Keenan & Riches’ Ninth edition BUSINESS LAW • The Consumer Protection from Unfair Trading Regulations 2008 • Companies Act 2006 • The Employment Equality (Age) Regulations 2006 Amendment Regulations 2008 Worried about getting to grips with cases? Case Navigator offers unique online support that helps you improve your case reading and analysis skills in Business Law Cases contained within this resource are highlighted throughout this book The LexisNexis element of Case Navigator is only available to those who currently C AS E subscribe to LexisNexis Butterworths online A N The coverage of tort law has also been expanded and restructured in this edition to better match how the topic is covered on business law courses Visit www.mylawchamber.co.uk/riches to access answers to the questions in the book to test yourself on topics covered You’ll also find legal updates to help you impress examiners and lecturers with knowledge of the latest developments R Now thoroughly revised and updated, the new edition includes key changes to the law on: Do you want to give yourself a head start come exam time? V I G AT O The new text design and handy cross-references allow you to find the information you need quickly and easily while the use of extensive cases and diagrams make sometimes complex points in the law easier to understand Learning aids popular in previous editions have been retained and include: and context underlying important cases • End of chapter specimen examination questions provide valuable examples of the typical types of question you may face in an exam enabling you to better prepare for assessments Sarah Riches is Director of Planning and Policy at the University of Bolton and has many years’ teaching experience BUSINESS LAW Ninth edition Sarah Riches & Vida Allen Riches & Allen • Learning objectives highlight key points you should understand as you progress through each chapter • Self test questions allow you to assess for yourself whether your knowledge is up to scratch • Case summaries are included throughout to give you the key facts, legal principle Keenan & Riches’ Business Law, now in its ninth edition, is a manageable, well trusted and reliable text specifically designed for non-law students studying law for the first time Maintaining the direct and accessible approach which has made this book so popular, Riches and Allen provide user-friendly explanations of the law in a highly practical and engaging style immediately equipping you with a good understanding of key legal concepts BUSINESS LAW ‘This book is comprehensive in coverage and provides a well rounded introduction to business law It is clearly written and likely to become a ‘must have’ text for all business law students.’ Indira Carr, Professor of Law at the University of Surrey Keenan & Riches’ C AS E www.pearson-books.com N Cover photograph: Getty Images/Pete Gardner A R Vida Allen is Principal Lecturer in Law at Kingston University where she teaches business and company law V I G AT O POWERED BY CVR_RICH9642_09_SE_CVR.indd 20/3/09 12:11:39 BUSL_A01.qxd 3/13/09 10:28 AM Page i Keenan and Riches’ BUSINESS LAW BUSL_A01.qxd 3/13/09 10:28 AM Page ii Also available: Smith and Keenan’s LAW FOR BUSINESS Smith and Keenan’s ENGLISH LAW TEXT AND CASES Smith and Keenan’s COMPANY LAW Smith and Keenan’s COMPANY LAW WITH SCOTTISH SUPPLEMENT BUSL_A01.qxd 3/13/09 10:28 AM Ninth Edition Page iii Keenan and Riches’ BUSINESS LAW Sarah Riches and Vida Allen BUSL_A01.qxd 3/13/09 10:28 AM Page iv Pearson Education Limited Edinburgh Gate Harlow Essex CM20 2JE England and Associated Companies throughout the world Visit us on the World Wide Web at: www.pearsoned.co.uk First published in Great Britain under the Pitman Publishing imprint in 1987 Second edition published 1990 Third edition published 1993 Fourth edition published 1995 Fifth edition published 1998 Sixth edition published under the Longman imprint in 2002 Seventh edition published 2005 Eighth edition published 2007 Ninth edition published 2009 © Mary Keenan, Sarah Riches and Vida Allen 2009 The rights of Denis Keenan, Sarah Riches and Vida Allen to be identified as authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without either the prior written permission of the publisher or a licence permitting restricted copying in the United Kingdom issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS All trademarks used herein are the property of their respective owners The use of any trademark in this text does not vest in the author or publisher any trademark ownership rights in such trademarks, nor does the use of such trademarks imply any affiliation with or endorsement of this book by such owners Crown Copyright material is reproduced with the permission of the Controller of HMSO and the Queen’s Printer for Scotland Law Commission Reports are reproduced under the terms of the Click-Use Licence ISBN: 978-1-4058-9964-2 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Riches, Sarah Keenan and Riches’ business law – 9th ed / Sarah Riches and Vida Allen p cm Rev ed of: Business law / Denis Keenan, Sarah Riches 7th ed 2005 Includes index ISBN 978-1-4058-9964-2 (pbk.) Business law–England Business law–Wales I Allen, Vida II Keenan, Denis J Business law III Title IV Title: Business law KD1629.K44 2009 346.4207–dc22 2009000630 10 13 12 11 10 09 Typeset in 9.5/12pt Minion by 35 Printed by Ashford Colour Press Ltd., Gosport The publisher’s policy is to use paper manufactured from sustainable forests BUSL_A01.qxd 3/13/09 10:28 AM Page v Brief contents Guided tour Preface Legal study skills Case names, citations and law report abbreviations Acknowledgements Table of cases Table of statutes Table of statutory instruments Table of European and other legislation Part INTRODUCTION TO LAW The nature of law Law making Resolving disputes Part BUSINESS ORGANISATIONS Classification and survey of types of business organisation Non-corporate organisations – sole traders and partnerships Companies xii xvii xviii xxi xxiv xxv xxxviii xli xliv 12 45 71 73 97 147 Part