Nhflng sau khi thflc hien chinh sach kiem soat trflc tiep khu vflc mien Nam, mot loat cac bien phap dfldc ap dung de ddng hoa ngfldi Ma Lai Islam giao nhfl cd gang thanh lap he thd'n[r]
(1)58 Nghien cun Ton giao So - 2008
fK* ff
VAN DE TON GIAO VA DAN TOC
TRONG XUNG DOT MIEN NAM THAI LAN
D o khiing hoing ve kinh te nam 1997 cflng vdi nhflng xu hfldng hien tren the gidi the lflc dan tdc va tdn giao cue doan boat dong sdi ddng d nhieu khu vflc, trd van de nan giai de doa an ninh nhieu qud'c gia Tai Ddng Nam A, van de tdn giao va dan tdc lai cang dung bdi sfl phflc tap va nhay cim eiia van de Khdng cd qud'c gia nao tai Ddng Nam A lai khdng phii ddi phd vdi van de tdn giao va dan tdc dfldi hinh thflc hoac hinh thflc khac Viec tri sfl dn dinh chinh tri - xa hdi tao thuan ldi cho hdp tac khu \Tic ludn la mdt thach thflc
Phong trao li khai Islam giao tai cac tinh mien Nam Thai Lan nhfl Pattani, Yala va Narathivat giap vdi Malaysia da tdn tai hdn 100 nam Tfl nhflng nam 80 the ki XX den vdi nhflng chinh sach cflng r i n va mem deo cua Chinh phii Thai Lan cac td chflc li khai d i n d i n ling diu Nhflng den nay, Islam giao d mien Nam Thai Lan v i n it dfldc thfla nhan Viec Chinh phu Thai Lan d at phai quan tdi mien Nam, ddng thdi dfla quan tdi Iraq iing ho lien mmh Anh - My cang khien nhflng ngfldi Islam giao d mien Nam bat man Trong g i n ba nam vfla qua, cac hoat ddng khiing bd hen tiep nd d tinh mien Nam, hen tuc x i v cac
NGUYEN HIOJ TUAN'*'
sfl kien gay h o i hoan, tan cdng bang sung, nd bom khien hang tram ngfldi thiet mang, Trfldc cue dien nhfl vay, cflu Thii tfldng Thaksin da cflng ran "lay bao life chd'ng lai bao life", khien sfl ddi lap cang cang t h i n g hdn
Lam the nao de kiem soat tinh hinh, lam diu mdi quan he gifla Chinh phu Thai Lan vdi dan chung mien Nam Day la nhflng thii thach khd khan ddi vdi chinh quyen Bai \aet se khai quat ddi net ve Islam giao d mien Nam Thai Lan va thflc trang cua phong trao ndi day theo xu hfldng li khai tai khu vflc nay, ve chinh sach cua Nha nfldc Thai Lan, tfl dd dUa mot so' nhan xet cho van de
1 Vai n e t ve I s l a m giao m i e n Nam Thai Lan
Ngudi Islam giao d Thai Lan cd k h o i n g 2,3 trieu ngUdi mot qud'c gia cd 64 trieu dan Tin dd Islam giao Thai Lan dudc chia nhdm ngfldi Ma Lai Islam giao va ngfldi Islam giao thudc cac dan tdc khac khdng phii Ma Lai Dieu dang lflu y la nhflng ngfldi Islam giao phi Ma Lai (khoing niia trieu tin dd tap trung tai khu vflc Bangkok) la cdng ddng hoa nhap td't nhat Ho chinh thflc dfldc xem la ngfldi Thai Islam giao
(2)Nguyin Hiru Tuan Vdn de tdn gido vd ddn tdc 59
da dfldc "Thai boa" kha sau sic, bdi vi ho ndi tieng Thai, hoa nhap vao khung cinh van boa Thai Ngfldc lai, cdng ddng ngfldi Islam giao d mien Nam kem hda nhap hdn nhieu Ho rat g i n bd va tri nhflng mdi lien he kha than thiet vdi ngfldi Islam giao chiem da sd'd Lien bang Malaysia lang gieng
• J , ^
0 mien Nam Thai Lan, ngfldi Islam giao Ma Lai (chiem 70 - 80% Islam giao ci nfldc) sd'ng tap trung d tinh: Pattani, Narathivat, Yala va Satun Lanh thd cd nhieu ngfldi mien Nam theo dao Islam sinh sd'ng g i n tfldng flng vdi tieu vfldng qud'c Islam giad Pattani trfldc (da dfldc sap nhap vad Thai Lan hdi diu the ki XX, dd goi la Xiem theo mot thoi thuan vdi Anh) Tfl nhieu thap ki qua, nhflng ngfldi Thai Lan, p h i n Idn theo dao Phat da d i n d i n thiet lap d dd chinh quyen, ngdn ngfl va cac trfldng hoc Mac dfl thudc ve dat nfldc Thai Lan dao Phat chi phdi, nhflng cfl dan ciia cac tinh mien Nam lai cd chung nhflng dac tinh ve lich sii, van hoa va ngdn ngfl vdi nhflng ngfldi Islam giao Ma Lai khac d quin dao Malaysia Dac tinh rieng biet ciia bq cho den la mot nguyen nhan gay cang thing vdi dac tinh dan tdc Thai Lan
