V i n con nhirng rao can khi quy hoach nong thon mdi dang nang ve t u van quy hoach xay dung, quy hoach khu trung tam, trong khi nhljng phan khac n h u quy hoach kinh te, xa hoi, [r]
(1)^ V A N D E Q U A N T A M
XAY DUNG NONG THON MOI
PHAT HO/NOI LUC
ngudi dan va vai tro cap xa L^TANG MINH LOG
Ccic liijong Cut Kinli tc hcip t^c va |jhat trien nong thon, BO NN va PENT
Trudc day, Chinh phu da trien khai 11 chaong trinh muc tieu quoc gia, 14 chuong trinh mgc tieu h6 tro hu6ng vao phat trien nong thon Tuy nhien, can phan biet ro chuong trinh xay dung nong thon m6i la chuong trinh l<hung dua nhOng nOi dung de xSy dung nong thon mdi, la co s6 chung nhat trien khai cac chuong trinh phat trien nong thon khac giai doan hien
MUC Tieu LON CUA CHUONG TRlNH XAY DUNC NONG THON MOI
Muc tieu cija Viet Nam toi nam 2020 c a ban n u o c cong nghiep hien dai Nhung neu thi hien dai nong thon xap xe lac hau thi chua phai la nu-oc cong nghiep hoan chinh Do vay, khong the chi phat trien thj ma bo qua nong thon
Dau tien phai khang dinh rang nong thon nu-oc ta dang thieu quy hoach phat trien Den nam 2008, kiem lai c h u o n g trinh co % so xa CO quy hoach nhung moi o quy hoach theo dang diem dan c u , mot so quy hoach khu trung tam, cac quy hoach khac khong co.Them vao do, chung ta khong co CO Che quan ly nen quy hoach "treo" vSn ton tai, bp mat nong thon phat trien Ion xipn, canh quan moi truong xuong cap, ve dep binh cua nong thon Viet Nam khong nua
T h u hai, mi>c song cua nguoi dan hien rat thap, chenh iech thu nhap vai thj cang tang Dieu tra truoc nam 2008 cho thay thu nhap cua dan cu nong thon chi bang d u o i % so voi thu nhap ciia ca nifoc va so v6i thj thap han nua
T h u ba, tinh trang thieu "chuan" ve tang nong thon bien Cac c h u o n g trinh phat dong dien, d u a n g , truong, tram nhung khong co chuan nen tijy tung dieu kien kinh te xa hoi rieng ma mdi noi theo y dinh chu quan cua lanh dao dia p h u o n g Ouiyng co noi 5m - 6m, co noi chi 3m cot trai be long cung Cac phong trao cung
hutjng ttii be tong rap khuon ma khong nghT den viec giu gin canh quan Ha tang lac hau, thieu dong bo khong dap irng d u o c yeu cau phat trien lau dai D u o n g nho to khong vao duoc, d u o n g khong co ranh thoat nucjc Cac cong trinh tang a hoan canh t u o n g t u , mot vai noi tinh trang chap va Toi 2008, Co 30% d u o n g co chat luong phu hop, lai deu tinh trang can tiep tuc nang cap
T h u t u , dich vu van hoa, y te phuc vu nguoi dan nong thon hien vi/a thieu vua kem, hon 80% so thon co nha van hoa nhung d o n thuan chi la cai nha bon bi>c t u o n g CO mai de ngoi hop
T h u nam, toi nam 2010, 181.000 can bo cap xa co , % khong biet chO, chua d u o c dao tao khoang 48%, khong biet vi tinh la 80% Tat ca nhi>ng yeu to tren ly giai vi nong thon kem phat trien, nguoi tre, ngudi giau khong may muon song o nong thon
Theo Nghi quyet 26 cua BCH Trung u o n g Dang, nong thon moi phai dat d u o c nhi>ng tieu chuan: Thir nhat la phat trien kinh te, nang cao dai song cua n g u o i dan Thir hai la co lang t u o n g doi hien dai de dap ung d u o c nhu cau phat trien lau dai va nong thon mai phai phat trien co djnh hucjng T h u ba phai xanh, sach, dep Thir t u la dan tri phai d u o c nang cao, gia trj van hoa truyen thong tot dep phai d u o c bao ton, chat l u o n g cua can bo c a s o , chu yeu la thon ban, xa phai d u a c nang cao T u Nghj quyet nay, Chinh phu da l u a n g hoa
c h u o n g trinh nong thon miji bang 19 tieu chi Du vay, bat tay vao thuc hien van gap rat nhieu kho khan