BUSINESS TRANSACTIONS 201 10 11 12 13 14 203 Introduction to the law of contract Types of business contract The terms of business contracts Contracts for the supply of goods and services Business and the law of tort Criminal liability in business Credit Consumer protection 266 279 302 330 358 380 401 Part BUSINESS RESOURCES 419 15 Business property 16 Employing labour 421 Index 567 452 v BUSL_A01.qxd 3/13/09 10:28 AM Page vi BUSL_A01.qxd 3/13/09 10:28 AM Page vii Contents Guided tour Preface Legal study skills Case names, citations and law report abbreviations Acknowledgements Table of cases Table of statutes Table of statutory instruments Table of European and other legislation xii xvii xviii xxi xxiv xxv xxxviii xli xliv Part INTRODUCTION TO LAW 1 The nature of law Learning objectives Classification of law The common law Equity Some basic principles of legal liability Law of property Self-test questions/activities Specimen examination questions Website references 3 6 10 10 11 Law making 12 Learning objectives Causes of legal change Legal change and the changing world Law reform The sources of legal change Law-making processes Legislation Case law (judicial precedent) European Community law Human rights Self-test questions/activities Specimen examination questions Website references 12 12 12 13 14 15 15 22 24 36 42 42 43 Resolving disputes 45 Learning objectives Legal services The legal profession Other legal personnel Other sources of information and advice Methods of dispute settlement: the courts Criminal courts Civil courts Other important courts Tribunals Alternative dispute resolution Ombudsmen Regulators Self-test questions/activities Specimen examination questions Website references 45 45 45 48 48 50 50 56 62 62 64 66 66 68 68 68 Part BUSINESS ORGANISATIONS 71 Classification and survey of types of business organisation 73 Learning objectives Classification of business organisations Natural and juristic persons Survey of types of business organisation: advantages and disadvantages Commencement of business Raising business finance – generally Raising business finance – securities Charges Guarantees Mortgages Mortgages of personal property Mortgages of choses in action Liability of the proprietors Continuity Publicity and external control of the undertaking 73 73 75 78 78 79 80 80 81 83 85 85 86 87 88 vii BUSL_A01.qxd 3/13/09 10:28 AM Page viii Contents Taxation and national insurance Planning Self-test questions/activities Specimen examination questions Website references 90 93 95 96 96 Non-corporate organisations – sole traders and partnerships 97 Learning objectives The sole trader Formation of the business Dissolution Debt recovery Bankruptcy procedure – generally The petition Schemes of arrangement under the Deeds of Arrangement Act 1914 The interim order and voluntary arrangement under the Insolvency Act 1986 The effect of a bankruptcy order – generally Committee of creditors The public examination The family home Proof of debt Mutual dealings – set off Carrying on the business and disclaimer Transactions at an undervalue and preferences Payment of the creditors – preferential payments Protection of employees Trade creditors Deferred creditors Discharge of the bankrupt The ordinary partnership Definition and nature of a partnership The sharing of profits as evidence of partnership Types of partners Membership of the firm The firm and the firm name The relationship between partners and outsiders Partners’ powers Liability of incoming and outgoing partners Relationship of partners within the partnership Dissolution 97 97 97 99 99 101 101 102 102 103 105 105 105 106 106 107 107 108 108 109 109 109 111 111 114 114 117 117 118 118 122 123 128 Ordinary limited partnerships Limited liability partnerships Reform: a partnership with legal personality Model form of ordinary (or unlimited) partnership deed Self-test questions/activities Specimen examination questions Website references 133 134 137 139 144 145 146 Companies 147 Learning objectives Types of registered companies Public and private companies Formation Pre-incorporation contracts The company’s constitution Articles of association Financing the company The issue of shares and debentures Procedures for issuing shares to the public Regulation of the securities market and of admission to it Offers of unlisted securities The remedy of rescission Membership Meetings, resolutions and annual return Protection of minority interests Directors and secretary Powers of directors Duties of directors Company insolvency and corporate rescue Liquidation Alternatives to liquidation: company rescue procedures Administration Self-test questions/activities Specimen examination questions Website references 147 147 148 149 150 151 158 161 167 168 168 170 170 170 172 176 178 185 185 188 189 192 192 198 199 200 Part BUSINESS TRANSACTIONS 201 Introduction to the law of contract 203 Learning objectives Business contracting – generally Nature of a contract Types of contract 203 203 204 204 viii BUSL_A01.qxd 3/13/09 10:28 AM Page ix Contents Essentials of a valid contract Agreement Consideration Privity of contract Intention Form Capacity Genuineness of consent Mistake Misrepresentation Duress and undue influence Legality Competition policy Discharge of contracts Remedies Limitation of actions Self-test questions/activities Specimen examination questions Website references 205 205 215 221 225 227 229 231 231 235 239 240 244 249 254 260 261 264 265 Types of business contract 266 Learning objectives Contracts for the supply of goods Contracts of bailment Employment contracts Contracts of agency Contracts concerning land Contracts for financial services Standard form contracts Self-test questions/activities Specimen examination questions Website references 266 266 268 268 268 272 272 273 277 277 277 The terms of business contracts 279 Learning objectives Certainty of terms Puffs, representations and terms Types of contractual terms Express and implied terms Exemption clauses Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations 1999 Reform Fair Trading Act 1973 Self-test questions/activities Specimen examination questions Website references 279 279 281 282 283 286 290 296 298 299 299 300 301 10 Contracts for the supply of goods and services 302 Learning objectives Sale of goods Definition Formation The implied terms Transfer of property in the goods Sale by a person who is not the owner Performance of the contract Remedies Supply of goods and services Implied terms in contracts for the supply of goods (Part I) Implied terms in contracts for the supply of services (Part II) Manufacturer’s liability in contract Reform and guarantees Self-test questions/activities Specimen examination questions Website references 302 302 303 303 303 309 312 315 318 321 11 Business and the law of tort 330 Learning objectives Tortious liability Basis of tortious liability Proof of damage Causation Specific torts relevant to business Defective goods Defective services – generally Lawyers Accountants and auditors Valuers and surveyors Other torts relevant to business Defences Remedies Limitation of actions Self-test questions/activities Specimen examination questions Website references 330 330 330 331 331 332 337 342 344 344 346 347 352 354 355 356 356 357 12 Criminal liability in business 358 Learning objectives Criminal law and the supplier of goods and services Unfair commercial practices Product safety 358 322 323 324 327 328 329 329 358 359 362 ix BUSL_C16.qxd 3/13/09 10:39 AM Page 566 Part Business resources Tom and Harry are shop assistants and short of cash They decide to borrow from the till Tom leaves a note in the till and replaces the money the following day Harry neither leaves a note nor does he replace the money The employer has discovered what has happened and wishes to dismiss Tom and Harry but does not wish to incur liability Advise the employer Website references http://www.berr.gov.uk/whatwedo/employment/ workandfamilies/flexible-working/index.html For family-friendly developments, see Department for Business, Enterprise & Regulatory Reform website http://www.berr.gov.uk/whatwedo/employment/ employment-legislation/employment-guidance/ page19310.html For guidance on payments and awards, see Department for Business, Enterprise & Regulatory Reform website http://www.cipd.co.uk Also useful in the above area, the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development http://www.lowpay.gov.uk The Low Pay Commission http://www.ico.gov.uk The Information Commissioner’s Office is an independent supervisory authority that reports directly to Parliament http://www.ico.gov.uk/home/for_organisations/topic_ specific_guide/employment.aspx For the Employment Practice Code http://www.equalityhumanrights.com On equal pay and equality in employment generally, the Commission for Equality and Human Rights http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Employment/Employees/ Pay/index.htm On the National Minimum Wage, the BERR interactive website on NMW Visit www.mylawchamber.co.uk/riches to access selected answers to self-test questions in the book to check how much you understand in this chapter Use Case Navigator to read in full some of the key cases referenced in this chapter: Johnson v Unisys Ltd [2001] All ER 801 Post Office v Foley; HSBA Bank v Madden [2000] All ER (D) 550 Fairchild v Glenhaven Funeral Services Ltd and others; [2002] All ER 305 Barber v Somerset County Council [2004] All ER 385 C ASE POWERED BY 566 BUSL_Z01.qxd 3/13/09 10:39 AM Page 567 Index Index accidents, reporting 513 accounts 88 –90, 135, 171 disclosure of loans to and material interests of directors 182 –3 accountants 48, 91, 344–6, 355, 376 Act of Parliament, making of 19–20 administration 192–8, 558–9 administrator, appointment of 194–5, 558–9 administrative law advertising 282, 326, 392, 406, 407, 415 comparative advertising 440–1 discriminatory advertising 525, 527, 532 Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service (ACAS) 66, 477, 539, 541, 549, 555, 556 code of practice for sexual orientation regulations compliance 532–3 age discrimination 520–1, 524, 525–7, 531 specific exceptions 526 agency 138, 222, 268, 271–2, 312 –3 duties 272 factors 313 termination 272 allowable deductions from pay 467, 479–80 alternative dispute resolution (ADR) 57, 64–6 animals 75 annual general meetings (AGMs) 90, 172, 174 annual percentage rate (APR) 388–9 annual returns 175–6, 188 antenatal care 471–2, 478 appeals 54 – 6, 58, 61, 62, 63 – planning permission 94 arbitration 65, 280, 409, 415, 417 arson 377 articles of association 151, 158–61 assets distribution of 191–2 ring-fencing 196 Attorney General, references by the 55–6 auction sales 321 auditors 88, 89, 136, 165, 171, 174 –5, 344 – 6, 376 Auld, Sir Robin 50, 53 bad debts, provision for 345 bailment 268 balance sheet 88–9 bank holidays 516 bank loans 384 bankruptcies 58, 61, 87, 88, 101–11, 311, 560 bankruptcy restriction orders (BRO) 109–10 bankruptcy restriction undertakings (BRU) 110 committee of creditors 105 discharge 109–11 family home 105–6, 107 fast-track voluntary arrangements (IVAs) 103 income payments 104 membership of company 171 of partners 129 pensions 105 petition, the 101–2 preferential payments 108, 109 protection of employees 108–9 scheme of arrangement 102, 103–4 set-off 106 barristers 46–7, 117 bills 19–20, 38 bills of exchange 228 bills of sale legislation 80 blackmail 449 breach of condition 282, 303, 304, 317, 318, 319–20, 324 breach of contract 63, 121, 126, 157, 160–1, 209, 221, 222, 224, 226, 227, 228, 229, 231, 233, 253–9, 293, 545, 560 actors 484 confidentiality 490–1, 564 consumers 407 credit agreements 394, 397–8 constructive dismissal 488 dismissal for disclosure of fraud 492 employment contracts 461, 490, 564 in delivery by instalments 316–17 inducement of breach of contract 351 long notice periods 484 non-acceptance 319 in respect of repairs 318 salesmen 484 breach of duty 335–8, 396, 442, 484, 487, 505–6 breach of statutory duty 342, 355, 503, 508 breach of promise 222, 326 breach of term 282–3 breach of warranty 