Pattani la mot trung tam nghien cflu dao Islam khu vflc the ki XIX Nhflng sinh vien Islam giao tfl khap khu vflc Ddng Nam A thudng theo hoc tai trfldng Islam giao tinh trUdc tdi Trung Ddng de tiep tuc tu nghiep ve Islam giao NgUdi Islam giad Pattani cung la nhflng ngfldi lam cdng tac dad tad ndi tieng tai cac the che Islam giao quan trong the gidi Arap Cac hoc gia tfl Pattani va nhflng t h i y giao day tdn giao d day cflng la nhflng ngfldi da cd cdng dich nhflng ldi chu giii tdn giad va bai
thuyet phap tfl tieng Arap sang tieng Jawi va tieng Ma Lai Nhan thflc ciia cdng ddng ngfldi Islam giao Ma Lai d day cho den dfldc nudi dfldng va hd trd bdi he thd'ng giao due Islam giao da tdn tai d mien Nam Thai Lan tfl hdn mdt the ki He thd'ng giao due dfldc xay dflng xung quanh cac trfldng Pondok (trUdng Islam giao) .- i' ôvi .rj ãã,>,, \v\ ,,,,,
Cac tin dd Islam giao Thai Lan phan Idn deu theo giao phai Sunnit (phai chinh thd'ng), mot so thudc trUdng phai khac Cung nhu dac trUng ciia Islam giao Ddng Nam A, de dang nhan thay rang, Islam giao d day tiep thu va boa nhap mot so' yeu td' dan gian O cac tinh mien Nam Thai Lan, nhieu lang xa, ngUdi ta thay cac nghi le Islam giao truyen thd'ng ket hdp hai boa vdi cac nghi le t h i n linh ciia ngudi Ma Lai
Cong ddng Islam giao ngUdi Ma Lai cd nhieu ngudi la lanh dao ciia cac Hdi ddng cap tinh ve cac van de Islam giao, tham gia Hdi ddng tdi cao ciia cdng ddng Islam giao Trung Udng Thai Lan Ddng thdi, bq cflng trd cd' van cua chinh phii ve nhflng van de Islam giao va ngfldi Islam giao d Thai Lan Nhflng chflc sac Islam giao d Thai Lan, cflng nhfl cac cdng ddng Islam giao khac d Ddng Nam A, cd uy tin rat Idn ddi vdi nhflng tin dd Islam giao cdng ddng cua minh
2 P h o n g trao li khai va tinh hinh hien
(3)60 Nghien curu Ton giao So - 2008
Trdng g i n nifa the ki qua, nhflng tin dd Islam giao d day da tien hanh nhieu cudc ndi day ddi ddc lap va t h a n h lap nfldc Cong hoa Islam giao Nhflng phong trao chu yeu td chflc lien hdp Islam giad dflng td chflc va lanh dao nhfl: Mat tran Ddn tdc Gidi phdng
Pattani (BNPP) t h a n h lap 1949, Mat tran Cdch mang Ddn tdc (BRN) lap
nam 1960 Nhdm li khai Idn va cd i n h hfldng manh me treng dan chung la Td
chiic Gidi phdng Thd'ng nhat Pattani
(PULO) lap nam 1968 Diem tfldng ddng cua cac td chflc du kich la mot chfldng trinh nghi sfl vdi muc dich li khai
Cac nhdm li khai b i t d i u boat dong vfl trang tfl nam 1948, ngfldi Ma Lai Islam giad dfldc cae nha lanh dae phong trao du kich trang hi vfl Tfl nam 1960 trd lai day, cac td chflc li khai Islam giao da tien hanh nhieu hoat dong quan sfl d Yala, Pattani, Narathivat hoac d mot so' ndi khac nhfl Hadayri, tham chi tai thu dd Bangkok Ho dat bom d cac ndi cdng cong nhfl ddn cinh sat, tram xe liia, san bay, cau cdng, ddt trfldng hoc cdng va phuc kich cac lflc Ifldng vfl trang cua chinh phii
Ben canh cac boat ddng quan sfl la cac boat ddng khac nham nang cao nen giao due Islam giao, giao due lich sii va van boa Ma Lai, nhat la lich sii ve vang cua Pattani xfla kia; khdi day mdi han thu dan toe ngfldi Ma Lai Islam giao, phan phat truyen ddn tuyen truyen lich sii dao Islam va len an sfl ddi xii tan bao cua ngfldi Thai ddi vdi ngfldi Ma Lai Islam giad; keu gdi ngfldi Ma Lai Islam giao khdng hdp tac vdi chinh phu va c i n h sat Ho td chflc thuyet trinh d cac dfldng, trfldng Islam giao; mit tinh, bieu tinh chdng chinh phu; van ddng quan chflng gia nhap cac td chflc H khai; dfla
