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Nhiing chu dg dugc hd trg nghien cuu bao gdm: nghien cuu phit trign nhCing san phim tai chinh mdi nhu huy dgng vdn dai ban d khu vyc ndng thdn, cho vay theo ddng tien, hay phit trig[r]
(1)1^ MitngXudn Tdn Mdo l^^J NGAN HANG Vdl SIJ NGHIEP PHAT TRIEN NONG NGHIEP VA NONG THON ^
Lam the nao
da cac ngan hang cd thd tham gia vao thj ttiTdng tai chinh ndng thdn Vidt Nam
mdt each cd hidu qua va an toan P
Sou han 20 nam doi mai, Viet Nam da dgt dirge nhCrng thdnh ti/u kinh te an ti/gng, song van la mot quoc gia ngh^o vol thu nhgp tha'p va tiem nang phat trien lan chua dirge khai thde, nhd't Id khu vuc nong nghiep, nong thon Hien nay, tren 70% ddn so Viet Nam van dang song o khu vuc nong thon vd nong nghiep van Id nguon thu nhgp chfnh Khu vuc nong thon Viet Nam Id mgt thj trudng co tiem ndng khai thde rgng lan, song Viet Nam thieu mgt he thong tdi chfnh nong thon ben vung de phyc vu cho khu vuc ndy Bdi vie't sou ddy phdn tfch ro nhung nhdn to' cdn tra qud trinh tham gia cua cac ngdn hdng vdo thj truang tdi chfnh nong thon vd de xud't cdc gidi phdp de cde ngdn hdng tham gia vdo thj trudng ndy mgt cdch CO hieu qud, gop phdn
bdo ve moi truang vd phdt trien kinh te nong nghiep, nong thon ben vi/ng
Kama
Cliuygnmucnaydo
AGRIBANK tai tru
TS Hoang Huy Ha *
Nang cao mite song a khu vuc ndng thon van se la mgt thach thitc lan doi vai Viet Nam
1 Khu virc nong thon va nhu cau ve vd'n cho dau tu phat trien
Sau ban 20 nim ddi mdi, Viet Nam da dat dugc nhung thinh tyu kinh tg an tugng, song van cdn la mdt qudc gia ngheo vdi thu nhip GDP binh quan dau ngudi thip va tiem ning phit trign Idn chua duac khai thic
Theo sd lieu mdi cdng bd, ty le ngheo cua Viet Nam da giam 75% kg tu nim 1993 dgn nam 2009, song dy tinh vin cdn khoang 12 trieu ngudi ngheo (14,5%), khoang 85% sd dd sdng d ndng thdn Hien nay, trgn 70% din sd Viet Nam vin
* Pho Tong Giam doc Ngan hang OSu tu va Phat trien Viet Nam
(2)Mung Xudn Tdn Mdo
j ^ NGAN HANG Vdl SLT NGHIEP PHAT TRIEN NONG NGHIEP VA N N G THON
dang sdng d khu vyc ndng thdn va ndng nghiep van la ngudn thu nhip chinh cua hg Ning cao muc sdng d khu vyc ndng thdn vin se la mdt thach thuc Idn ddi vdi Viet Nam
D I dat muc tigu phit trign khu vyc ndng thdn bgn vung va tigp tuc nhCing thinh cdng xda ddi giam ngheo, kg hoach nim tilp theo, Chinh phu dy kign muc tdng muc dau tu cho kinh tg ndng thdn khoang - ty USD mdi nim Trong do, dy kign diu tu cua khu vyc tu nhin chiem khoang 40% bay mdi khoang -2,5 ty USD Do dd, ben canh diu tu cua Nhi nudc, sy tham gia cua he thdng ngin bang vao phit trign khu vyc ndng thdn se la ngudn bd sung can thigt
2 He thd'ng ngan hang va thj trudng tai chfnh nong thon Viet Nam
Qui trinh cai cich khu vyc tai chinh bat diu mdt cich manh me tu diu nhiing nam 2000, da dat dugc nhung kgt qua rit ding ke Dgn nay, Viet Nam da hinh