283, 320, 324, 414 breach of warranty of authority 272 British Standards Institute (BSI) 407 bullying at work 508, 511, 532, 534, 551 567 BUSL_Z01.qxd 3/13/09 10:39 AM Page 568 Index burden of proof 534–5 business names 78, 97–9, 117–18, 152– registration of Internet names 155–6 sanctions for non-compliance 155 business property 9, 121, 124–5, 138, 191, 421–49 licences 424–5 securities 424 byelaws 20 capital allowances 92, 93 capital gains tax 93 cartels 244, 249 certainty of terms 279–81 charge cards 387 charges fixed and floating charges 80–1, 138, 191, 193–4 mortgages 81 registration 136, 166–7 charging orders 101 Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU 40–1 charities 98 child protection 530 children see minors choses 85–6 Citizen’s Advice Bureaux 49, 407 civil courts 56–62 appeals 58 civil law 4–6 civil litigation reform 56–7 Civil Procedure Rules 117, 432–3 classification of business organisations 73–5 collateral contract 326–7 collective agreements 226, 458, 460, 461, 517, 524, 556 comfort letters 226 commercial practices banned 361–2 strict liability 362 unfair 359–62 Commission (of European Union) 28 Commission for Equality and Human Rights 39, 48 committal 53–4 Committee of the Regions 30 common law 6–8 rules of interpretation 21–2 commonhold 427–9 Community Legal Services 49 fund 63 Community Trade Mark 440, 442 companies 74 –5, 147–98 agents 76, 77 capital 79 –80, 158 charitable 90, 157 community interest companies (CICs) 79 constitution 151–2 continuity 88 finance 79–80, 161–7 formation 149–50 incorporation 75, 78, 148, 150 insolvency 188–9, 454 legal personality 76–7, 117 limited companies 147–8 membership 170–2 private 148 public limited companies 74–5, 148 publicity 88–9, 93 registered office 156 registration 74, 78, 149–50, 152–3 single member company 148–9 taxation 93 unlimited companies 148 Companies Court 61 company secretary 178–9, 188 compensation 169, 170, 230–1 and breach of statutory duty 342 for breach of credit agreements 398 ‘compensation culture’ 336 compensation orders 415 data protection 447, 448 discrimination 524, 534, 538–9 employment claims 462, 469, 472, 474, 475, 476, 477, 478, 483, 535, 546–51, 560–3 employment particulars 462 injury to feelings 539, 551 less favourable treatment 466 retirement 527 transfer of employment 458, 459 union membership 485–6 see also damages competition policy 244–9, 405 breach 247, 408 Chapter I prohibition 245–6, 247 Chapter II prohibition 246, 247 composition agreement 219 computer misuse 449 conciliation 66, 415, 417, 549 conditional fees 49 conditional sale 267, 381, 398 confidentiality 442–3, 447, 475, 490–1, 564 consideration 215–21, 228, 260, 324 constitutional law 3–4 constructive dismissal 461, 468, 474, 488, 509, 536, 538, 541, 544 consumer credit 58, 85 Consumer Focus 406 consumer protection 359–68, 401–17 average consumer 359 568 BUSL_Z01.qxd 3/13/09 10:39 AM Page 569 Index civil remedies 407 codes of practice 409–10 consumer protection institutions 403–7 cooling-off period 403 criminal liability 407–8 definitions of terms 359 enforcement of consumer rights 415–17 enforcement orders 408–9 food safety 365–7, 405 local government role 405 product safety 362–5 standard terms and conditions 410 super-complaints 408 unfair trade practices 408 Consumer Protection Advisory Committee 405–6 consumer rights, additional 320–1, 323 Consumers’ Association 406–7 continuity of business 87–8 costs (in legal actions) 57, 64 contract 58, 60, 203–61 acceptance by conduct 213 agency 222, 268, 271–2 agreement, discharge by 250–1 assignment of contractual rights 222 breach see breach of contract collateral contract 222 communication of acceptance 213–15 company secretary 188, 271 conclusion by electronic means 214–15 consideration 215–21, 228, 260 defences, set-off or counterclaims 224–5 discharge of contracts 249–54 frustration 251–3, 548–9, 558 illegality 240–4 indemnity clauses 293–4 intention 225–7 mental capacity 75, 224, 231, 261 minors 229 –31, 261 misrepresentation 225, 287 mistake 231–5, 260, 261 postal rules 214–15, 224 pre-incorporation contracts 150–1 ‘red hand rule’ 288 rights of third parties 223 –5, 271–2, 288 –9, 293, 325, 499 simple contracts 205 speciality contracts (deeds) 204–5 standard form contract 273–6 time limits 260–1 types of business contract 266–76 uncertainty 220 unenforceable contracts 205 variation and rescission 224 void contracts 205, 234, 241–4, 313, 370 voidable contracts 205, 230, 234, 237, 239, 313 see also contract of employment; sale of goods, contracts for the; contracts for the supply of goods and services contract of employment 195, 229, 250–1, 268, 285, 452, 455–502 adoption by administrator 558–9 discrimination 519 directors 467 disciplinary procedures 461, 462, 546 fraud and illegality 455–6 grievance procedures 461, 546 insolvency 458, 459 relevant transfer 457–8 terms of employment 460–1, 490–1, 524, 541, 545 variation 458, 459 ‘zero hours’ contracts 456, 465 contracts for the supply of goods and services 302–27 consideration 324 implied terms 321–7 time for performance 324 transfer of property in goods 322–3 copying 437–8 copyright 431, 434–8 computers and the Internet 437, 438 protecting articles 433–4 corporate manslaughter 512–13 corporate names 98–9, see also business names corporate personality, rule of 76–7 corporation tax 93 corporations sole 76, 77–8 Council of European Union 28 county courts 24, 58 Court of Appeal 23–4, 55–6, 61 Court of Auditors 30 Court of First Instance 29–30 Court of Human Rights 24, 38 Court of Justice of the European Community 62 Court of Protection 61 courts 24, 50–62 see also specific courts (e.g Court of Appeal) credit 267, 311, 380–99 advertising 392 agreements 380–1, 389–91, 392–9 canvassing 392 Consumer Credit Directive 399 cooling-off period 393 defaulting on agreement 397–8 extortionate terms 395–7 licensing of businesses 391, 409 and liens 319 post-contract information 394 quotations 392 569 BUSL_Z01.qxd 3/13/09 10:39 AM Page 570 Index credit (continued) repossession of the goods 398–9 ‘revolving’ or ‘running account’ credit 387, 388, 394 termination of agreement 397, 398 terminology 388–9 types of credit 381–8 unions 387, 390 credit cards 384, 387, 394–5 credit reference agencies 394 credit sale 267, 381, 384–6 Criminal Cases Review Commission 56 Criminal Courts Review 50–3 Criminal Defence Service 49 criminal law 4, criminal offences 4–6 appeals 54–6 classification of 50 criminal records 529, 530, 532 Crown Courts 54–5, 61 appeals 55 Crown Prosecution Service damages 5, 6, 39, 238, 239, 254 – 8, 282 – breach of condition 317, 320, 324 breach of confidentiality 442–3 breach of privacy 443 breach of regulations 506, 514 bullying 534 copyright cases 435 contributory negligence 500 covenants 426 debt recovery 258–9 defamation 350 delivery by instalments 316–17 economic or financial loss 338–9 failure of consideration 260 fatal accidents 502 health and safety inspectors 512 injuries at work 500–1, 508 in tort 354 non-acceptance of goods 318–19 non-employees 505–6 stress and overwork 508 vicarious liability 494, 495 victimisation 531 see also compensation data protection 371–2, 443–9 manual information 444, 446, 447 offences 448–9 principles 445–6 references 488, 489 rights of data subjects 444, 447–8, 491 terminology 444–5 debentures 136, 166–7, 559 debt, limitations on claim for 261 debt recovery 99–102, 191, 258–9 deception 369, 373, 439 deeds 83, 84, 120, 204–5, 215, 227 defamation 441 defective goods 337–42 damage 341 defences 341–2 defective services 342–3 Department for Business, Enterprise & Regulatory Reform (BERR) 404, 454 Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) 404 Department for Culture, Media and Sport 404 Department of Health 404 Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) 404 designs registration of 433 rights 433–4 devolution 16, 18, 43, 62 Director of Public Prosecutions directors 178–88 appointment 179 as employees 453–4 claims for damages against 176 conduct of directors 177 contracts with 183 disclosure of interests 182–4, 187 disqualification 179, 184–5, 249 employment contracts 179, 181 indemnification of directors 187 liability 82, 87, 179, 187 liquidation 191 national minimum wage 467 removal 184 remuneration 179–81 statutory duties 185–7 directors’ report 89, 505 disability discrimination 518, 519, 524, 525, 527–8, 530, 531, 535–9, 548 discharge of contracts 249–54 disciplinary procedures 461, 462, 546 discrimination 454, 455, 474, 488, 518–39 advertisements 525 code of practice 539 contract of employment 519 direct discrimination 522, 530 employment outside Great Britain 521 indirect discrimination 523, 530 judicial review 524 lawful discrimination 519–21 ME 537 570 BUSL_Z01.qxd 3/13/09 10:39 AM Page 571 Index partnerships 117, 519 positive discrimination 521 recruitment and selection 519–30, 532, 533 remedies 524–5 special cases 521 dismissal 462, 476, 485, 490, 509, 513, 515, 526–7, 532, 535, 537, 540 – automatically unfair 548 death of employer 558 discriminatory dismissal 551 employee’s contributory fault 546, 549, 550, 561 rights and remedies 561–4 union-related 545, 548, 550 wrongful 560–1 see also constructive dismissal; unfair dismissal dispute resolution, alternative 57 dividends 79, 80, 93, 162, 171, 192 double jeopardy 55 drink and drugs in the workplace 510 duress 239 duty of care 324, 332 –5, 336, 337– 8, 343 – 6, 486, 487–8, 501, 502, 530 early neutral evaluation 65 easements 423–4 EC law 18 –19, 24 –36 Consumer Credit Directive 399 consumer protection 403–4, 413, 415 copyright 435, 436, 437–8 decisions 33 designs 434 directives 32–3, 502, 513 disability discrimination 536 English law, impact on 34–5 equal pay 483–4, 525 health and safety 502 procedures 34 regulations 32 sources of 30–4 trade marks 438, 440 working time 514 EC Ombudsman 30 e-commerce 214, 228 Economic and Social Committee (ESC) 30 electronic communications 228–9 employee’s duties 490–2, 503, 507 employee’s indemnity 484–5 employers’ duties 466 –90, 500 –1, 502, 504 – disability legislation 537 employment 452–564 adoption leave 474, 555 confidentiality 442–3, 475, 490–1 continuous employment 456–7, 459–60, 465 contract workers 455, 526 control test 452–3 detriment 465, 466 employer’s responsibilities 91–2 equality 456, 480–4 fatal accidents 502, 512 fixed-term contracts 465, 483, 542, 558, 560, 561, 562, 563 flexible working 476–7 frustration of contract 251–3, 548–9, 558 holidays and holiday pay 469 human rights 489–90 illegal working 528–9 immigrants 528–9 independent contractors 454 lay-off 477–8 minors 229, 466, 483, 487, 503, 518, 526, 528 non-employees’ rights 454–5 organisation test 454 partnerships 459 part-timers 465 paternity 473–4, 548, 555 pregnancy and maternity 456, 465, 470, 471–4, 478, 503, 548, 555, 562 references 454–5, 486–8, 489 rehabilitation 487, 529 remedies 454, 466 rights 454 surveillance 488–90 suspension 471, 503, 545 termination 457–8, 540–64 time off for dependants 475–6 unpaid leave 474–6, 486 vicarious liability 331, 453, 485, 493–500 voluntary assumption of risk 499–500, 501–2 written particulars 456–64, 469 employment agencies 519, 528 Employment Appeal Tribunal (EAT) 454, 460, 462, 468, 469, 479–82, 488, 492, 509, 510, 514–15, 520–2, 534–5, 537, 538, 539, 541, 544, 547, 552–5 Employment Bill 2007–2008 471 entrenchment 158–9 environment 95 equal pay 480–4 Equality and Human Rights Commission (EHRC) 539 equity 6–8, 58, 61, 84, 219–21 mistake in equity 235 estoppel 204, 271, 312 European Convention on Human Rights 36–9, 62, 478 European Court of Human Rights 62, 489 European Court of Justice 23, 27, 29–30, 536 European Parliament 28–9 exchange or barter 267 571 BUSL_Z01.qxd 3/13/09 10:39 AM Page 572 Index exemption and exclusion clauses 273, 284, 286–99 doctrine of fundamental breach 290 incorporation 286–8 interpretation 289–90 negligence 293 previous course of dealings 288 ‘reasonableness test’ 291–5 statutory control 290–8 unfair contract terms 290–8, 327, 403 vicarious liability 499 expert determination 65 express terms 242, 286 genuine occupational requirement (GOR) 520, 533 good faith 