ngfldi cua phong trao tham gia flng cfl vao cae vi tri lanh dao dia phfldng; van ddng quyen tien mua vu chuan bi khdi nghia (mot l i n khdng vao thang 3/1961)
Tfl cac nhdm li khai dfldc lap, nhieu heat dong dfldc tien hanh de thu hut sfl chu y va giup dd ciia cac td chflc qudc te, ddng thdi cdng kich manh me cac chinh sach ddng hoa ngfldi Ma Lai Islam giao cua Chinh phii Thai Lan Mot mat, ho day manh nhflng hoat ddng ngoai giao de thu hflt sfl quan tam cua the gidi Islam giao ben ngoai nhfl md rdng mdi quan he qud'c te rong rai vdi cac td chflc hai ngoai, dac biet vdi khu vflc Tay A; giii dai dien den cac nfldc Islam giao khac de dfla van de dau tranh gianh doc lap trfldc dien dan qud'c te Mat khac, ho tang cfldng ciing cd' y thflc tdn giao, xay dflng nhieu trfldng Islam giao, td chflc nhieu hoi nghi va lap nhieu td chflc Islam giao mdi, giii ngfldi hanh hfldng den Thanh dia Mecca
Lam nhfl vay, pheng trao li khai Islam giao da n h a n dfldc sii hd trd ve tai chinh, t r a n h bi vu va gay dfldc cam tinh cua mot so' nfldc Islam giao Thflc te, tfl nhflng nam 60 cua the ki XX, sfl chdng ddi cua ngfldi Ma Lai Islam giao da dfla rat nhieu vao sfl ung ho cua the gidi Islam giao ndi chung va cac chinh quyen cap tien d Trung Ddng ndi rieng
Sau vu bao loan thang 1/2004, Chinh phu Thai Lan da ap dung bien phap vu lflc, dfla quan ddi den tran ap, tinh hinh ndi day cua ngfldi Islam giao mien Nam Thai Lan chang nhflng khdng diu xudng, trai lai cang tang len manh me va cac vu tan cdng khiing bo' cung tang len,
(4)Nguyin Hiiu Tuan Vdn de ton gido vd ddn toe 61
khu vflc nay, hinh thflc bao lflc da thay ddi Gid day, cac mue tieu tan cdng khdng chi la cdng chflc Nha nfldc va thfldng dan, ma cdn la cac nha sfl Muc dich cua lflc Ifldng ndi day dfldng nhfl mud'n xua dudi nhflng ngfldi khdng theo Islam giao khdi khu vflc mien Nam Dieu cho thay life lUdng ndi day da cd' gang day len sii thfl ban tdn giao Mot b i u khdng bat an ludn bao trflm cac phd' va cac ddn dien cao su, mot nhflng khu vflc kinh te chinh cua vflng
3 Chinh sach cua Nha nvtiic Thai Lan va nhiifng n g u y e n n h a n gia tang mau thuan i ., ; '
Dudi trieu dai Chakkri, Vudng qud'c Xiem thi hanh mot loai che bio hd ddi vdi khu viic mien Nam Den d i u the ki XIX, sii kiem soat cua nha nUdc trung Udng dUdc tang cudng Patani bi chia tieu qud'c, mdi tieu qud'c mot
raji ngudi Ma Lai dUdc chi dinh dflng
cai quan dfldi quyen chi dao chung cua mot vien quan ngfldi Xiem
Nam 1932, che Quan chii Lap hien Thai Lan dfldc thiet lap, cac tinh Islam giao thudc mien Nam da chuyen sang quyen kiem soat trflc tiep Ket q u i ciia cudc Cach mang nam 1932 la nhan manh vao b i n sic dan tdc Thai ma Phat giao va vfldng trieu la nhflng bieu tfldng trung tam; la day nhanh tien trinh ddng hoa cac nhdm dan toe d ngoai vi va lam cho nha nfldc cang tap trung hdn Mien Nam Islam giad dfldc dat dfldi sfl kiem soat cua Bq Ndi vu, cai quin bdi cac cd quan chflc ngudi Thai dUdc cii den tfl Bangkok
Dinh cao ciia cudc each mang dan tdc chu nghia la vao nam 1938 Dfldi sfl bao trd ciia che quan sfl doc tai Phibun, mot cfldng linh chinh tri mdi dfldc day manh, thflc chat la ket hdp nhan manh
b i n sic va sfl thd'ng nhat dan tdc Thai vdi viec day manh td'c hien dai hoa, pha bd nhflng "tap quan" va "thd ngfl" lac hau; ap dat sii thd'ng nhat ve ngdn ngfl va hanh vi xa hoi, Chinh sach dd dfldc neu trong mot van b i n khet tieng la Phdp
