two
Always at the end: before*/ early/ immediately*/ late (Adv* as conjunctions at the beginning) e.g: He went to the church immediately Immediately, he went to the church Follow verbs or “V + O”: yet/ still e.g: He still lives in the suburbof the city Split: just e.g: He has just left the house
Adv of place:
3.3.1 At the beginning or end: away/ everywhere/ nowhere/ somewhere/ here/ there/… e.g: Nowhere could we find him English is spoken everywhere
3.3.2 Administration: here/ there
e.g: He lives here/ She hasn’t gone there Adv of frequency:
(12)e.g: She usually walks to school
4.2 Restricted (inversion): hardly ever/ never/ rarely/ scarely ever/ seldom e.g: Never will she eat this kind of food
Inversion cases:
Hardly…ever Hardly…when In no circumstances Neither…nor
Never No sooner…than Not only Not till
Nowhere On no account Only by Only in this way
Only then/ when Scarely ever Scarely…when Seldom/ so
E. Affixations:
UN- IN- IL- IM-
IR-Negative almost
Negative a, c, d, e
Badly, wrongly, unwell, evil
l
Negative b, m, p
Negative r
Unambitious Informal Iladvised Immodest Irrigable
Unbutton Influential Illegal Immigrant Irretrievable
Unemployed Indecisive Illegality Imbalanced Irreligeous
Unemployer Indefinite Illegally Imbalance Irremovable
Unemployment Indefinitely Illegible Immeculate Irreparable
Unfortunate Indirect Illegibly Immeculateness Irreplaceable
Unfortunately Indirectly Illegitimacy Immeculately Irrepressible
Unhappily Infamous Illegitimate Immorality Irrespective
Unhappiness Inexcusably Illegitimately Immorally Irresistable
Unhappy Inexcusable Illiberal Immoral Irreproachable
Unkeep Inextinguishable Illiberality Immortal Irresolute
(13)Unpack Inevitable Illicite Immortally Irrigate
Untidy Inexact Illiteral Immovable Irredentist
Unwilling Inexhaustible Illiterally Immovablity Irradiate
Unwise Inessential Illiterate Immovably Irradiation
Unfasten Inattentively Illogical Impersonally Irrecoverable
Uncover Inaccurate Illogically Impractical Irregular
Untie Incapable Impolite Irredeem
Undress Inactive Impractically Irresponsible
Unpack Inaccuracy Improbable Irresponsibly
Undo Inactivity SYM- Improbably Irresponsibility
Unclean Inconvenient As syn Impoliteness Irreducible
Unborn Incapably b, m, p Impolitely Irredeemable
Uncomfortable Inconvenience Symbol Impossible Irreputable
Unconcious Incorrect Symbolism Impossibly Irrelivant
Uncountable Incredible Symbolise Impossibility Irrelivance
Uneconomic Incredibly Symbolist Impure Irrelivancy
Unaware Inflammable Symmetry Immemorial Irrecoverably
Unlock Inadequate Sympathetic Improbablity Irrational
Unzip Inaminate Sympathy Impatiently Irrationality
Unwrap Inadequacy Sympathise Impatient Irrationally
Unfreeze Inamination Symphony Impatience Irreconcilable
Unhook Inattentive Symtom Impersonal Irrecover
DIS- MIS- UP- SYN-
PRE-Negative
Wrongly,
unfavourably Added, high Same Before
Disbelief Misadventure Upkeep Synonym Pre-arrange
Disconnect Misalliance Uplift Synchronise Pre-jude
Discover Misalliance Upstart Synchronic Pre-pay
Discordant Misanthrope Upsweep Synchronism Predict
Disconsolate Misapplication Upwardly Syncretise Precede
Disconnection Misapply Uppity Syndrom Pre-caution
Discord Misapprehend Upthrust synchronous Pre-mature
Discourage Misappropreate Upswept Pre-marital
Discourse Misbegotten Upstanding Premise
Disgracefully Miscarriage Uptake Precipitate
Discriminate Miscarry Upstate Pre-christian
Disgraceful Mischief Upsurge Precept
Discrimination Miscount Upshot Preposses
Disinterested Mishandle Upside down
DOWN-ower, reduce
Pre-record
Disinvest Misrepresent Uppish Pre-school
Disjoints Misspend Uprush Pre-heat
Dishonest Mistake Upset Down hearted Preface
Disloyalty Misunderstand Upmarket Downbeat Prescribe
Disobedient Misunderstood Up-to-date Downcast Pre-set
Disobedience Mishappen Update Downfall Precast
Disorder Misquote Updated Downgrade Preplan
(14)Dislike Misbehaviour Upcurved Downland Preside
Distaste Misjude Upcountry Down-market Pre-echo