442, 443, 475 goodwill 131, 154 government departments 14–15 grievance procedures 461, 546 guarantee companies 147–8, 152 guarantee, contract of 228 guarantee payments 477–8 guarantees 81–2, 240, 294, 424 independent legal advice 82 manufacturer’s guarantees and warranties 326–7 reform and guarantees 327 facilities at work (regulations) 504 factors 313 fair dealing 436, 437, 438 false attribution 436–7 family matters 58, 60, 61 fast-track claims 57, 58 financing businesses 79–82, 161–7 financial services, contracts for 272–3 Financial Services Authority 375–6 fire precautions 513–14 first aid 513 fixtures and fittings 421–2 floating charges 80, 138, 192–4, 196, 198 food false description 366, 367 Food Standards Agency 367, 405 quality 366 safety 365 –7, 368, 404 fraud 233 –5, 237– 8, 261, 352, 371– 6, 492 appropriation of goods 369 arson 377 computer fraud 371–2 limitation of actions 355 market abuse 375–6 minors 231 money-laundering 376 partnerships 121 Sarbanes-Oxley Act and UK fraud control 376 stock exchange frauds 373–5 vicarious liability 497 freedom of information 449 freeholds 427 frustration 251–3, 548–9, 558 fundamental breach, doctrine of 290 hackers 449, 492 Hansard, as an aid to statutory interpretation 22 harassment 530, 531–2, 533, 535, 541 health and safety 502–18 breach of regulations 503 codes of practice 510, 513 consumer products 362–5 corporate manslaughter 512–13 dismissal of representatives 548 display screen equipment 504–5 employee’s duties 503, 507 employer’s duties 500–1, 502, 505–7 enforcement of regulations 364, 365, 366 equipment 506–7 food 365–7 harmful emissions 506 inspectors 511–13 investigations and enquiries 510 manual handling 505 minors 518 night workers 518 policy statement 462 protective equipment 505 regulations 500–5 risk assessment 502, 503 substances 506–7 whistleblowing 492 work equipment 505 written undertakings 507 see also Working Time Regulations Heydon’s Case, rule in 21 High Court 24, 55, 60–1, 62 appeals 55, 58 hire 268, 269–70, 294, 323 consumer hire agreements 390 health and safety 507 hire-purchase (HP) 267, 279–80, 314, 315, 321, 381, 384, 398–9 health and safety 507 holidays and holiday pay 469, 515, 533 gambling contracts 244 ‘garden leave’ 242, 491 gender recognition 523–4 General Council of the Bar 46, 47 ‘genuine occupational qualification’ (GOQ) 519, 525 572 BUSL_Z01.qxd 3/13/09 10:39 AM Page 573 Index Home Office, the 404 House of Lords 15 –17, 23, 24, 56, 61–2 and bills 19–20 Human Rights Act 1998 19, 38–9, 44 illegality 240–4, 354 immigrants 528–9 improvement and prohibition notices 511 income tax 452, 455–6 indemnity 122, 125 ‘inertia selling’ 213 information and advice or business, bodies offering 48 –9 Information Commissioner 446–7, 448, 449, 489 injunctions 259, 563–4 comparative advertising 441 confidentiality 491 covenants 426 defamation 350 disclosure of trade secrets 490–1 discriminatory advertising 525 infidelity 442 infringement of intellectual property 432–3, 436, 440, 442 nuisance 348 passing-off 441–2 protecting easements 423 restraint of trade 491, 557 tortious conduct 354 trespass 429 unfair terms 297 working hours 515 Inland Revenue 61 insolvency 99, 102–3, 107–8, 185, 196 administrators 166 company 188–9, 190 company voluntary arrangements (CVA) 196–8 contracts of employment 458 corporate 108, 196 employees’ rights 454, 459, 555, 562 human rights issues 104 interim order 102–3 limited liability partnerships 136–7, 558–9 partnerships 114, 121, 125, 132–3 property in goods 311 protection against for package holidays 415 stoppage in transit 319 tour operators 413 see also bankruptcies; liquidation insurance contracts 273 insurance, employer’s liability 494–5, 496, 500 insurance, onus on occupier to check validity of contractor’s 431 interest 79, 84 on debts 99–100 in partnerships 125 Internet domain names 441 Internet sales 321 invitation to treat 206–9 judges 54–5, 58, 60, 61, 62 in fraud cases 373 in small claims cases 417 Judicial Committee of the Privy Council 62 judicial review 55, 60, 61 juries 54, 58, 60 in defamation cases 350 in fraud cases 373 juristic persons 76–7 land law 48, 222, 227, 259, 272, 347–10, 369 access 425–6 chattels 422 easements 423–4 indemnity insurance 424 legal estates 426–9 occupiers of land, rights and duties 429–31 recovery of, actions for land 58 registration 424 restrictive covenants 236, 426 rights of way 425 Lands Tribunal 426 law centres 49 law making 12–40, 43–4 law reform 13–14 precedent 22–3 see also EC law law reform agencies 14 Law Society 46, 407 leaseholds 427, 428 leases 422, 427, 428 leasing 268, 285, 507 legal aid 49 legal executives 48 Legal Services Board 47 Legal Services Commission 49 legislation 15–22 delegated 20 letters of intent 226 liability accountants and auditors 344–6 administrator’s liability 559 civil 8, 507 and company name 155 contractual 8–9 credit agreements 394–7 573 BUSL_Z01.qxd 3/13/09 10:39 AM Page 574 Index liability (continued) credit and charge cards 387, 394–5 criminal 9, 367–8, 407–8 criminal liability in business 358–77 defective goods 337–8, 341 defective equipment 500–1 defective services 342–3 directors’ 157, 506 discrimination 531, 533–4 double liability 225 due diligence as a defence 362, 363–4, 366 employer’s liability for injuries to employees 500–2 exemption clauses 286–96, 298–9 health and safety 507–8 in the pre-incorporation stage 150–1 indemnity clauses 293–4 injurious falsehood 441 insider information 374–5 joint liability 534 lawyers 344 limited partnerships 133–4 limited liability partnerships 134–5, 136–7 manufacturer’s liability in contract 324–7 mental capacity 231 misleading particulars 169 occupiers of land 429–31 package holidays 415 personal acts 495 ‘product liability’ 339–40 psychiatric illness 333–5 public limited companies 148, 158 references 487 retailers 309, 325 sole trader 86 strict liability 9, 325, 331, 340, 341, 348–10, 362, 368, 500, 508 –9 supply of services 324, 367 tortious 9, 58, 60, 331, 352–4 unfair dismissal 542 unlimited companies 148, 157–8 vicarious liability 