mdt he thdng tai chinh trung gian chinh thuc vdi 44 ngin bing (trong dd ngin bang thuang mai Nha nudc, 39 ngin bing thuang mai cd phin, tren 900 Qui tin dung nhan dan (PCF) vi sy tham gia cua nhieu djnh chg tai chinh nudc ngoai Trong giai doan tu nam 2000 dgn nay, nigm dn vao he thdng ngin hing da tang len nhanh chdng, thd hien d ti le tien gui, tu 24% GDP Ign tren 60% GDP; ngudn tin dung cho nin kinh te cung dat muc tang trudng binb quin hing nam gin 30% He thdng toin lign ngin hang va ngi bd cic ngin hang, dugc xiy dyng theo cic tigu chuin qudc te, da giup cai thien cac djch vu toin, diy nhanh vdng quay vdn vi ting tinh bieu qua cua viec din vdn
Mac du da cd nhiing budc phit trign Idn, song boat ddng cua be thdng ngin hang, tru Ngan bang Ndng nghiep va Phit trien Ndng thdn Viet Nam (Agribank), chii yeu vin d khu vyc nhirng trung tim Idn va thinh phd, thj xa trung tam tinh, chua dat dugc tinh hieu
qua cdng nhu md rdng sv -P c^n cua cic djch vu tii chin" den cac khu vyc ndng thdn Khu \ yc ndng thdn li mdt thj trudng cd tigm nang khai thic rgng Idn, nai sinh sdng cua tren 70% dan sd ca nudc, song Viet Nam cdn thigu mdt be thdng tii chinh ndng thdn ben vung dl phuc vu cho khu vyc niy Mdi cbi cd khoang 32% ngudi ngheo d ndng thdn tigp can dugc tdi nguon vdn cua cac dinh che tii chinh chinh thuc Cac doanh nghiep ndng thdn, dac biet la cac doanh nghiep vi md va nho da tao 2/3 sd cdng an viec lam, song tiep tuc gap khd khin viec tigp can cic ngudn tai chinh cho nbu ciu diu tu Cic doanh nghiep tu nhin ndng thdn tai trg khoang 75% cic khoan diu tu mdi tu nhiing ngudn phi thuang mai, nhu tu cic ngudn vdn ty eo, tir gia dinh, ban be, hay tu cic qui ndi bd ciia doanh nghiep (lgi nhuan giu lai) Sy phu thuge qua Idn vio cic ngudn ndi tren da lam ban chg qui md phit trign va kha nang md rdng thj trudng ciia doanh nghiep
De tung budc chiem linh thi trudng nong thon rgng Idn, cac ngan hang can
phat then mat chien lugc cu the de hudng de'n thi
truang
88 Tap chi Ilgan hang so 2o3/20ll Ghuvfifi "iHo
(3)MwngXudn Tdn Mdo NGAN HANG Vdl SL/ NGHIEP PHAT TRIEN NONG NGHIEP VA NONG THON 3 Nhung nhan to'can tro
qua trinh tham gia cua cac ngan hang vao thj truang tai chfnh nong thon
Cd nhigu nhin td tic ddng din qui trinh tham gia cua cic ngin hing vao thj trudng tii chinh ndng thdn Nhin td diu tign li hiu hgt cic ngin hing cdn thigu mdt chign lugc cu thg hudng dgn thi trudng ndng thdn Mdt nhCrng nguygn nhin lam cho cic ngin hing chua tich eye md rdng khu vyc ndng thdn la thigu ngudn vdn kha nang huy dgng cdn ygu, die biet la ngudn vdn trung vi dai ban Viec cic ngin hang van ip dung qui djnh vg tai san thg chap dg phdng ngua rui ro, va nhung ygu kem tCr phia ngi tai doanh nghiep, nhu chuin bi kg hoach kinh doanh kem, thigu he thdng kg toin lanh manh va cic bio cio tai chinh, thieu tii san dam bao li mgt trd ngai Idn cho cic doanh nghiep ndng thdn tiep can dgn djch vu ngan bing Ngoai ra, chit lugng san phim va djch vu ngin hing cho khu vyc ndng thdn cdn thip va dan dieu, cic djch vu khdng dip ung dugc nhu ciu da dang cua san xuit ndng nghiep, la ITnh vyc chju nhigu tic ddng cua rui ro thdi tidt hay djch benh lign quan dgn ciy trdng, vit nudi Hon nua, vin dg bao ve mdi trudng cic hoat ddng san xuit kinh doanh a ckc vung ndng thdn cdn chua dugc quan tim dung muc va mdt trd ngn cip bich, ciing la mdt rui ro trd ngai cac ngin hing md rdng boat ddng khu vyc