C h u o n g trinh nong thon ma\ Ian khac biet so vai cac c h u o n g trinh phat trien nong thon da thuc hien truoc Trong cac c h u o n g trinh truoc co s u tham gia cua cap huyen hoac cap thon thi Ian xa d u a c chon la d o n vj hat nhan Su khac biet nij-a la c h u o n g trinh Ian d u o c danh gia theo bo tieu chi Nha nuoc djnh hutjng bang quy hoach, bang cac chinh sach de thuc day, nguoi dan se phai dong gop, phat huy kha nang t u chu xay di/ng nong thon moi Kinh nghiem phat trien ciia cac n u o c cho thay s u phat trien ciia thj va nong thon mat can doi nghiem trong, nong thon tieu dieu se gay sire ep len thj, giai phap giai quyet bat on la xay d u n g , phat trien lai nong thon Nhat Ban, Han Quoc, Trung Quoc da rat cong phat trien nong thon theo each dua chu yeu vao t u than cac loi the canh tranh ciia nong thon co h u o n g d i n thuc hien cua Nha nuiD'c
Bp Xay dung cung quy dinh ro viec quy hoach dja ban mot xa nong thon moi phai lam the nao, tif noi dung den hinh thirc, quy trinh, d a n gia, dinh gia Cac chinh sach ho tra nhu: Nha nuac h5 tra 100% cho cong tac quy hoach, dao tao can bo, xay dung tnj s a xa va h6 tra mot phan doi vol hang muc khac Doi vai xa viing dac biet kho khan ciD the h6 tro tai 95%, nhung nhirng dia phuong kinh te kha c h i t i r 10 - % Chinh
(2)phu quyet dinh ty le ho tra tirng phan, thay doi tiiy dieu kien ngan sach va dac thii tung dia p h u a n g
Truoc d a y Chinh phii da trien khai 11 c h u o n g trinh muc tieu quoc gia, 14 c h u o n g trinh muc tieu h6 tra h u o n g vao phat trien nong thon C h u o n g trinh xay dung nong thon mtiri thuc hien hien dat cac van de trien khai n h u the nao de tranh d u o c s u chong cheo len cac c h u o n g trinh khac Vai tro ciia cac bo nganh co lien quan phoi hap cung Bo Nong nghiep va Phat trien nong thon n h u the nao? Can phan biet r5 c h u o n g trinh xay d u n g nong thon moi la c h u o n g trinh khung d u a nhtrng npi dung thuc hien 19 tieu chi de co nong thon moi, la CO s o chung nhat trien khai cac c h u o n g trinh phat trien nong thon khac giai doan hien
NHUNG THANH CONG BUOC DAU
Khi trien khai c h u o n g trinh xay dung nong thon moi, n g u i j i dan d o n gian hieu rang la c h u a n g trinh xay dung tang Nhung neu chi co xay d u n g nang cap tang, se khong phai la nong thon moi Co rat nhieu cac d o n vj c o stj c h u a hieu chinh xac van de nay, bat tay vao thuc hien cung khong tren c o s o danh gia thuc trang nong thon mo\ ciia dja p h u o n g Do do, tir can bo den n g u a i dan deu liing tiing Trong
Khac v6i cac chaong trinh muc tieu quoc gia ve nong thon trade day, chaong trinh xay dung nong thon m6i tap trung phat huy nOi lac cija ngadi dan va vai tro chinh quyen cap xa 06 cung la cac yeu to chi'nh quyet dmh sa bai ciJa chuong trinh
khoang nam dau tien thuc hien chuong trinh, nhieu kho khan sinh toi mire t u o n g n h u khong the thuc hien
Tiep tuc khang djnh day ia chuang trinh thuong xuyen, Chinh phu da co nhirng c h u a n g trinh dau t u ro ret Cong tac tuyen truyen d u a c day manh ya\ khau hieu "Toan dan chung sire xay dung nong thon mai" Nhan thirc ve nong thon mdi cung thay doi r5 % so xa da hoan quy hoach chung, mot so cung da hoan cong tac quy hoach chi tiet, gan % so xa dang lam de an xay dung nong thon mai He thong tang nong thon da c o ban hoan Trong hon 9.000 xa co 40% xa da trien khai xong cac cong trinh tang Nhieu dja phuang lam quy hoach da dan djnh h u o n g d u o c san xuat di theo h u o n g nao, each thirc d u a doanh nghiep ve vcri nong thon
Ben canh do, nhO-ng tac dong khac nhu cac chinh sach da d u o c cai tien va bo sung, nhl>ng v u a n g mac nhu c o che quan ly tai