lenh ciia Diic Vua quy dinh cdc phong tiic, tap qudn cua ngUdi Thdi cdng bd'
nam 1941
Mac dfl chinh sach dd khdng chi nhim vao ngfldi Ma Lai theo dao Islam d mien Nam Thai Lan, nhflng rd rang nd la mot mdi de doa trflc tiep ddi vdi cd sd ciia b i n sac dan tdc va tdn giao cua bq Dieu dfla ngfldi Ma Lai Islam giao tfl chd lo sd den chd bat binh Nhieu trfldng hoc Ma Lai bi ddng ciia va giao due truyen thdng Ma Lai hi cam Viec sii dung tieng Ma Lai cac cd quan nha nfldc bi coi la pham phap Cac cd quan nha nfldc yeu ciu tat c i moi trang phuc phai theo kieu PhUdng Tay va dUdng nhien quin ao dan tdc Ma Lai bi cam d vflng Islam giao, le thfl sau hang t u i n bi cam Den nam 1944, Chinh phu Thai Lan thii tieu hoan toan cd quan luat phap Islam giao d tinh mien Nam
Tfl lau, ngfldi Ma Lai Islam giao dfldc bid dam mdt hinh thflc tfl tri nao dd de thflc hien nhflng dieu luat tdn giao rieng cua minh Tuy nhien, sfl tan cdng nghiem nhat vao tinh cim tdn giao va dan tdc ciia ngfldi Islam giao Ma Lai xiy cac quan chflc chinh phii khang dinh vi tri hang d i u ciia Phat giao cac tinh Islam giao mien Nam Thai Lan Chinh tfl luc nay, cac phong trao li khai, ddi ddc lap bat d i u nd
(5)62 Nghien cihi Ton giao Sd6 - 2008
Malaysia da cd vfl manh me tinh t h i n dan tdc ciia ngfldi Ma Lai Islam giao d Thai Lan, khien ho hfldng ve the gidi Ma Lai va tang cfldng quan he moi mat vdi nhflng anh em Islam giao cflng chiing tdc cua minh Nhflng ngfldi Ma Lai Islam giad Nam Thai Lan da thflc day yeu sach phuc hdi lanh thd cua ho qua viec giii cho Bd trfldng Bo Thudc dia Anh mdt kien nghi neu rd nhflng bat man, vach rd nhflng oan ban tich tu tfl lau cua ho ddi vdi chinh quyen Thai Lan, nhflng khdng cd ket qua hoan c i n h lich sii va quan he qud'c te sau chien tranh
Mac dfl vi the ciia ngfldi Ma Lai Islam giao khdng thay ddi, nhflng vdi sfl len tieng ung ho ciia cac td chflc chinh tri Malaysia, van de ngfldi Islam giad mien Nam Thai Lan dfldc dfla cdng luan qudc te va gay bat ldi cho Chinh phu Thai Lan Do ap life tfl nhieu phia, Chinh phu Thai Lan da dfla mot sd' chinh sach mem mdng hdn ddi vdi nhflng ngfldi Ma Lai Islam giao mien Nam Nam 1946, le tdn giao thfl sau hang t u i n da dfldc phuc hdi lai cac khu vflc Islam giao va cac quy dinh mdi da cho phep ap dung luat Islam giao he thd'ng phap luat ve hdn nhan, gia dinh va thfla ke Hien phap mdi nam 1946 ciia Thai Lan td phfl hdp vdi long mong mdi va quyen ldi cua ngfldi Ma Lai Islam giao vi nd tan nguyen tic tfl tdn giao va van hoa
Nhflng cii each ay cd y nghia tich cflc chinh sach ciia Thai Lan ddi vdi cac tin dd dao Islam ngfldi Thai ndi chung dac biet ddi vdi cac tin dd Islam giao ngfldi Ma Lai ndi rieng se vdi chinh sach da thi hanh trfldc va sau Chien tranh The gidi thfl hai
Kmh te la nguyen nhan quan khac dfla tdi sfl bat dn dinh ciia van de
Khu vflc mien Nam hoan toan khac biet vdi cac vflng cdn lai cua Thai Lan Chinh vi dieu dd, khu vflc khdng nhan dfldc nhieu sfl quan tam tfl chinh phii trung fldng, dan tdi chd lam tang hdn nfla tinh trang mat can bang ve thu nhap gifla mien Nam va p h i n cdn lai ciia dat nfldc Nhan dan d day thieu nhflng dieu kien sd'ng cd b i n , da tao dieu kien thuan ldi cho cac boat ddng cua cac the liic tdn giao cflc doan cflng nhfl eac nhdm tdi pham khac