4 Lam the nao de cac ngan hang tham gia vao thj truong tai chfnh nong thon mgt each hieu qua?
Tit ca nhiing nhin td ngu trgn da lam cho cic ngin hang, cic
doanh nghiep va hd gia dinh ndng thdn chua gap dugc Ndi each khic, dg cic ngin hang cd the tham gia vao thj trudng tai chinh ndng thdn mgt each hieu qua, nhung nhin td trgn can dugc xem xet xu ly
(i) Can xay dung mot chien liro'c cu the hudng tdi khu vuc ndng thdn
Hoat dgng ngin hang da mang tinh canh tranh cao, song chu ygu mdi l i d cic trung tim kinh td Idn, ckc phd, thj xa Canh tranh boat ddng ngin bang d khu vyc ndng thdn cdn ygu Trong sd cic ngin hang, dudng nbu mdi chi cd Agribank da cd chign lugc rd rang phuc vu khu vyc ndng thdn va vin li djnh chg nhit cd boat ddng d vung siu, vung xa Dg tung budc chigm ITnh thj trudng ndng thdn rdng Idn, cic ngin bing cin phit tridn mdt chign lugc cu the de hudng dgn thj trudng niy Chign lugc se bao gdm cic chien lugc kinh doanh, kg hoach phit trien mang ludi chi nhinh hieu qua vdi thdi gian bigu cu the vi kg hoach tuygn dyng, dio tao cin bg dg md rdng boat dgng tdi khu vyc ndng thdn mdt cich ben vCrng, vi tung budc vuan tdi vung siu, vung xa Hoat ddng cho vay d khu vyc ndng thdn cung cd nhCing die thu khic biet, dd, cdng tic dio tao nghiep vu tai chinh ndng thdn cho cic can bd cung cin dugc quan tam dung muc, vi di kem la phat tridn he thdng quan ly rui ro, he thdng kigm soit chit lugng phu hgp vdi die thu mang tinh thdi vu cua san xuit kinh doanh san pham ndng nghiep Hd trg, chuan hda vi phit trign mdt cich cd hieu qua he thdng cic Qui tin dung nhin din va cic to chuc tii chinh vi md d ndng thdn
(ii) Huy ddng vdn va phat trien nhung san pham huy dong vdn mdi
Mgt nhung nguygn nhin lam ban chg sy tham gia cua cic ngin hang vio thj trudng tai chinh ndng thdn la ngin hang thigu vdn, die biet la huy dgng ngudn vdn trung vi dai ban dg su dung cho vay md rgng diu tu vao khu vyc ndng thdn Chi chua dgn 1/3 cic khoan tign huy ddng dugc tu he thdng ngin hang cd thdi ban tren 12 thing Dd dip ung nhu cau cho vay diu tu, mdt phin ngudn vdn ngin ban di dugc su dung tii trg cho cic kho-an vay cd ky bkho-an, va tao sy mit cin ddi vg ky ban va rui ro khoan Mdt thuc tg la thinh phd Idn la Hi Ndi, Hai Phong, Da Ning va Tp Hd Cbi Minh chigm dgn 70% tdng tign gui tigt kiem, song cung su dung 52% tdng tin dung cua cic ngin hing Tu dd cd thg thay la nhung khu vyc ngoai thinh phd Idn (d 60 tinh cdn lai) gap khd khin viec buy dgng vdn dip ung cho nhu cau cho vay d dia phuang Ly la bien cic ngin hang chu ygu vin huy ddng vdn thdng qua cic san phim truyen thdng tu din cu vi doanh nghiep, chua cd cac sin phim tiet kiem mdi phu hgp cho huy ddng vdn d khu vyc ndng thdn Nhiem vu cua be thdng ngin hang, dd, l i phai cd mdt chign lugc cu thg viec thigt kg, tigp thj nhung san phim tigt kiem dai ban mdi, da dang vi bap dan, cd thg nhu ca ciu cac tai khoan tigt kiem, chung chi tign gui hay nhung san pham khic nhu trii phigu, de thu hut ngudn vdn nhan rdi tu khu vyc ndng thdn, md rgng ngudn tai chd cho diu tu phit triln
