Waste analysis and characteristics of solid waste in pila laguna

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY JUAN MIGUEL D AMARA WASTE ANALYSIS AND CHARACTERISTICS OF SOLID WASTE IN PILA, LAGUNA PHILIPPINES BACHELOR THESIS Study Mode : Major : Faculty : Batch : Full-time Environmental Science and Management International Programs Center 2013 - 2017 Thai Nguyen, 2017 Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry Degree Program Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management Student Name Juan Miguel D Amara Student ID DTN1454290050 Thesis Title WASTE ANALYSIS AND CHARACTERISTICS OF SOLID WASTE IN PILA, LAGUNA Supervisor(s) Dr Rico C Ancog of University of the Philippines Los Baños Dr Do Luan of Thai Nguyen University Abstract: The study indicates the aspect of assessing land use and solid waste disposal in the development of strategies to improve the economy of a small but growing local government unit like Pila, Laguna This method was derived from the systems analysis method employed by environmental scientist in the assessment of policies projects and any undertaking that are nature and environment based This approach is a digression from the traditional method of commodity-based approaches that looks only into a particular area in assessment For example, providing discounts in tax and permits to an investor that considers only monetary incentive aspects in the design maybe profitably stable but may not guarantee success particularly if it failed to obtain social and environmental acceptability Taking into consideration the physical and socio-economic aspects of the environment, the study was able to identify specific concerns and develop the corresponding strategies that were relevant to the improvement of the LGU’s economy through sound solid waste management program The methods as well as the information generated from this study can be important inputs not only for the land use plan and design of the solid waste management program but more importantly in enhancing the technical capability of the personnel and staff of the agency involved in the economic improvement Lastly, this study showed the concerned agencies the importance of integrating social considerations in the comprehensive land use plan and the design and management of sanitary landfill facility as the final disposal The study can serve as a reference document to stakeholders for economic assessment on waste analysis and characteristics of solid waste management in Pila, Laguna Keywords waste analysis/characteristics of solid waste Number of Pages Forty-three (43) pages Date of submission November 2017 Signature of the Supervisor ACKNOWLEDGEMENT “With God, nothing is impossible” This humble piece of work of a simple but striving hard student like me wouldn’t be possible without the assistance of these extra ordinary beings that pushed me to the limits of my ability to complete this research study: Our dearest Lord God Who, in His appointed time and circumstances, made this research study possible; Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry For implementing this academic requirement and for showing us its great interest in improving our capabilities Our Teachers, Critics and Advisers For linking us to different venues which could possibly help us and for assisting us in all our needs and concerns Thank you for making us feel that we are very capable and for letting us feel that you are just around should anything arise; My Family My dad (Pablo) for financing my needs, my mom (Nelia) for excusing me from house works and my two younger brothers (Paolo and Kevin) for teaching and helping me to this thesis Thank you for the support and for sharing precious times with me; My Classmates Thank you for the good vibes everyday; And for all others whose names and contributions slipped from my memory at this moment - Thank you TABLE OF CONTENT List of Figures …………………………………………………………… List of Tables ……………………………………………………………… List of Abbreviations ……………………………………………………… PART I INTRODUCTION……………………………………………… Research rationale ………………………………………………………… Research objectives ……………………………………………………… Research questions and hypothesis ……………………………………… Limitations ………………………………………………………………… Definitions ………………………………………………………………… PART II LITERATURE REVIEW ……………………………………… 10 PART III MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY ……………………… 19 PART IV RESULTS, DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION …………… 32 4.1 Results ……………………………………………………………… 32 4.2 Discussion ………………………………………………………… 35 4.3 Conclusion ………………………………………………………… 41 REFERENCES …………………………………………………………… 43 APPENDICES …………………………………………………………… 44 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Weighing scale Figure Calibrated pail Figure Sources and Final Disposal of Wastes according to classification Figure Characterizing of Municipal Solid Waste Figure Waste Source Categories Figure Data Sampling Figure Largest waste producers in the municipality Figure Contributor of Mixed Wastes in the