Nhfl da de cap, dac tinh lich sii, van boa va ngdn ngfl, nhan thflc ciia cdng ddng Islam giao Ma Lai dfldc nudi dfldng bdi he thdng cac trfldng Islam giao da tdn tai hang tram nam, khac ban vdi sfl giao due ngdi chfla, la trung tam sinh boat van hoa - xa hdi ciia cdng ddng Phat giao Nhflng sau thflc hien chinh sach kiem soat trflc tiep khu vflc mien Nam, mot loat cac bien phap dfldc ap dung de ddng hoa ngfldi Ma Lai Islam giao nhfl cd gang lap he thd'ng giao due mdi, hien dai theo md hinh Phfldng Tay n h i m "hien dai hoa" dat nfldc, Thflc te, cho den nay, ngfldi Islam giao v i n hi tach khdi khung canh giao due chung cua dat nfldc, bdi trfldng ldp mdi dung tieng Thai lam phfldng tien giang day va hoc tap chinh Hdn nfla, chinh sach trfldc nam 1945 budc tat ca hoc sinh, bat ke thudc tdn giao nao, dan toe nao, deu phai hoe luan li Phat giao, hoc lich sii va ngdn ngfl Thai, Ho ket tdi Chinh phii Thai Lan da am mflu xoa bd ngdn ngu, tap tuc Ma Lai de bien the he tre ngfldi Ma Lai Islam giao t h a n h ngfldi Thai,
(6)Nguyin Hiru Tuan Vdn de ton gido va ddn tgc 63
ma chi la nhflng bat ddng ve kinh te va chinh tri Vi vay, Chinh phu Thai Lan da CO gang d i u tfl phat trien kinh te khu vflc ngfldi Islam giao, nham nang cao ddi sd'ng vat chat va tinh t h i n ciia bq, dac biet nhan manh den giao due (trfldng dai hoc Islam giao dfldc lap dap flng nhu cau dao tao cua ngfldi Ma Lai, nhieu flu tien thi tuyen vao nhieu trfldng dai hoc khac ke ca dai hoc quan sfl, cinh sat Sau td't nghiep, cac sinh vien Islam giao dfldc flu tien tim viec lam thich hdp)''*
Tuy nhien, ngfldi Ma Lai Islam giao da khdng hai long vdi nhflng chinh sach cua Chinh phii Thai Lan Ho khdng mud'n giii den hoc d cac trfldng the tuc vi sd chung se lang quen tdn giae va nen t i n g van boa ciia cha dng Cdng ddng Islam giao d day ludn cd y thflc bio ve nen van boa rieng ciia bq va mot nhflng "phdng tuyen" d i u tien van la nhflng trUdng hoc Pondok boat ddng theo nguyen tac dao Islam Sinh vien d khu , viic thudng c i m thay khd khan hoac
khdng thich thu vdi chinh sach giao due ciia Nha nUdc xet tren khia canh van boa Nhieu ngUdi so' ho da trUdng trong nhflng trfldng Pondok va tiep tuc theo hoc tai cac trfldng Islam giad ngoai Thai Lan
Them nfla, viec Chinh phu Thai Lan khuyen khich cfl dan tfl cac tinh mien Bic di cfl den mien Nam de lam an sinh sd'ng da lam ngfldi Islam giao Ma Lai bat binh Ho cho dd la am mflu cua chinh phu nham can b i n g ti le dan cfl va bien d i n ho thieu so' tren que hfldng bq, nen cac boat ddng chd'ng ddi chinh phu van gia tang,
Nhieu cd' g i n g ciia Chinh phii Thai Lan n h i m dfla ngfldi thieu so' Islam giao
Ma Lai d mien Nam khdi the gidi Ma Lai va the gidi Islam giao, dUa ho boa nhap vao cdng ddng ngfldi Thai da khdng thu dfldc ket qua Sfl each biet ve tdn giao, van hoa va ngdn ngfl gifla hai dan tdc khien hd' ngan each gifla bq cang them sau Dac biet la thai miet thi ciia mdt bd phan ngfldi Thai cho r i n g ngfldi Ma Lai la "khach" bq khdng phai ngfldi nhap cfl, bq sd'ng tren que hfldng lau ddi ciia minh Dieu dd cang gdp p h i n pha vd sfl hdp nhat qud'c gia, hdi nhap dan tdc Dd la cac nguyen nhan de phong trao li khai keo dai nhieu nam
q u a '- ' ^ ' • -^'y nr.iM •• >• , i •; i.i , ; i i i ' j ^