chinh dan d u o c thao go Tat ca nguon ho tro cho xa d u o c Sua vao mot tai khoan Chung giao cho ban quan ly xa, chi tieu ban t u van, co ban giam sat, nang cao chat luong xay dung cong trinh, tiet kiem chi phi va nguon luc dau t u C o che dau t u xay dung c o ban cung d u o c cai tien mot budc Trudc day, cac d u an von ngan sach doi hoi ban ve thiet ke ciia c o quan t u van chuyen mon Nay, nhCrng noi dung yeu cau ky thuat cao nhu xay nha tang, lam cong Idn mdi bat bupc phai co NhC/ng cong trinh don gian nhu d u o n g nong thon co the chi can thiet ke dien hjnh roi ngudi dan t u lam Dan t u dong gop, t u lam vera cd them cong an viec lam, vtra giam bdt chi phi thue nhan cong, tiet kiem va tao dong luc xay dung nong thon mdi de ngudi dan cting tham gia thuc hien
(3)^ V A N D E Q U A N T A M
tao nghe can thiet ho chuyen sang lam cong nghiep djch vu va dao tao lao dong nong nghiep trd nong dan gioi
Xac dinh phai cd doanh nghiep dau t u vao nong thon giiip thuc day tieu thu san pham, tao cong an viec lam, tao cho d u a vu-ng chac de ngudi dan co the trudng ca ve quan ly, ve thi trudng, ve ky thuat, Nghi djnh 61 (ve chinh sach khuyen khich doanh nghiep dau t u vao nong nghiep nong thon) da ddi Nhung chinh sach chua sat voi thuc tien va dang d u o c cac cap co tham quyen chinh sira Ben canh do, chinh sach tin dung cung da cdi m d han, ngan hang can cai tien cac thii tuc hanh chinh, dong thai, cung can thiet lap nhirng d o n vj t u van cho nong dan thuc hien cac thii tuc vay von
Ve xay dung nong thon mdi, Nha n u d e cd chinh sach Quyet dinh 28 ciia Chinh phii d u a tri thirc tre ve nong thon Tinh den nay, da cd 600 tri thirc d u o c ve vdi nong thon
Xay dirng nong thon mdi de cao vai tro ciia ngudi dan, phat huy noi luc ciia dan nhung phat huy noi luc khong cd nghTa la dan phai lam het Ngudi dan nong thon cd the sir dung noi luc viec bo tien t u cai tao nha cira, cong trinh ve sinh dung vdi yeu cau sach dep, van minh; t u cai tao v u d n ao cho dep va cd thu nhap; sira sang lai hang rao ngan nap sach se, cong ranh khai thong Dan bo cong sire dau t u lam giau tren manh ruong, b d ao ciia minh la noi luc, tham gia dong gdp xay dung cong trinh cong cong cung la noi luc Nha n u d e phai d u a d u a c cac chinh sach de thuc day nhl>ng ngudi cd dieu kien d nong thon dau t u mot so cong trinh co the thu phi: cap n u d e sach, san the thao, ben cang, cho de CO nhCmg cong trinh tot hon, ngudi dan d u o c thu hudng tot hon, huy dong ca em ciia que h u o n g tham gia dong gdp Cach lam the nao phu thuoc rat nhieu vao trinh dp cua doi ngu can bo cap c o s d va de lam tot hon, Nha n u d e dang dac biet tap trung den cong tac tap huan, nang cao trinh cho dpi ngij
NHUNG KHO KHAN Vf QUY HOACH, KI^N TRUC NONG THON MOI
Kho khan dau tien cd the ke tdi la ngudi dan chua hieu ro ve ban chat xay dung nong thon mdi Trong do, trinh ciia doi ngu can bo thap, nen chua biet each to chirc, h u d n g d i n ngudi dan Can bo can la ngudi dirng dau cd tam, cd tai, cd dinh h u d n g lam gi, bat dau tir dau de ngudi
dan va cac hoi doan the lam theo T h u hai la cong tac quy hoach Xac dinh quy hoach phai di trudc mot budc V i n nhirng rao can quy hoach nong thon mdi dang nang ve t u van quy hoach xay dung, quy hoach khu trung tam, nhljng phan khac n h u quy hoach kinh te, xa hoi, quy hoach gan vdi phat trien kinh te bao ve moi trudng thi chua d u o c chii Cong tac quy hoach san xuat mdi chi hoach djnh chung vi tri chirc nang nhu: cho dong ruong, cho chan nuoi, Nhung trien khai tiep quy hoach chi tiet lai kho tiep noi V I the, van rat nhieu dja p h u o n g chua thuc hien xong quy hoach chi tiet, chua cam mdc chi gidi do, chua ngan chan d u o c viec dan xam Ian Ve quy hoach chi tiet dong ruong, yeu cau quy hoach kinh te dja phuang la phai xac dinh rd xu the Quy hoach ciia xa phai ket noi vdi quy hoach vung (tinh va huyen), Nhung rat nhieu tinh va huyen chua dieu chinh xong quy hoach san xuat, kinh te xa hoi nen d o n vi xa cung lung tiing viec xac dinh lai the chinh cua minh