331, 453, 485, 493–500, 508 winding up 165 see also partnerships: liability; directors: liability; licensed conveyancers 48 licensing 60 limitation of legal actions 260–1 limited liability partnerships (LLPs) 74, 78, 80, 81, 86–8, 90, 117, 134 –7, 558 –9 accounts 135 incorporation 134 membership agreement 137 publicity 88 limited partnerships 133–4 liquidated damages clauses 284 liquidation 189–92, 193, 194, 311, 558–60 distribution of funds 191–2 petitioners 190 see also winding up liquidators 166, 190, 191 listing 168–9 loan capital 162, 165–7 loans consumer credit 384, 387, 388 directors 181–3 ‘lock-out’ agreements 212, 227–8 Lord Chancellor 7, 14, 15 magistrates 24, 53, 54, 55 jurisdiction 53–4 magistrates’ courts 53–4, 60 maladministration 66 maternity allowance 474 med-arb 66 mediation 65–6 medical examinations 529–30 meetings 172–4, 187–8 memorandum of association 149, 152, 158 merchantable quality 304, 305 merger control 245, 247–8 minority interests 176–8 minors 75, 117, 170–1, 205, 229–31, 259, 355, 392, 430, 466, 483, 487, 503, 518, 526, 528, 553 misconduct 543–4, 545, 546, 552, 557, 560, 561 misrepresentation 127, 235–9, 281–2, 287, 294 credit agreements 394 fraudulent 237–8 innocent 239 negligent 238–9 package holidays 413 mistake of fact 260 mistake of law 260 mixed goods 311 moral rights 436–7 mortgages 83–6, 272, 388, 390, 396, 422, 424 multi-track claims 57, 58 National Consumer Federation (NCF) 407 national insurance 91, 92, 93, 452, 455–6, 467, 470, 472, 474, 562 national minimum wage (NMW) 466–9, 471, 526, 548 natural persons 75 necessity 271, 354 negligence 6, 86–7, 222, 238, 289, 355, 505 contributory negligence 339, 342, 345, 352–4, 500–1 574 BUSL_Z01.qxd 3/13/09 10:39 AM Page 575 Index defective goods 337–9 defective services 342–3, 355 defences 337 injuries at work 500–2, 503, 507–8 and legal professionals 47 in limited liability partnerships 135 occupiers of land 429 negligent statements 343 in partnerships 121, 122 in psychiatric illness cases 333–5 references 486–8 vicarious liability 453, 485, 496, 497, 499–500 see also torts: negligence neutral fact finding 66 Nominet UK 155–6 Norman legal system novation 122 objects clause 156–7 offences by bodies corporate 512–13 offer 205–11 acceptance 209, 211–15 counter-offer 209, 212 invitation to treat 206–9 revocation 209–11 termination 209–11 Office for Legal Complaints 47 Office of Fair Trading 244, 246–8, 265, 277, 297, 298, 327, 391, 392, 394, 395, 398, 404 –5, 408, 409, 410 consumer protection regulations 362 Official Receiver 103–4, 105 Official Solicitor, the 78 ombudsmen 66, 67, 391, 407 Orders in Council 20 outsiders 160 overdraft 384, 388, 394 package holidays 367, 410, 413–5 complaints 415 liability 415 misleading information 413 protection against insolvency 415 parliamentary sovereignty 18 partnerships 73 – 4, 78, 80, 111–33 agreements 73, 112, 113, 115, 119, 120, 122, 123–31, 139 – 43 authority of partners 119–21 continuity 87–8 discrimination 526 dismissal 558 dissolution 128–33, 558 duties 127–8, 138 employees 459 expulsion of partner 126 holding out (or estoppel) 115–17 implied management powers 125–6 insolvent partnership 132–3 legal personality 138 liability 73–4, 82, 86, 112, 113–14, 115–17, 121–3, 130, 132, 138 limited partnerships 74, 78, 86 mental capacity 117 minors 117 misappropriation 121 national minimum wage 467 profit sharing 112–13, 114, 116, 125 property 124–5, 138 publicity 88 raising finance 79 reform proposals 137–8 retirement 122–3 salaries 125 taxation 92–3, 117 winding up 74 passing-off 439, 441–2 patents 58, 431, 432–3 Patents Court 61 pay 466–7 equality 480–4, 525 itemised pay statements 479 rolled up rate 516 service-related pay 527 see also holidays and holiday pay; sick pay penalty clauses 254–5 pensions 459, 465, 484, 527, 536 performance 249–50 personal property and chattels 85–6, 422–3 planning permission 93–5 pre-action protocols 57 precedent 22–3, 24 pre-emption rights 167–8 preferences 107–8, 191, 192, 193, 196 preliminary rulings 29 pressure groups, law reform and 15 price 280 price variation clauses 284 privacy 443, 491 private law privity of contract 216, 221–5, 288–9, 325, 426, 499 exceptions 222–3 probate 58 product safety 362–5 profit and loss account 89 profits 424 575 BUSL_Z01.qxd 3/13/09 10:39 AM Page 576 Index promissory estoppel 219–21 proof, burden of 336–7, 338 property 9, 267, arson 377 in goods 309 –12, 322–3 intellectual property 431–43 licenses 424–5 in liquidation of a company 191, 197–8 personal property, definition 421 real property, definition 421 securities 424 theft of 368, 369–70 see also business property proportionality 26 prospectuses 169, 170 public interest disclosure 492 public law 3–4 public notaries 48 Public Trustees 77–8 quantum meruit 250, 252, 259 – 60, 288 quasi-contract 250, 259–60 Queen’s Counsel 46 racial discrimination 520, 521, 522, 523, 524, 525, 531 ‘reasonableness test’ 291–5, 323, 343, 347, 486, 542–3 rectification 235 redemption, right of 84 redundancy 251, 456, 458, 460, 465, 469, 478, 493, 513, 527, 539, 542, 544 –5, 551– 6, 558 – 60 apprenticeships 552 consultation 554–6 unfair selection 546 –7, 548, 550, 561 registered designs 431 regulators 66 religion or belief discrimination 523, 524, 531, 533 remedies 7, 235, 254 – 60, 283 equitable remedies 258–9 infringement of intellectual property 432–3, 436, 440, 442 restitution 231, 259–60 sale and supply of goods remedies 318–21, 323 in tort 354 unfair terms 297 rescission 170, 224, 235, 239, 321 reserved legal activity 47 res extincta 232 res ipsa loquitur 336 –7, 338 restraint of trade 77, 84, 85, 241–3, 244, 442, 490–1, 564 restraint orders 376 restrictive covenants 236, 426 retirement 122 –3, 526 –7, 535 rights of way 425–6 Romalpa clauses 311 Royal Charter, companies incorporated by 75 Royal Commissions 14–15 Rylands v Fletcher rule 348–10 sale of goods, contracts for the 257, 260, 266–7, 285, 291, 294, 302–21 acceptance 317–20 consumer rights, additional 320–1 co-ownership 311 definition 303 delivery 315–17 description 304, 402 fitness