Chinh sach ciia Chinh phii Thaksin cflng gdp p h i n khien phong trao ndi day bflng len thdi gian qua Nhflng ngfldi chd'ng ddi tai mien Nam Thai Lan cho rang: "Sfl phan biet ddi xii chd'ng lai khu vflc mien Nam vdi dan chflng theo dao Islam da tang len ke tfl Thaksin cim quyen"'^' Cac thu linh Islam giao khac cho rang, xung dot tren khdng phai la mdt cudc chien gifla Islam giao va Phat giao, hoac ciia td chflc Jihad (Thanh chien) chd'ng lai chinh phii than Phfldng Tay Dung hdn, bq ndi rang, chien dich cua nhflng phan tii h khai mang mau sac dan tdc, xet ve b i n chat, dfldc thflc day chii yeu bdi nhflng sfl bat man mang tinh lich sii, nhflng vu viec hi coi la bat cdng cung nhfl viec thieu nhflng cd hdi kinh te'^', Lau nay, cac d i n g nhd ciia Thai Lan moc len nhfl nam Phong trao li khai mien Nam nd r i m rd, y thflc dia phfldng boa ciia cac tinh ndng thdn trd
1 Xem: Truong ST Hiing (chu bien) May tdn gido
tin ngUdng Dong Nam A Nxb Thanh nien 2003
2 Thdng tan xa Viet Nam Tdi lieu tham khao 28 thang nam 2005
(7)64 Nghien cun Ton giao Sd6 - 2008
nen nghiem trong, cac the life dia phfldng tranh gianh dia ban chinh tri Them vao dd, Chinh phu Thai Lan nhieu l i n cii td, chinh sach thay ddi that thfldng, lam cho dan chflng chiu nhieu khd cflc Sau khiing hoing kinh te Chau A nam 1997, ddi sd'ng nhan dan cang them khd'n khd Vi tri cd mdt khdng hai cua mien cflc Nam Thai Lan da bien khu vflc mdt vflng biet lap ve mat van hoa mdt thdi ki dai trfldc day Dieu cang khien cho nd trd nen het sflc nhay cim vdi chinh sach tap quyen de cao van boa Thai va phuc hdi lai quyen hanh cho gidi quan sfl cua Chinh phu Thaksin Tfl nam 2002, khu vflc cang chiu nhieu ap lflc Trong cudc chien chdng ma nam 2003, so' ngfldi chet tang cao va mdt so' cd kha nang la "nan nhan" lflc lUdng an ninh cang lo lang ve mang ludi lien ket gifla cac p h i n tii Islam giao vfl trang, cac cudc san lung va bat bd cang gia tang, dae biet la eac trfldng
Pondok P h i n flng lai sflc ep nay, mdt so'
ngfldi tap hdp lai de bid ve nhflng tfl tfldng Islam giao va ting ho y tfldng lap mdt qud'c gia Pattani ddc lap
Trfldc day, de xoa diu ^ chi li khai tiem an cac tin dd Islam giao d mien cflc Nam, tfldng Prem Tinsulanonda (cflu Thu tfldng Thai Lan 1980-1988) da lap mot cd quan hdn hdp goi la Trung tdm Hdnh chinh
cdc tinh mien Nam Thdi Lan (SPABC), cd
trach nhiem "san lap" nhflng khd khan d dd Ong cflng da lap mdt cd quan tinh bao gdm cac nhan vien nhan sfl, cinh sat va quan sfl (CPM 43) Mat khac, day la ndi Dang Dan chii cd cd sd vflng chic va dfldc coi la ding quan tam nhieu hdn tdi quyen ldi ciia nhflng ngfldi Islam giao Vi vay, khu \Tic mien Nam xa xdi ciia Vfldng qud'c Thai Lan nhd vay ma da cd mdt thdi ki dai tfldng ddi yen tinh
Thii tfldng Thaksin cho r i n g , ngheo ddi, chu nghia li khai tdn tai dai dang, xung dot chinh tri d dia phfldng, quan chflc t h a m nhflng va nhflng the lflc xa hdi den, tat ea gdp p h i n vao cudc khiing hoang d day, Ong da giai tan SPABC va CPM 43 vi cho r i n g cd quan "khdng hieu qui" Giai phap cua Thu tfldng Thaksin la rdt them tien vao nhflng quy phat trien va m a n h tay t r a n ap bao lflc Sau tai dkc cii, Thu tfldng Thaksin tiep tuc chon chinh sach cflng ran, thiet lap them sfl doan bo binh vdi 12.000 quan ddng vinh vien d tinh mien Nam Thai Lan, dfla sd' quan cua chinh phu ddng d day len 25.000 ngfldi de tang cfldng kiem soat Ddng thdi, dng bat tay quyet t a m khdi phuc hoa binh nhiem ki b i n g sii dieu chinh chinh sach q u i n li phia Nam Ong chi thi quan ddi di sau vao nhan dan, day manh quan he quan dan, quan ddi tham gia cung cap cac dich vu y te cflng cac hang muc phat trien cho tinh mien Nam, lam suy yeu lap trfldng cua mot so' lang xa iing ho cac p h i n tii cua chu nghia li khai d mien Nam'"'