municipality Figure Waste composition percentage Figure 10 Percentage of residual waste LIST OF TABLES Table Summary Showing the Quantity and Composition of Waste Disposed, Residential Table Projected Waste Generation Table Recommended program options for Waste collected in Pila LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS EcoGov – Environmental Governance Project of the Philippines CLUP – Comprehensive Land Use Plan LGU – Local Government Unit MRF – Materials Recovery Facility SWM – Solid Waste Management (SWM) SWMB – Solid Waste Management Board SWMP – Solid Waste Management Plan WACS – Waste Analysis and Characterization Study PART INTRODUCTION 1.1 Research rationale Lands in the Municipality of Pila have been declared as alienable and disposable Based on current use and purpose, these lands are classified into agricultural (83.80%), residential (7.33%), parks/playgrounds/recreational space/special use area (2.23%), institutional (1.94%), infrastructures/utilities (1.34%), agro-industrial (.80%), commercial (.38%) and other uses (2.18%) The total land area of Pila under its territorial jurisdiction is 3.120 hectares From being a fourth class municipality in terms of economic classification, the Municipality of Pila was recently alleviated to third class This means that during the past three years, the municipality has shown remarkable growth and improvement in its economic activity Concentrations of commercial development in Pila are found in the poblacion Business establishments being mostly market-oriented have the tendency to get located in areas accessible to residential concentrations Hence, ribbon-type growth has been the dominant trait of commercial development in the locality They are mainly along the national road where most of Pila's 554 registered business establishments are located Land uses for industrial purposes are not too distinct compared to commercial development There are few industries mostly small or cottage level of operation which is household-based hence locations and sites are mixed along commercial and residential area The agricultural industries however, such as the commercial poultry producers and piggeries, have their places utilizing existing agricultural lands in their operation in various barangays both rural and urban Commercial poultry operators have indicated some pressure related to land use problem Although the need for designated areas for the agro-industry sector has yet to be resolved, the potential of agro-industrial growth in Pila remain strong as it enjoys the continued confidence of existing investors There are also clear potential for more integration of these types of industries with the existing primary production activities in Pila that can result to synergy in employment creation and faster economic development in Pila Despite concern for an environment-friendly direction for the economy, the agro-development sector can be expected to meet standards and regulations with the continuing advancement of production technologies and pollution abatement measures and other wastemanagement procedures But Pila is foremost agricultural in nature More than 50% of its population is somehow dependent on agriculture, particularly farming and fishing Pila as an agricultural municipality has attracted quite a number of seasonal farm workers over the past years Palay (Rice) production in Pila is still practiced in a highly labor intensive manner Shortage of labor during planting and harvesting season allowed the migration of workers from other regions These seasonal workers became permanent members of Pila community Regrettably, economic opportunities are not at all abundant to enable them to earn a living and meet basic need especially housing This caused the start of the growth of informal settlers in Pila Some programs have been started by Pila in the past to address the informal settler’s problems like allocating relocation sites To date, the population of Pila is 50,289 Direct evidences of residential development trend are reflected in the establishments of residential subdivisions PART IV RESULTS, DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 4.1 Results 4.1.1 Waste Characteristics Waste characterization is composed of a waste stream composition profile by material types and corresponding solid waste weight estimates that can be used be evaluate the current solid waste management system and assist in determining future program waste diversion and conversion process It is necessary to classify and characterize waste in order to accurately make waste management decisions and evaluate environment risk Figure Sources and Final Disposal of Wastes according to classification 32 Knowing the physical and chemical properties of a waste using sampling and analysis technicalities is the cornerstone upon which subsequent steps in the waste management are planned Figure Characterizing of Municipal Solid Waste It is necessary for gauging what is the design capacity and a waste might pose to subtract water, ground