for a particular purpose 307–8 implied terms 303, 307, 309, 321 liens 319 market overt, rule of 315 nemo dat rule 312, 313, 315, 381 non-delivery 320 owner, sale by a person who is not the 312–14 payment 318 performance of the contract 315–18 quality 305–8 reasonable person qualification 305, 306, 307, 308 rejection 316, 317, 318, 319–20 remedies 318–21, 323 right of disposal 311 right of resale 319 samples 308–9 specific goods 309–10 stoppage in transit 319 suitability 304–5 title 303, 313–15 transfer of property 309–12 transfer of risk 311–12 unascertained goods 310–11 Scottish Parliament 16 security 80 self-employment 90, 91, 452, 453, 454–5, 467 discrimination 526 health and safety 502, 505–6, 513, 514 illegal employment 528 unfair dismissal 540 service marks 431 service-related benefits 527 sex discrimination 519–20, 521, 522, 523, 524, 525, 530, 531, 534–5 sexual orientation discrimination 520, 524, 531, 532–3 shareholders 74, 80, 87, 89, 90, 156, 159–65, 168, 170, 172–3, 175, 176–7, 178, 546 as employees 454–5 576 BUSL_Z01.qxd 3/13/09 10:39 AM Page 577 Index contract 214 rights 171 shares 80, 86, 88, 147, 148, 170, 228 elective resolution 167 issue of shares 167–8 ordinary (equity) shares 162 placings 168 preference shares 162 purchase of own shares 162–5 redeemable shares 162 rights issue 168 share capital 78, 149, 161–5 stock exchange fraud 373–5 treasury shares 163 voting rights 162, 163 see also shareholders sick pay 465, 469–71 sickness absence 537 small claims 57, 58, 60, 416 –17 smoking in the workplace 509–9 sole traders 73, 78, 79, 80, 97–111 business names 97–9 continuity 87 dissolution 99 liability of 86 publicity 88 taxation 90–1 solicitors 45–7 ‘solus’ agreement 242 specific performance 235, 258–9, 320, 563–4 statement of guarantee 149–50 Statements of Development Principles (SDPs) 94 statutory declaration of solvency 164–5 statutory interpretation 20–2 stress 508, 511 ‘subject to contract’ agreements 212 subsidiarity 26 Sunday trading 492–3, 494, 548 supply of goods and services 321–7, 367, 402 Supreme Court 15, 16, 56, 62 taxation 90–2 tenders 207–8 terminology, changes to 57 terms of contracts 279–99 certainty 279–81 conditions 282 express 283–4 implied 284 – 6, 291, 294 –5, 298, 325 puffs, representations and terms 281–2 reform 298–9 unfair terms 290–8 warranties 283 see also contract of employment: terms of employment theft 367–72, 449, 544, 545 actus reus 367–70 authorised appropriation 368–9 dishonesty 370–1, 373 mens rea 370–1 ‘thin skull’ rule 335 third-party debt claim (formerly garnishee orders) 100–1 tips 467 tortious liability 9, 58, 60, 121, 330–2 torts causation 331–2 conversion 233, 234, 313, 347, 498 deceit 237, 343 defamation 350–1, 355 defective goods and services 337–43 defences 352–4 economic torts 351–2 the law of tort 330–355 libel 331 limitation of actions 355 negligence 332–9 nuisance 347–8, 355, 505, 564 passing–off 439, 441–2 proof of damage 331 trespass 331, 347, 425, 426, 429, 430, 431, 496, 564 trade descriptions 402 trade marks 431, 433, 437, 438–41 trade secrets 241–2, 442–3, 490–1 trade unions 49, 226, 454, 456, 459, 461, 466, 485–6, 545, 546, 547, 548 consultation over collective redundancies 554, 556 discrimination 526, 528 employment protection 485–6 health and safety consultation 513 independent advice 549 learning representatives 478 recognition 485 rights 485 time off for union duties 478 working time agreements 517 trader’s puff 281 transactions defrauding creditors 108 transfer of undertakings 457–9, 483, 547, 548, 558 compensation 458, 459 consultation 458–9 transsexuals 523–4 trespass 331, 347, 425, 426, 429, 430, 431, 496, 564 tribunals 50, 61, 62–4 Consumer Credit Appeals Tribunal 391 577 BUSL_Z01.qxd 3/13/09 10:39 AM Page 578 Index tribunals (continued) employment 91, 458 –9, 461, 462, 465 – 6, 468–9, 471–2, 475 –3, 485 – 6, 488, 492, 518, 520, 522, 524 – 6, 530, 532 – 4, 536 – 8, 540 – 4, 546 –50, 552–6, 558, 560 –2 Lands Tribunal 426 see also Employment Appeals Tribunal trusts 222, 427 ultra vires rule 156, 498 –9 unlisted securities 170 undervalue, transactions at an 107–8, 109–10, 192 undue influence 240 unfair contract terms 290–8, 327, 403, 417 unfair dismissal 251, 456, 458–61, 465–6, 468–9, 471–2, 474– 6, 485, 490, 492–3, 510, 518, 522, 539–56, 557– 8, 560 –1 retirement 526 Sunday working 493 unfair prejudice 177–8 ‘unfairness test’ 396–7 unsecured creditors 166 unsolicited goods and services 213 Value Added Tax (VAT) 78 valuers and surveyors 346–7 victimisation 469, 476, 492–3, 526, 530–1, 538, 545 warrants of execution 100 whistleblowing 376, 455, 491–2, 548, 549, 560 winding-up 58, 87, 131–3, 165, 192, 559–60 commonholds 427, 429 effect of the moratorium 197 guarantee companies 148 order 190 voluntary190–1 see also liquidation work and materials, contracts for 267 working environment regulations 503–4 Working Time Regulations 469, 514–18, 548 youth courts 54 578 BUSL_Z01.qxd 3/13/09 10:39 AM Page 579 BUSL_Z01.qxd 3/13/09 10:39 AM Page 580 The essential reference for all students of law Fully comprehensive entries on all aspects of English Law Clear definitions of specialised legal terminology Cross-referenced, giving full references for cases and statutes The dictionary is fully supported by a companion website which links to additional legal information, and provides updates to definitions Available from all good bookshops or order online at: www.pearsoned.co.uk/law ... Page i Keenan and Riches? ?? BUSINESS LAW BUSL_A01.qxd 3/13/09 10:28 AM Page ii Also available: Smith and Keenan? ??s LAW FOR BUSINESS Smith and Keenan? ??s ENGLISH LAW TEXT AND CASES Smith and Keenan? ??s... Cataloging-in-Publication Data Riches, Sarah Keenan and Riches? ?? business law – 9th ed / Sarah Riches and Vida Allen p cm Rev ed of: Business law / Denis Keenan, Sarah Riches 7th ed 2005 Includes... Keenan? ??s COMPANY LAW Smith and Keenan? ??s COMPANY LAW WITH SCOTTISH SUPPLEMENT BUSL_A01.qxd 3/13/09 10:28 AM Ninth Edition Page iii Keenan and Riches? ?? BUSINESS LAW Sarah Riches and Vida Allen BUSL_A01.qxd