(4)Mitng Xudn Tdn Mdo
^ NGAN HANG VOI SL/ NGHIEP PHAT TRIEN NONG NGHIEP vA NONG THON
(iii) Phat trien cdng nghe tin dung mdi - Cho vay theo ddng tien
Mgt trd ngai niia dg ngin bing va doanh nghiep gap li cic ngin hang vin chu ygu cho vay tren ca sd tai san thg chip Trong do, ngudi din vi cac doanh nghiep ndng thdn thudng it cd tai san thg chip cd gii trj (hoae cd the dugc chap nhan), vi viy, viec tigp can cua ngin hang dgn nhung ddi tugng bj ban chg Dg vugt qua trd ngai niy, cic ngin hing cin nghign cuu ip dung mdt cich phd bign ban nhung cdng nghe tin dung mdi, nhu cho vay theo ddng tign Cdng nghe tin dung cho vay dya trgn ddng tign se cung cip cho cic ngan bang cic miu sin phim tin dung dugc chuin hda, tbich ung vdi khich hing, cho phep dinb gii tdt ban ning lye tra ng cua ngudi vay theo cic ygu td diu vao ma khdng hoin toan phu thudc vio tii san thg chip Cdng nghe cung ddi hdi boat ddng dao tao dg cic cin bd tin dyng vi can bg quan ly d cic chi nhinh nim bat va ung dung mdt cich tdt nhit
(iv) Hd tro- ky thuat va dao tao cho cac doanh nghiep ndng thdn
Trong thdi ky doi mdi, sd lugng vi chit lugng djch vu ngin bang ngiy cang da dang, tien tign Tuy nhign, ngudi din va cic doanh nghiep ndng thdn dudng nhu vin cdn chua dugc budng lgi diy dii tu nhiing thinh qua cua cdng cudc ddi mdi ITnh vyc ngin hang Sy tigp can dugc din dich vu ngin hang cua ngudi dan va doanh nghiep ndng thdn vin cdn rit ban chg Dilu niy mdt phin la nhung nguygn nhan yeu kem tu phia ndi tai cac doanh nghiep nhu khiu chuin bj
kg hoach kinh doanh, thilu he thdng bio cao tai chinh, ke toin linh manh
Van dg trgn cd thi dugc xu ly thdng qua cic boat ddng dio tao va hd trg ky thuat cho cic doanh nghiep va bg san xuit kinh doanh d khu vyc ndng thdn cung nhu cic ngin hang tham gia cung cip djch vu Ddi vdi cac doanh nghiep va hg gia dinh, viec cin thiet li dao tao, hudng din cho bg lam thg nao de xiy dyng dugc mdt kg hoach kinh doanh gin ket mdt cich tdt ban vdi ygu cau cua cac ngin bang, thigt lip vi tri mdt he thdng kg toin, bio cio tai chinh lanh manh, bay lam thg nao de ning cao tinh hieu qua va kha ning sinh ldi, Hudng din ed the ddn tu phia cic ngin bang thdng qua cac ldp dao tao hay hudng din tryc tigp cua cic cin bd tin dung kbi tigp can hd so vay cua khich hang Hoat ddng dao tao cho cic doanh nghiep cd the hieu qua ban vi dat qui md rdng rai ban thdng qua cic Hiep bdi doanh nghiep hay cic td chuc nghg nghiep Tuy nhign, diy l i nhung boat ddng trg giiip mang tinh vT md, dd rat cin cd nhung bien phip hd trg phu hgp tu phia Chinh phu ma khdng thg dya vio mdt vai dan vj rigng le
(v) Phat trien thj trudng bao
hiem ndng nghiep
Mdt ygu td quan trgng ddi hdi phai cd nhung budc tilp can mdt cich sang tao mdi phit trign thj trudng tai chinh ndng thdn chinh la vin dg giam thilu cic rui ro ddi vdi cic khoan vay cua ngin hang ITnh vyc san xuit ndng nghiep vi kinh doanh cac san phim ndng nghiep Han 70% din sd Viet Nam sdng d khu vyc ndng thdn vi ndng nghiep vin la ngudn sdng chinh ciia bg Tuy nhign, nganh ndng nghiep d