Distasteful Misjudement Uphill Down-payment Preshunk
Disapprove Mischance Upland Downpipe Prefix
Disbelieve Mistrust Upholster Downpour
Disloyal Mistimed Upbeat Downright
SINGLE-One
Disapproval Misfortune Upstroke Downstage
Disagree Miscalculate Upbringing Downstairs
Discomfort Misspelt Upgrade Downstream Single-handed
Displeasure Mislead Upheaval Down-to-earth Single-minded
Dishonestly Mistook Uptown Downtown Single-parent
Dishonesty Mistaken Upsetting Downtrodden Single-breasted
Disagreement Miscalculation Up-end Downturn Single-combat
Disrespect Misled Upheld Downunder Single-cream
Disappear Misconduct Upfield Downward(s) Single-decker
Disappearance Misspell Upfront Downwind Single-file
EM-origin, weaken
EN-b, p, c
POST-after, behind
RE-again, the 2nd
time
DE-down, deduct
Emaciate Enable Postdate Reacquaint De-activate
Emanate Enact Posterior React De-base
Emanation Enactment Postrity Readjust De-centralise
Emanticipate Enamour Postgraduate Readmit De-celerate
Emanticipation Encamp Postgraduation Readopt De-classify
Emancipatory Encampment Posthasted Reaffirm De-compose
Emasculate Encapsulate Posthumous Reafforest De-compress
Embalm Encapsulation Postdated Re-align De-cry
Embankment Encase Postmodern Re-appear De-form
Embargo Encasement Postmodernist Re-apply De-generate
Embark Encircle Postmotem Re-appoint Degrade
Embellish Enclave Postpay Re-appraise De-mean
Embattled Enclose Postpaid Re-arrange De-nature
Embed Enrich Postwar Re-arrest Depress
Embitter Endanger Re-assemble De-preciate
Embitterment Enlarge Re-assert De-rail
Emblazon Encourage Re-assign Deserve
Embody Endear Re-assure De-capitate
Embodiment Ensure Re-awaken De-hydrate
Embolden Entrust Re-bound De-value
Emboss ONE- Re-bid De-ice
Emend Re-birth De-populate
Emplace Single, alone Re-boot De-moralise
Empower Onelegged
One-off One-man
Re-broadcast De-post Re-build
CO- HOMO- Re-but
UNI-One, unique
together with Oneself
(15)Co-education Homogenerous Onesidedness Uniform
Co-equal Homogenereity One-up Unisex
Co-eval Homogenerise Onetrack mind Unicmeral
Co-exist Homograph Oneway Unicycle
Co-operate Homologous Oneside Uniliteral
Co-operation Homosex One-liner Uniliterally
Co-ordinate Homophone One-time Uniteralism
Co-ordination Homonym One-eyed Uniteralist
Co-star Homophobe Unison
Co-author Homophobic Univalent
Co-writer Homophobia Univalve
MONO-Single, one, alone
OVER-excessive
OUT-Away, external
UNDER-Below, beneath
FORE-Former,
before
Monochromatic Overabundant Outage Underachieve Forearm
Monochrome Overact Outbank Underact Forebear
Monochromatical Overactive Outbalance Underage Forebode
Monochromatically Overall Outbid Underarm Forecast
Monocle Overambition Outbreak Underbid Foreclose
Monocled Overanxious Outclass Undercharge Forefather
Monocotyledon Overarm Outcome Undercook Forefoot
Monocular Overeat Outcry Undercover Forefront
Monogram Overbalance Outdated Undercut Forego
Mongraph Overbear Outdistance Underdesigned Foretell
Monolingual Overbid Outgoing Underdeveloped Forehead
Monolith Overbook Outgrow Underdone Foreknow
Monologue Overcome Outlast Underemployed Foreland
Monomania Overcharge Outlive Underestimate Foreleg
Monophonic Overcompensate Outlook Underfeel Forename
Monoplane Overconfident Outmatch Underfunded Forenoon
Monopolist Overcook Outpace Undergo Foreordain
Monopolistic Overcrowded Output Undergraduate Forerunner
Monopolize Overdevelop Outrank Underground Foreground
Monopoly Overdo Outright Undermanned Foresee
Monorail Overemphasize Outrun Underserved Forestall
Monosyllable Overestimate Outsell Undertake Foreseen
Monosyllablic Overexcite Outshine Undertaken Foreknew
Monotone Overfeed Outspoken Undertook Foreward
Monotonous Overhear Outstanding Underused Forethought
Monovalent Overlarge Outstay Undervalue Forewarn
Overlook Outweigh Underweight Foretold
Underwent Foreknown
Underworld Forethink
(16)PART FOUR
THE SEQUENCES OF TENSES I THE TENSES: A The simple present tense: 1 The form: {+} S + V
{-} S + don’t/ doesn’t + V {?} Do/ Does + S + V?