SPABC trfldc day da t h a n h cdng viec lien ket cac vi chflc sac Islam giao vdi cac dai dien cua chinh phii trung fldng, hi giii tan, khu vflc mien Nam Islam giao bi mat eac kenh lien lac vdi Bangkok Ddng thdi, cdng tac tinh bao da dfldc chuyen sang c i n h sat dia phfldng boat dong kem hieu qua Khoing trdng dfldc tao dung vao lflc the gidi Islam giao dang rung chuyen bdi nhflng tac ddng ciia cac vu khiing bd
11/9/2001 va cua h a n h ddng can thiep quan sfl cua Hoa Ky d Iraq nam 2003,
(8)Nguyin Hiru Tuan Vdn de tdn gido vd ddn tdc 65
Chinh sach "ban tay sit" ddi vdi ngfldi Islam giao khu vflc lam cho cfl dan Islam giao cac tinh mien Nam phan no va ndi day Ho da sii dung vfl lflc de chd'ng lai sfl dan ap cua chinh phu tfl dd cang lam cho tinh hinh trd nen rdi ren
Mdt sd' nha phan tich cho rang, bat luan cac cudc bao ddng la phe nhdm nao thflc hien di chang nfla, dieu quan hdn la phai tim hieu nhflng nguyen sau xa dfla den bao loan Ddng thdi, gidi phan tich lo ngai rang, vdi sfl hien dien ciia quan ddi Thai Lan tai mien Nam, san sang dung vu lflc quan sfl ap dao de dep loan, thi hd' each biet van hoa gifla ngfldi dan mien Nam theo Islam giao, vdi dai da sd' tin dd Phat giao d nhflng ndi khac tren lanh thd Thai Lan, se cang sau rdng hdn, keo dai tinh trang bat dn tai day
Nhu vay, tinh hinh hien d Thai Lan neu bat t i m quan ciia viec tim nhflng giai phap cho nhflng dieu bat binh lien quan den quyen tfl tri, b i n sac va kinh te Sfl sap nhap vflng mien Nam Thai Lan da tiem an tinh chat xung dot vi nd mang theo sfl thay ddi can ban cac cd cau chinh tri, dfla vao mdt he thd'ng tfl tudng khac va nhflng dinh hfldng gia tri khac ve nguyen tac, ddc lap vdi nhieu quan diem da tham can truyen thd'ng cua khu vflc Sfl ap dat tfl phia nha nfldc trung fldng da khdng xem xet den tinh ddc dao, nhflng truyen thdng ciia cU dan khu vflc mien Nam Thai Lan va nhflng nhu ciu van boa ciia cdng ddng Islam giao Ma Lai d mflc cin thiet
Chinh quyen mdi tai Thai Lan sau sfl kien dao chinh hdi thang nam 2005 khdng chi cd' ging d i y manh boat ddng ngoai giao n h i m tranh thu sfl iing hd ciia qudc te ma cdn tim nhflng phfldng each mdi viec giii quyet cudc xung dot
dai d i n g d mien Nam Khac vdi chinh sach dfldi thdi Thii tfldng Thaksin vdn thien ve cac bien phap cflng rin Thu tfldng Surayud Chulanon tuyen bd sin sang ddi thoai vdi cac nhdm Islam giao dia phfldng ve moi van de, trfl li khai Tham chi, dng Chulanon cdn ngd ldi can nhac nghiem tflc viec trao quyen tu tri cho mien Nam nhfl la mdt phin cua ban thoi thuan boa binh Phong tuc va luat le Islam giao cung cd the dfldc xem xet ap dung tai dia phfldng"'
4 Mot so van de dvidc dat r a
Se la sai lam neu xem xet cac phong trao ndi day d mien Nam Thai Lan nhfl la mdt hien tUdng hot phat ngau nhien, rdi rac ddn le, hoan canh cac quan he qud'c te cua tdn giao cang dan xen chang chit vdi Nhflng gi d mien Nam Thai Lan cho thay mdt phong trao ndi day tdn tai tfl nhieu thap ki qua dang din lien ket nhflng muc tieu ban diu theo xu hfldng li khai tdn giao va dan tdc cua nd vdi nhflng lap luan ciia chii nghia khiing bd qud'c te (Jemaah Islamiyah va Al-qaeda) Dd la sfl nghi ngd ve mdi lien he ciia mdt sd' it cac phin tfl Islam giao cflc doan Thai Lan vdi td chflc Jemaah Islamiyah Phong trao ndi day Islam giao tai day lai dang trdng chd vao nhflng ldi ich ma cac mang Ifldi khung bd toan cau hoa mang lai cho bq Tuy nhien, rat khd biet lieu Jemaah Islamiyah da cd anh hfldng trflc tiep den mdt cudc xung dot chii yeu van mang tinh chat dia phfldng hay khdng?