Phai xac djnh quy hoach san xuat chuyen canh viing xac dinh san pham lai the canh tranh chu luc va h u d n g nong thon dira tren cac loi the ve pham vi canh tranh Trudc mat de tranh bj dao Ion, ngudi dan cd the san xuat 1 / - san pham tir ca chan nuoi, trot, thiiy san sau chon mot loai san pham quan nhat, chinh nhat ma sau se la san pham chii luc de dau t u tang c o s d , dau t u dao tao nang luc ky thuat chp ngudi dan Hien hang nghin d o n vi tham gia lap quy hoach nhung nhin chung am hieu ve dja p h u o n g kem Nhieu dja p h u a n g phai tap huan lai chp d o n vj t u van
Khi da xac dinh d u a c cac yeu to tren, pham vi quy hoach vung xu the la don dan Vdi chan nuoi, quan diem mdi la khong the de trang trai khu dan c u , tranh gay n h i l m Phai chuyen nhOng ho chan nuoi Idn khu v u c rieng Do do, phai giai quyet van de quy hoach dat dai Phai chuan bj dieu kien rupng dat de hS tra di chuyen ngudi dan khu san xuat tap trung
Quy hpach san xuat, san pham chinh la yeu to lien quan den bd tri tang, dao tap ky nang san xuat, Nhung mot sd d o n vj t u van chat l u o n g thap, du quy hoach da thuc hien xong nhung chat l u a n g nhieu van de phai ban Khong it chuyen gia cho rang muon quy hpach nong thon mdi cd sire song thi phai cd s u tham gia ciia n g u d i dan Nhung can xac djnh mire va giai doan de dong gdp tpt nhat che cpng tac quy hpach Nen chang, n g u d i dan tham gia
d viec chon san pham san xuat, chon mot so cong trinh cong cpng va vj tri xay dung
Nha n u d e phai cd chinh sach mdi ho tro de thiic day ngudi dan phat huy npi luc Trong giai doan dau, can bo va nguoi dan CO ban c h u a hieu ban chat ciia chuong trinh, Nha n u d e phai cd hd tra de dan theo va chung tay xay dung
XAY DUNG NONG THON MOI GIAI DOAN 2012
Trong nam 2012 nay, chuang trinh xay dung nong thon mdi cd nh&ng cong viec uu tien Tap trung hoan co ban de an ke hoach phat trien nong thon xa gom 19 tieu chi, phai cd chuyen bien dang kd ve tang, d u d n g giao thong, dien nude sinh boat gan quy hoach vdi phat trien san xuat Moi noi t u chuyen doi c o cau san xuat de tao d u o c s u phat trien tang thu nhap cho ngudi dan, giiip nang cao ddi song va dong gop cho xa hoi Day manh cong tac tuyen truyen, cd chinh sach cu the khuyen khich cac dja p h u a n g thuc hien chuong trinh mdt each tich cue, tranh benh tich Viec sira ddi, dieu chinh mot so tieu chi Quoc gia ve nong thon mdi duoc tien hanh tren c o s d tdng hop y kien tif cac dja p h u a n g , cac bd nganh, cting la de thiic day tot hon nCfa c h u o n g trinh xay dung nong thon mdi
Ve kien true, can cd nhCf ng m i u nha dep cho ngudi dan tham khao lua chon Xay d u n g va thiet ke cho d u o c nhirng mau nha phu hap vdi thon que chir khong phai mSu nha cua thj Can cd phuong an chinh trang nha d nong thon tren co sd khao sat va nghien ciru ky hien trang nha d sin c6 cho phti hap Chuan bi cac phuang an thiet ke dien hinh cho giai doan sap tdi Muc tieu Idn la vdng - nam tdi phai thay doi t u ciia ngudi dan ve kien true nha a nong thon mdi Thong qua cac mau thiet ke dien hinh phu hap, co tinh khoa hoc va thuc tien cao de dan thay doi t u tudng xay nha dng, nha mai bang mpt each tien va t u phat n h u hien De ngudi dan hieu ngdi nha d nong thon phai hai hoa vdi thien nhien, thong qua hinh anh thiet ke va can bp dja phuong la nhan to tien phong thuc hien