2 The usage: - To denote actions that happened repeatedly (She never comes late) - To denote long lasting events.(We live in Concord st)
- To denote a true fact (The earth moves around the Sun) 3 The recognition: - now/ nowadays/ today/ this summer/…
- always/ usually/ often/ sometimes/ occasionally/… - the proof of constant truth
4 Notes: - To denote a plan/ prediction/ timetables/… (The train leaves at 9.00) - The devision of “be”, “have”, “can, may, must”,…
B The present progressive tense: 1 The form: {+} S + am/ are/ is + V-ING {-} S + am/ are/ is + not + V-ING {?} Am/ Are/ Is + S + V-ING?
2 The usage: - To denote happening actions at the time of speaking.(She is teaching Maths) - To denote the intention/ prediction/ plan/…(She is coming soon)
3 The recognition: - now/ right now/ at present/ at this time/ at this moment/… - follow a command, request,…
4 Notes: - The ING-forms ( getting, running, having, writing, dying, lying,…)
- The omission of the verbs of awareness or sensation as: be/ see/ hear/ understand/ know/ like/ want/ glance/ feel/ think/ smell/ love/ hate/ realize/ seem/ remember/ forget/…( use the simple present instead )
C The present perfect tense:
1 The form: {+} S + have/ has + past participles {-} S + haven’t/ hasn’t + past participles {?} Have/ Has + S + past participles
2 The usage: - To denote actions that happened in the past but having results, relating, or still happening at present (We have lived here since 1990)
- To denote actions that happened right before the time of speaking, using “just” (She has just come from New York)
- To denote unfulfilled actions with “yet” (He hasn’t come yet)
- To denote past actions having no certain time expression, using “already” (We have already seen that film)
3 The recognition: - just = recently = lately. - ever/ never (comments)
(17)+ irregular verbs “learn by heart”
- The differences between the present perfect and the simple past tense
- The present perfect progressive is used to denote past actions “happening”, or “will happen”. The tense is often related to the verbs: live/ learn/ wait/ work/ study/… The form is “S + have/ has + been + V-ING”
D The simple past tense:
1 The form: {+} S + pV (pV = the past form of verbs) {-} S + didn’t + V
{?} Did + S + V?
2 The usage: - To denote a finished past action (We went to the park together)
- To report past events, past habits, or long lasting action in the past (She did all the work yesterday./ We used to sit next to each other.)
3 The recognition: - last week/ month/ year/…
- yesterday/ ago/ in 1969/ in the past/… 4 Notes: - The past form of the verbs: + regular “V-ED”
+ irregular (2nd column in the irregular verbs list) - “ED” pronunciation /id/; /t/; /d/
E The past progressive tense: 1. The form: {+} S + was/ were + V-ING. {-} S + was/ were + not + V-ING. {?} Was/ Were + S + V-ING?
2. The usage: - To denote past happening actions (She was watching T.V at 8.00 last night) - To denote past interrupting actions (She was watching T.V when I came) 3. The recognition: - at 8.00 last night/ at that time/ at that moment/…
- time clause with “when”, “while = as”.
4. Notes: - actions that alternatively happened, use the simple past only (When I heard a knock at the door, I came to open it When I opened the door, I saw my mum.)
- this is a timed action
F. The past perfect tense:
1. The form: {+} S + had + past participles {-} S + had not (hadn’t) + PP {?} Had + S + PP?
2. The usage: - To denote past finished actions that happened and finished before a certain point of time or another past event (the past of the past tense)
e.g: She had sold all the baskets before 9.00 yesterday.
She had sold all the baskets when we came there yesterday. 3. The recognition: - when-clause/ after/ before/ already/ since/ for/… - The past perfect progressive “S + had been + V-ING”
G The simple future tense: 1 The form: {+} S + will/ shall + V
{-} S + woll/ shall + V {?} Will/ Shall + S + V?