Do nhflng yeu td' chu quan va khach quan, hien chfla the mdt sdm mot chieu tieu tan ngay, nen cudc xung dot trfldc mat cdn cd the tiep tuc keo dai, am i hoac bflng phat, ddng thdi i n giau nhflng
(9)66 Nghien ciin Ton giao Sd6 - 2008
nguy cd tiem tang bflng nd phflc tap hdn tinh chat toan ciu hoa ciia thdi dai
Cho den nay, van de Islam giao d mien Nam Thai Lan v i n ddi hdi mdt sii giai quyet t h o i dang Chinh phu Thai Lan cin thfla nhan hinh thai da dan tdc cua minh Vai trd cua Islam giao qua trinh bao loan la phflc tap hdn nhieu Nhflng vien mdi san sang tiep thu nhflng tfl tfldng hap dan nhfl Islam giao cap tien Chd'ng lai dao Islam cap tien ddi hdi phai hdp nhat cac chien Ifldc chinh tri (dfldc thflc day bdi cac nha nfldc - dan tdc) nham giai quyet nhieu dieu bat cdng cd gdc re tfl cac van de nhfl dan tdc - tdn giao, xa hdi - kinh te, quyen dai dien cua thieu sd' Dfla Islam giao khdi bdng tdi, tao cho Islam giao cd tieng ndi chinh thflc la giai phap td't cho van de
Vdi hai cudc xung dot theo xu hfldng li khai dang di gin tdi chd dfldc giai quyet d Inddnesia va Philippines, k h i nang tuyen md quan cua cac td chflc khiing bd' dang giim manh luc chinh sach kiem soat ddi vdi cdng ddng Islam giao khu vflc dang dfldc that chat Nhieu ngfldi dang nhac lai thoi thuan boa binh cho Aceh, ndi phong trao Islam giao ddi li khai khdi Indonesia da ndi day dau tranh sud't 30 nam qua, khien hang van ngfldi dan vd tdi thiet mang Cuoc chien lang diu vdi mot thoi thuan hoa binh ki tai Heksmki gifla Chinh phii Indonesia va Phong trao Aceh Tfl (GAM) vao thang 8/2005 da bfldc diu mang lai dn dinh cho vflng dat Day cung la mdt thoi thuan "mau" dang de chinh quyen Thai Lan "suy ngam" cho dfl moi sfl so sanh deu khap khieng Bing viec dap flng nhflng nguyen vong chinh tri ciia cac cdng ddng dia phfldng, mdi trfldng cho cac phin tii khiing bd' vay vflng dd dang bi co lai manh me "Do dd, Chinh phii
Thai Lan khdng dfldc de them met vu Mindanao hay Aceh khac xuat hien vao lflc mot xu the boa binh dfldng nhfl dang dam chdi ben r i khu vflc Thay vi dan ap, Thai Lan nen khdi sfl mot tien trinh hoa binh tim kiem cac giai phap chinh tri, tim kiem nhflng nha ddi thoai hoac cac nha trung gian boa giii xac thflc de cd the tim dfldc ldi thoat cho cuoc khiing hoang Khi chinh quyen va ngfldi dan deu cd chung mong mud'n ddi thoai, hoa giii thi cac nhdm phien quan cflng khdng the di ngfldc lai nguyen vong chung neu khdng mudn cd lap Ben canh dd la tang cfldng cac chinh sach diu tu phat trien hai hoa khu vflc nhay cam Mdt chien Ifldc nhfl vay se lam mat di mdi trfldng boat ddng cho nhflng ke khdng the boa giai ve mat chinh tri
Tdm lai, mud'n thflc hien dn dinh d cac diem ndng nhfl mien Nam Thai Lan cd hai nhan td' quan trong; mot la dn dinh bien gidi; hai la sfl chap nhan ciia chinh phii vdi cdng ddng Islam giao khdng p h i i thudc van hoa Thai Lan Nhfl ldi Lenin: "Chi cd mot sfl quan tam Idn lao den ldi ich ciia cac dan tdc khac thi mdi loai trfl dfldc ngudn gd'c ciia moi sfl xung dot""'' Mud'n dn dinh de phat trien cin p h i i thflc hien chii nghia dan toe khoan dung va cdi md Thflc hien chii nghia dan tdc dn boa khdng phai chuyen khd ma van de quan la d chd dinh hfldng dung d i n Hay chfl y cac nguyen nhan va giflp cii thien chflng; hay nhin ki nguyen nhan va giai quyet van de, t r a n h cac giai phap quan sfl Day la van de chinh tri nen phai tim giai phap chinh tri, giai phap ngoai giao Giai phap quan sfl phat sinh them van de hdn la giii quyet./