Viet Nam lai bj anh hu -._: nhigu nhit bdi nhung rui ro ^ - thai tiet (lu lut, ban bin, bao s va dich benh (djch cum gia earn, beo tai xanh ) Rui ro mit vdn cao nhung die thu cua san xuit ndng nghiep, lai chua cd thj trudng bao hilm ndng nghiep phit trien da lim nan Idng cac ngin bing tham gia vao thi trudng tai chinh ndng thdn
Theo cic chuygn gia bao higm, bao hilm ndng nghiep la linh vuc phuc tap, tdn kem vi kha nang sinh ldi thap, rit de bj Id Do do, dg tung budc phat trign bao hiem ndng nghiep, theo kinh nghiem cua cic nudc, Nha nudc cin co bien phip hd trg cho ca doanh nghiep kinh doanh bao hiem cung nhu hd trg phi bao higm cho ngudi dan Vg phia ngan hang, dl giam thieu riii ro cho ban thin, cic ngin hang ciing cin ed chinh sich hd trg nhu mign hay giam lai ddi vdi khich hang cd tham gia bao higm ndng nghiep de khuygn khich khich hang vay vdn tham gia mua bao higm Ngoii ra, sy tham gia ciia chinh quygn dia phuang, cac td chiic chinh trj xa hgi viec tuyen truygn van ddng thu hut dong dao ngudi din tham gia bao higm ndng nghiep se la rat can thiet de xiy dyng mgt thi trudng bao hiem ndng nghiep phit trign
(vi) Tham gia ciia ngan hang vao bao ve mdi trudng
Cung vdi sy phat tridn cua nen kinh tg thj trudng, vin dg moi trudng d Viet Nam da mot trd ngn cip bich Dang va Nha nudc da ban hanh Luit vl Bao ve mdi trudng Mac du viy, viec thyc thi Luit Bao ve mdi trudng
a cic dia phuong cdn rit ban
chg O khu vyc ndng thdn cdn tdn tai tip quin sin xuit ty phit vi tim ly phat trien kinh tl la
90 Tap chi ngan hang so 2o3/2011 Chuyen muc
(5)P^'^^aV i
MitngXudn Tdn Mdo
NGAN HANG Vdl SU NGHIEP P H A T TRIEN NONG NGHIEP VA NONG THON ^
trgn bet ma bd qua vin dg bao ve mdi trudng Dilu niy da din din nhung digm ndng vl mdi trudng d khu vyc ndng thdn, nhit li d nhung ling nghi thu cdng va cic khu vyc cd sy tip trung cao cic doanh nghiep nganh san xuit, tii chg giay, niu chay kim loai vi nhya thu cdng, det nhu-dm, chg bign thyc phim ndng san Nguy copbai ddng cira nha may hay thu hep san xuat a nhiing ea sd khdng dip ung vin dg bao ve mdi trudng da din den rui ro khdng tra dugc ng cho ngin hing Vin de bao ve mdi trudng, dd, cin dugc cic ngan bang xem xet mdt cich tich eye de cd thg kgt hgp hai hda lgi ich cua ngin hang, cua doanh nghiep va bao ve dugc mdi trudng Digu cd thd dugc thyc hien thdng qua dao tao tap huin cho cin bd quan ly va can bg tin dung vg cic chinh sach bao ve mdi trudng hien hinh; cich thuc nhin bigt vi phin loai khoan vay phu hgp vdi cic qui dinh ve bao ve mdi trudng; tang cudng sy phdi hgp giira can bd tin dung vdi ca quan mdi trudng dja phuang viec thim djnh va giim sit sy tuin thii cua cic ca sd sin xuit sau cho vay; va qui trinh tham van cdng ddng dja phuang dg giam thieu nhung rui ro kbi cho vay d khu vyc ndng thdn
5 Cac Du an Tai chfnh Nong thon va su tham gia cua Ngan hang Dau tu va Phat trien Viet Nam vao thj trudng tai chfnh nong thon
Trong sd cic dy in vay vdn tin dung qudc tg phuc vu phit trign khu vyc ndng thdn Viet Nam, Ngin bang Diu tu va Phit triln Viet Nam (BIDV), thdng qua Sd Giao dich III, dugc Chinh phu giao quan ly ngudn vdn vi trign