- “shall” is restrictedly used only for I/We with the formal senses - The negative forms “will not = won’t”, “shall not = shan’t” 2 The usage: - To denote future actions (They will build more hospitals)
- To denote future plan/ idea/ timetable/…(The car will start intime) 3 The recognition: - someday, tomorrow,…
(18)- “ shall” is used as a suggestion/ invitation/… H Various forms of the future tenses: 1 The future progressive tense:
1.1 The form: {+} S + will be + V-ING {-} S + won’t be + V-ING {?} Will + S + be + V-ING?
1.2 The usage: - To denote timetables/ intentions/ plans/… using “at”. e.g: She will be watching T.V at 8.00 tonight.
We will be staying at REX hotel at 5.00 next Sunday’s morning. - To show the future happening actions with “when”
e.g: She will be sitting at the gate when we come tomorrow 2 The future perfect tense :
2.1 The form: {+} S + will have + psat participles {-} S + won’t have + past participles {?} Will + S + have + P.P?
2.2 The usage: - To denote planned actions with “by”, “by the time”, “by then”. e.g: She will have finished the course by the next Friday/ by then. - To show a future schedule-finished action.
e.g: The bridge will have been used by the next Autumn. 3 Other forms :
The simple present tense: To denote a timetable, or a plan… e.g: A: When does he leave? B: He leaves tonight The present progressive: To denote an intention.
e.g: A: When are you leaving? B: I am leaving this afternoon.
The “be + going to inf” form: To denote an intention or a near future action, an arrangement. e.g: She is going to celebrate her 34th birthday.
They are going to get married.
II. THE SEQUENCES OF TENSES:
Main clause Subordinate clause
Simple present tense.
- simple present tense - present perfect tense - present progressive tense - simple future tense - “be going to V” form
- simple past tense (certain point of past time)
Simple past tense
- simple past tense - past progressive tense - past perfect tense - “would + V” form
- “be going to + V” past form
- simple present tense (showing the truth)
Present perfect tense Simple present tense
Past perfect tense Simple past tense
(19)Main clause Adverbial clauses (of time)
Present tenses Present tenses When/ whenever/ as/ while/ before/ after/ as soon as/…
Past tenses Past tenses When/ while/ as/ till/ until/ just as/ since/
…
Future tenses Present tenses No sooner than/ hardly…when/ as long as/
…
PART FIVE
SPEECH AND SENTENCES
I- EMPHASIS:
1 Kinds (Classification):
Pronunciation: using stresses and intonation e.g Are you free?
Really?
Written forms (transformation): e.g She could hardly understand.
~Hardly could she understand. 2 Styles:
Verbs: do/ does/ did + bare infinitives
e.g He visited us yesterday ~ He did visit us yesterday. Hoa loves romantic films ~ Hoa does love romantic films. Adjectives: It is/was + adjs + to infinitives.
e.g + Knowing your limitation is important ~ It’s important to know… + He found that learning English was difficult ~ He found that it was … Reflexive pronouns: myself/ yourself/ himself/ herself/ itself/ ourselves/ …
e.g She did it ~ She herself did it. He thought that ~ He himself thought that. Emphasis case: It is/ was …that …(cleft sentences)
e.g I hated him ~ It was him who I hated.
I need a replacement not others ~ It is a replacement, not others that I need. Inversion case: here/ restricted adverbs
e.g He could never find out the truth ~ Never could he find out the truth. We seldom eat snails ~ Seldom we eat snails.
II- QUANTITIERS:
1 Single verbs agreements:
each/ every/ either/ neither + N(s)/ of N(s) + singular V. e.g Each person has his own thought.
Neither of my children gets up late. each/ every + N(s)
each/ every + N + singular V
e.g Each day and each night passes without me missing her. Each of the boys has his own books of photos.
(20)e.g Someone was sitting outside. Noone knows him.
plural forms but singular verbs: news/ physics/ economics/ politics/ linguistics/ genetics/ athletes/ mumps/ the United States/ the Phillipines/ wales/…
e.g The United States was shock by the bombing on September 11th.
The Phillipines is a developing.
uncountable nouns: furniture/ water/ traffic/ progress/ homework/ knowledge/… e.g Water is composed by Oxygen and Hydrogen.