water, and air and drive waste management unit design and operating decisions Knowing the composition of the waste is also necessary when determining the constituents for which to test Knowledge of the physical and chemical properties of the waste is crucial in identifying pollution prevention opportunities 33 Figure Waste Source Categories Data are organized for systematic and easy access and processing Excel template are preferred as database Data gathered in actual WACS are entered into database for processing and computing for unit waste generation by waste source by composition in collecting area and whole LGU Figure Data Sampling 34 4.2 Discussion 4.2.1 The composition of waste in Pila Waste composition analysis was conducted on residential and commercial waste collected in Pila According to the waste composition analysis, residential solid waste mainly consists of biodegradable waste (kitchen waste, garden waste, paper and cardboard) The amount of biodegradable waste was 85.9% The quantities of non-organic materials such as paper, soft and hard plastic, metal and glass are relatively small Further organic wastes are dominant in commercial waste even though a significant proportion of non-organic waste presence 4.2.2 Disposed Waste The Municipality of Pila is a third Class Municipality Pila is an agricultural community with urban barangay and 13 rural barangay, with an average annual population growth rate is projected to be approximately 2.4% over the next 10 years 4.2.2.1 The waste stream generated is approximately: 4.2.2.1.1 71.35% commercial 4.2.2.1.2 2.15% institutional, and 4.2.2.1.3 26.5% other services We estimate that the largest commercial/institutional waste producers in the municipality are the 21 schools 35 Figure Largest waste producers in the municipality 4.2.3 Waste Designation All waste is designated to the Material Recovery Facility in Barangay San Miguel for processing; non-processible waste is transferred to the Pilotage Sanitary at San Pedro and Hain Sanitary Landfill at Calamba City, Laguna A portion oil waste is composted on-site 4.2.4 Mixed Waste generation The Municipality generated about 5,445.2 kegs/day of mixed waste, approximately 5,118.49 kegs/day are contributed by residential households, 217.81 kegs/day shared by commercial, other services is 108.9 kegs/day, and institution is 6.94 kgs/day It is worth mentioning that it was school vacation when this study was undertaken 36 Figure Contributor of Mixed Wastes in the municipality 4.2.5 Waste composition The total waste generation per day has an average of 41.84% or a 2,278.30 kgs/day biodegradable waste,for recyclable waste is 25.45% or 1,386.02 kgs/day, residual waste is 31.64%or 1,722.76 kgs/day and the special waste is 1.07% or 58.11kgs/day Figure Waste composition percentage 37 4.2.6 Residual waste The residual waste of 1,722.76 kgs/day or composed of 19.11% for total residual waste, for sando bags is 47.52 kgs/day or 1.37%, thin films is 25.73 kgs/day or 2.49%, composite is 1.37% or 64.11 kgs/day, PP (candy, biscuits and food wrapper) 4.13% or106.31kgs/day and metallic foils is 51.14 kgs/day or 87% and for disposal is 1,427.96 kgs/day or 8.87% Figure 10 Percentage of residual waste 38 Table Summary Showing the Quantity and Composition of Waste Disposed, Residential Total Waste Generation (kgs/day) Waste Composition (kgs/day) For Major Sources Residual with potential for diversion Kgs./day % Bio – degradable Disposal Total Residual Recyclable Metal- lic Sando bags Thin films Composite PP Other Sub Total Others Special Waste foils RESIDENTIAL Urban 1268.28 23.29% 541.41 435.29 0.00 0.00 12.20 Rural 3854.04 70.78% 1,576.06 851.16 43.08 17.70 47.50 Subtotal Residential 5,122.32 94.07% 2,117.48 1,286.45 43.08 17.70 59.70 16.81 16.41 55.88 101.29 169.35 270.64 20.94 76.18 31.91 244.24 460.61 929.82 1,390.43 36.39 92.98 48.32 300.12 561.90 1,099.17 1,661.07 57.33 39 4.2.7 Diverted Waste All barangays are mandated to implement their barangay ordinance for composting method, our LGU will give assistance and training for a simple backyard composting and segregation Table Projected Waste Generation Table Projected Waste Generation Waste Gen/ Capita/day Year based on WACS Daily Waste Projected Population (kg/d) Gen based on Population (kg/d) 2017 0.1039 54,937 5,709.71 2018 0.1039 56,255 5,846.69 2019 0.1039 57,606 5,987.10 2020 0.1039 58,988 6,130.74 2021 0.1039 60,404 6,277.90 2022 0.1039 61,854 6,428.60 2023 0.1039 63,338 6,582.84 2024 0.1039 66,882 6,951.17 40 4.3 Conclusion In summary, this research let the researcher identify the most common types of waste the household generated on a daily basis While all household of Pila responded that Solid Waste Management was the most important environmental issue, the issue’s importance is not reflected in the amount of waste generated and waste management practices The result obtained from the survey has established useful baseline information for the purposes of this study 4.3.1 Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusions are drawn: 4.3.1.1 Most of the waste generated is organic waste that comes from the kitchen or garden of a household and each household generate different waste in each household 4.3.1.2 Regardless of respondent’s income, residents have almost the same volume of solid waste generated on a daily basis 4.3.1.3 The quantities of solid waste generated in Pila at the time of the study were higher than found by previous studies provided by the LGU 4.3.1.4 The solid waste in Pila consists of 85.9% organic waste which suggests that special attention should be given to household organic waste minimization and reduction program 4.3.1.5 Groundwater may also be contaminated by untreated water waste draining from point sources 41 4.3.1.6 Awareness programs are needed to be intensified for the community as to how their activities contribute to waste-related problems 4.3.2 Recommendation The researcher recommends the following, as shown in Table 3: Table Recommended program options for Waste collected in Pila Waste Type Options Reduce through: Composting Mulching/shredding Solid Organic Waste waste Mix-waste composting Reuse (feeding domestic animals) Program options: Community education on Sorting and Proper waste disposal Training Workshop on Waste Management Develop a community-based Waste reduction action plan Reduce through: Reuse and processing Paper and Eco-packaging cardboard Composting Recycling Education Recycling Plastic Reuse Shopping bags Education Metal Recycling 42 REFERENCES Bandara, N.J.G.J., (2011), Municipal Solid Waste Management- The Sri Lankan case, International Forestry and Environment Symposium, (online available at: www.journals.sjp.ac.lk [Accessed 02 January 2015]) National Solid Waste Management Support Centre, (2007), National Solid Waste Management Status Report 2007, (Online available at: www.pclg.gov.lk [Accessed on 03rd February 2015]) EcoGov Project 2011 Waste Analysis and Characterization Study – A Manual Philippine Environmental Governance Project, Pasig City, Philippines M Tilaye and M P Van Dijk, “Private sector participation in solid waste collection in Addis Ababa (Ethiopia) by involving micro-enterprises,” Waste Management and Research FIRTH, J et al 1995 The Past, Present, Future of Waste Management in Wales: A Case Study of the Environmental Problems in Small European Region, Journal of Environmental Management, Academic Press Limited MANTELL, C 1975 Sold Wastes: Origin, Collection, Processing and Disposal, John Willey & Sons, New York 43 APPENDICES Questionnaire Questionnaire for Household interview Name: Barangay: Respondent No.: Date of Interview: PART 1: DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION QUESTIONS Q1 Name Q2 Gender Q3 Age Q4 Length of the stay in the place Q5 Highest Educational Attainment Q6 No of family members Q7 Primary source of income ANSWERS – Male - Female – No formal education – Elementary graduate – High school graduate – College graduate – Vocational education – Others _ – farming – worker – small business – trade – Government employment – Others PART 2: AWARENESS OF LANDFILL OPERATIONS Q8 Are you aware about the operation of the sanitary landfill in the area? Q9 If yes, from what did you know? Q10 What you think about – yes – no – Provincial Government – District Government – Barangay Captain – others _ 44 the operation of landfill located in this area? Q11 Why is it good? Q12 Why is it not good? – good – not good PART 3: WASTE DISPOSED IN THREE DAYS (In Grams, Kilograms) ORGANIC (NABUBULOK) RECYABLE NON – RECYABLE DAY DAY DAY PART 4: BENEFIT OF THE LANDFILL OPERATIONS AND WASTE SERVICE PAYMENT Q 17 In your opinion, what benefits could be derived from the landfill operating in the area? – Makes cities clean – Source of income – Amounts of waste disposal in cities decrease – Serves as waste disposal – others _ Q 18 What you think about the waste service payment? – Good – Not Good Q19 Why is it not good? Q 20 Willingness to pay for waste service fee 45 Residential waste composition base on income Tally sheet using weighing scale (kg.) Waste Type Residential waste (total Kg) Low Income Middle Income High Income Average Organic Papers, Cardboards Plastics (Soft) Plastics (Hard) Rubber E waste Etc Tally sheet using calibrated pail (volume) Waste Type Residential waste (total volume) Low Income Middle Income High Income Average Organic Papers, Cardboards Plastics (Soft) Plastics (Hard) Rubber E waste Etc 46 ... lot of good things and bad things as well One of the negative effects of industrialization is the creation of solid waste 2.1.1 Various Sources of Solid Waste Tons of solid waste is disposed of. .. waste analysis and characteristics of solid waste management in Pila, Laguna Keywords waste analysis/ characteristics of solid waste Number of Pages Forty-three (43) pages Date of submission November... and chemical plants These industries produce solid waste in form of housekeeping wastes, food wastes, packaging wastes, ashes, construction and demolition materials, special wastes, medical wastes