khai thyc hien Dy in, li cic Dy in Tii chinh Ndng thdn I, II & III vdi tdng sd vdn vay Ngin hing The gidi (V/B) Ign din 548 trieu USD Cic Dy an cd muc tieu chung la bd sung ngudn vdn cd ky ban cho cic djnh che dg dap ung nhu ciu diu tu d khu vyc ndng thdn va hd trg phit trign he thdng tii chinh ndng thdn bgn vCing
Cic Dy in Tai chinh Ndng thdn di vi dang tigp tuc gdp phin tich eye giai quygt nhung vin dg chinh ygu cua he thdng tai chinh ndng thdn Dy in da cdng viec bd sung them ngudn vdn cho be thdng ngin bang, die biet la ngudn vdn trung va dai ban dg thyc hien cic boat ddng cho vay diu tu d khu vyc ndng thdn Tinh gdp ca Dy in, tu nam 2002 dgn nay, cic Dy an da bd sung mdt lugng vdn cho diu tu phit trign ndng thdn Idn dgn 29 nghin ty ddng (1,6 ty USD), dd tren 90% la vdn trung va dai ban Cic Dy in Tai chinh Ndng thdn cung gdp phin hd trg phit trien he thdng tai chinh ndng thdn vdi viec tai trg cho cic hgp ddng tu vin hd trg cic ngin bang thyc hien cic kl hoach chign lugc va dio tao cho trgn 30 nghin cin bd cua cic ngin hing vg ITnh vyc tii chinh ndng thdn
Mdt ddng gdp quan trgng cua Dy in Tai chinh Ndng thdn cho sy phit trign bgn vung d khu vyc ndng thdn li, Dy in Tai chinh Ndng thdn, lin diu tign d Viet Nam da gin kgt cac qui djnh vg bao ve mdi trudng vdi cic boat ddng cho vay Diy dugc xem l i mdt thyc tien tdt viec kgt hgp dinh gii mdi trudng vdi boat dgng cho vay tin dung d khu vyc ndng thdn mi cic ngin hing cd the ap dung ngoai
pham vi cic Du in Tii chinh Ndng thdn
Digu quan trgng ban niia li, ngoai cac muc tigu tuang ty nhu cic dy in trudc, Dy in Tii chinh Ndng thdn III, mgt phan vdn da dugc Chinh phu, WB va BIDV thdng nhit dinh dg nghign cuu giai quygt mdt sd vin dg dugc xem l i trd ngai cho cic ngan hang tham gia vao thj trudng tii chinh ndng thdn Nhiing chu dg dugc hd trg nghien cuu bao gdm: nghien cuu phit trign nhCing san phim tai chinh mdi nhu huy dgng vdn dai ban d khu vyc ndng thdn, cho vay theo ddng tien, hay phit trign nhCrng san phim bao hiem rui ro ndng nghiep; bgn canh dd la tuygn truygn quang b i vg bao ve mdi trudng va dao tao cho cic ngan hang vg qui trinh thim djnh va kigm tra tuin thu mdi trudng kbi cho vay; bd trg cic doanh nghiep ndng thdn vdi chuang trinh dao tao, thdng qua Hiep hdi Doanh nghiep nhd vi vua Viet Nam, vg phuang phip lip ke hoach kinh doanh bieu qua, phat trign be thdng ke toin theo chuin myc, quan ly ngudn lye va phit trign sin xuit kinh doanh; ngoai ra, Dy in cung hd trg ting cudng ning lye di ddi vdi quan ly, giim sat he thdng Qui tin dung nhan dan dg ning cao tinh ben viing cua be thdng va cung cip tdt ban cac djch vu tai chinh vi md d khu vyc ndng thdn Tit ca cic boat ddng trgn dang dugc BIDV phdi hgp tich eye vdi cic dan vj lien quan trign khai khudn khd Dy in Tii chinh Ndng thdn III Ket qua cua nhiing nghign cuu, ung dung se la nhung ddng gdp thiet thyc cua Dy in Tai chinh Ndng thdn va cua BIDV cho mgt thj trudng tai chinh ndng thdn hieu qua va an toin •
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