At this time of day, traffic is very heavy. distance/ time/ money:
e.g Five miles is a relatively far distance. Fifty billion dongs is a big sum of money. titles of books/ articles/ stories:
e.g “Tom and Jerry” is welknown all over the world. “The seven dragon pearls” is a picture book. subjective clauses:
e.g All that he needed was a full apology. What I really like is an ice cream. 2 Plural verbs agreements:
combination “and”:
e.g Tom and his friends were walking to school. “the + adj(s)” form:
e.g The English are cool The rich are not always happy. collective nouns:
e.g Cattle are driven to the field. some/ a few/ a lot of/ both/…
e.g Some boys are resigned. 3 Various agreements:
3.1 Either or
Neither + N1 nor + N2 + V Not only but also
e.g Either Tom or his friends are coming.
Neither the Prime Minister nor his ministers have been injured 3.2 The number of + N(s) + singular V
A number of + N(s) + plural V e.g The number of attendants is poor. A number of visitors are killed.
3.3 Pronoun1/ N1 + pre + pronoun2/ N2 + singular V. e.g A pair of shoes is cheaper than a table.
Two pairs of shoes is much more expensive than a table. 3.4 All/ some/ plenty / a lot singular N(s) + singular V Half/ most/ the rest/ lots + of + plural N(s) + plural V e.g A lot of money is lost.
All of them have been arrested.
III- GERUNDS:
1 Formation: V-ING 2 Functions:
Subject (S): Fishing is hishobby.
(21)What we really want is escaping from this terrible place. Compound nouns:
2.3.1 Gerund-noun: fishing-rod cooking-apple driving licence wrapping paper writing paper cooking oil 2.3.2 Non-gerund: fruit-picking sky-diving bush walking time counting
Object (O):
Direct objects: Follow these certain verbs
admit avoid appreciate begin consider
continue delay Deny enjoy escape
finish keep mention mind postpone
prefer miss practice quit recall
report resent Resist recollect resume
rish suggest…
Verb preposition:
Approve of Appologize for Believe in Count on Care for
Complain of Cofess to Consist of Depend on Dream of
End in Give up Get to Forget about Go back to
Hesitate about Insist on Keep on Lead to Long for
Mean by Persist in Plan on Put off Rely on
Return to Result in Safe from Succeed in Think about
Think of Take to Threaten with Worry about Object to
Look forward to….
Adjective preposition:
Absorbed in Accustomed to Afraid of Amused at Angry with
Annoy at Ashamed of Aware of (in)capable of Careful about
Careful in Careless of Certain about Clever at (un)concious of Content with Delighted at Different from Ambarrassed at Excited about
Far from Fond of Fortunate in Frightened of Furious at
Given to Good at Grateful for Happy in (at) Intent on
Interested in Keen on Nice about Proud of Pleased at
Responsible for Right in Scared at (of) Set on Sick of
Skilled in (at) Slow in Sorry for Successful in (at) Sure of
Surprised at Thankful for Tired of (from) Upset at Worried about Wrong in…
Idiom phrases: (phrases of words that have literal meanings) - can’t bear; can’t face; can’t stand; can’t help; feel like…. - It’s no use / It’s (not) worth…/…
Adjectives:
amusing comfortable difficult easy Great
hopeless lovely Nice off Pleasant
strange useless wonderful…
Noun preposition:
Choice of Excuse for Possibility of Intention of Reason for Method for…
Complement of objects: Follow these below verbs
call catch Feel discover Find
hear get imagine keep Leave
notice send Set stop watch…
(22)- Find/ found + it + V-ING: He found the film annoying
- When/ on /while / as + V-ING: When opening the case, he found his lost notebook While checking the case, we found banned drugs
IV- INFINITIVES: 1 Classification:
Full infinitive: With “to’
e.g He go to Paris to learn French. Bare infinitive: Without “to’
e.g My parent didn’t let me what I really liked Perfect infinitive: Form “have past participles”
e.g He was believed to have escaped from the prison. 2 Position:
Follow the verbs below:
Agree Arrange Ask Attempt Begin
Care Cease Choose Claim Come
Continue Decide Deserve Demand Determine
Desire Expect Fail Fear Forget
Hate Help Hesitate Hope Intend
Learn Like Long Love Manage
Mean Need Neglect Offer Omit
Plan Prefer Pretend Prepare Promise
Propose Refuse Start Swear Seem
Strive Tend Threaten Try Want Wish…
Follow the idiomatic phrases: make up one’s mind/ take care/ take the trouble/ make sure/… e.g They couldn’t make up their mind to go or not.
Follow the adjectives below:
(un)able afraid amused annoyed anxious
ashamed astonished boring careful certain
content crazy curious dangerous delighted
determined difficult distressed due eager
easy hard fortunate free frightened
furious good glad grateful happy
hopeless horrified impatient interested keen
lucky moved pleased (im)possible proud
safe scared slow sorry sufficient
sure surprised useless usual thankful
(un)willing (un)wise wonderful worthy wrong…
Follow WH-words: what/ who/ whom/ which/ when/ where/ how. e.g She didn’t know what to next.
We didn’t decided where to go.
Follow nouns pronouns of the verbs below:
Advise Allow Ask Assume Beg
Believe Cause Challenge Command Compel
Consider Enable Encourage Expect Find
Forbid Force Get Guess Hate
Imagine Instruct Intend Invite Know
Lead Like Love Mean Observe
Order Permit Persuade Prefer Suspect
(23)Understand Urge Warn Want Wish…. To be demonstration, purposes, results: enough / save money/…
e.g The house, to be demolished, is very old. She has nothing to eat.
We haven’t got enough to have one each. They saved money to go abroad
To form absolute phrases: To tell the truth; To cut a long short story;… e.g To tell the truth, she was a real liar.
To form exclamation: e.g To think she met with such a death! Oh! To be young again!
V- SPECIAL CASES:
1 Either infinitives or gerunds : stop:
a. stop + to infinitives (= stop this work to start the other work) e.g He stops to smoke (He stops his work and starts smoking) b. stop + gerunds (= to give up a habit )
e.g He stops smoking (He no longer smokes) try:
a. try + to infinitives (= manage successfully to do)
e.g He tried to lift the case (He managed to lift the case and succeeded) b. try + gerunds (= to experience)
e.g He tried lifting the case (He wanted to know whether he could lift it) remember:
a. remember + to infinitives (= to make oneself aware of a task) e.g He remembered to lock the door (He had to lock the door) b. remember + gerunds (= to assure oneself a fulfilled task)
e.g He remembered locking the door (He was sure that he had locked the door) forget:
a. forget + to infinitives (= to miss a task)
e.g Sam forgot to buy food (Sam didn’t buy food) b. forget + gerunds (= the fulfilled task is forgotten)
e.g Sam forgot buying food (He bought food but he didn’t remember) regret:
a. regret + to infinitives (not want to this task)
e.g Kim regretted to say the truth (He didn’t want to say the truth but he had to) b. regret + gerunds ( the task is done unexpectedly)
e.g Kim regretted saying the truth.(He said and he regretted what he’d done) 2 Would :
a conditional sentences:
e.g If I were you, I would agree to come.
He would have passed if he had known the rules well. b past habits:
e.g I would sing romantic songs when I was young. She would cry when she was too sad.
3 Used to : past habit not happen at present e.g She used to walk to school. 4 Be (get) used to :
a. get used to (= be acquainted with)
(24)b. be used to (be familiar with)
e.g He was used to walking to office. 5 Would rather V1 than V2 :
would rather (not) + V:
e.g She’d rather go to the meeting.
We would rather not mention that case. would rather + O (not) + pV:
e.g I’d rather him brought there some cakes.
She would rather her husband not joined the army. 6 Prefer gerunds/Ns to gerunds/Ns :
prefer + gerunds = like + gerunds/ infinitives: e.g She prefered walking to driving. She liked walking/ to walk.
would prefer + infinitives = would like + infinitives: e.g She’d prefer to walk.
She would like to walk.
7 Could/ may/ might : possibility/ maybe = perhaps in conditional sentences:
e.g If it rains, we may cancel the trip.
We might go to the park if it were Sunday today. uncertain speculation:
e.g It could/ may/ might rain tomorrow. It will possibly rain tomorrow. perhaps/ maybe:
e.g Perhaps he won’t come. Maybe it will rain tomorrow. 8 Should :
command; request; obligation:
e.g You should study harder.
She should bring along an umbrella. an expectation/ a wish:
e.g My letter should arrive next week. 9 Speculations/ deduction :
could/ may/ might + have + P.P: Past possibility e.g It may have rained last night. He might have gone.
should have + P.P: Past unfulfilled actions
e.g He should have done his homework. (It’s a pity that he didn’t his homework) must have + P.P: Logical thought about past events