Ngay nay, NONT lai chuyen sang tc ehuc thep phupng dpc va theo chieu cac, ddng thdi bd bdt di nhieu chirc nang nhu san v u d n , chuong trai chan nudi nen khdng gian NONT khdng cdn [r]
(1)^ V A N DE QUAN TAM
NHA d NdNG T H N M |
Du6i tac dong cua do thi hoa
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B T S KTS N C U Y E N DINH THI - Truong Dai hgc XSy dung
Bai viet dua nhOng thuc trang va dS xuat giSi phap quy hoach, thiet ke nha d ndng thdn (NONT) vung ddng bang Bac Bd phu hop vdi qua trinh dd thi hda, giO gin kien true truyen thong, than thien vdi mdi trudng nhang van dap Qng duoc dieu i<ien tien nghi an d, sinh boat, hoc tap va s^n xuat kinh te ho gia dinh
THUG TRANG NHA O NONG THON
VUNG D N C BANG BAG BO
Thuc te hien nay, viec quy hoach xay dung ndng thdn mdi chi tap trung vao cai tao khu trung tam xa nhu UBND, hpi trudng, chp, nha van hda va xay dung cac diem dan c u ndng thdn tai khu trung tam xa Cdn nha d d u p e xay dung chen trpng cac lang, xa cung nhu xay dyng bam theo true d u d n g lang thi hau nhu chua d u p e quan tam, Danh gia ve tinh hinh thuc trang xay dung NONT viing DBBB, chiing ta cd the nhin nhan d hai hudng nhu sau:
H u d n g thu- nh4t: Ddi vdi nha d tai cac lang xa truyen thdng, gom nha d bam theo true d u d n g lang va NONT mdi xay tren dat ciia ngdi nha d truyen thdng Nhtrng ngdi nha d u p e xay dung theo hinh m i u nha dng ciia dd thj nhii-ng nam 90 ciia the ky XX, chep khdng cd lua chpn nen hau het deu khdng phu hop vdi mdi trudng canh quan ndng thdn Od la cac loai nha cd chieu rdng tir - 5m, chieu dai tir 10 • 20m, xay cao - tang kieu mai bang, ngdi nha chi cd mot h u d n g lay anh sang tir mat trudc nen thudng bj tdi, kha nang chieu sang t u nhien va thdng gid rat kem, phai sir dung den dien, quat de chieu sang va lam mat khdng gian nen rat tdn nang luong Do nhu eau d cao lai thieu s u quan ly thieu dat dai xay dung, thieu hieu biet ve sir dung khdng gian d cQng n h u nhung tac ddng anh h u d n g khac cua xa hdi ma ngudi dan dang phai sinh sdng cac ngdi nha be tdng d o n dieu, thieu khdng gian sinh boat, hpc tap nghi ngoi va nhat la khdng thich hpp vdi
viec ket hpp san xuat ndng nghiep ciia gia dinh ngudi ndng dan
Neu nhu trudc day, NONT truyen thdng cc khdng gian d va san xuat tc chirc thep phuong ngang, mai hien lien vdi san phai rdng rai, ket hpp v u d n cay, ap ca tac nen mdt phpng canh trii- tinh eua lang que vung DBBB Ngay nay, NONT lai chuyen sang tc ehuc thep phupng dpc va theo chieu cac, ddng thdi bd bdt di nhieu chirc nang nhu san v u d n , chuong trai chan nudi nen khdng gian NONT khdng cdn dap irng d u o c cac tieu chi ve sinh boat, an d ket hpp vdi san xuat ndng nghiep, ngudi dan phai thu hoach ndng san tren ddng rudng, tren cae tryc d u d n g giao thdng, tai cac khu vue cdng cdng nhu dinh lang, mieu thd, nha van hda lam anh h u d n g den mdi trudng canh quan ndng thdn
Hudng thir hai; Ddi vdi NONT tai cac diem dan dan va khu v u c trung tam thj tir dang xay dung rdng rai d viing OBBB hien nay, d u p e chia lam hai loai:
Loai thif nhat la nha d nam trpng quy hpach diem dan c u d u o c cae cap cd tham quyen phe duyet, cho phep va hd trp kinh phi nham xay dung ndng thdn mdi Khao sat cho thay phan Idn nhtrng khu dan c u ehua xay dung nha d ma chu yeu xay di/ng giao thdng, via he va he thdng opt dien Viec quy hoach phan khu kieu ban e d dang tao eho cac diem dan c u ndng thdn mdi s u lac dieu so vol cau tnJe lang xa tmyen thdng, cac Id dat xay nha chia Id theo kich thuoc chieu rdng t u - 5m, chieu sau
tu- 20m - 25m dang chp thay s u cirng nhac, khd khan quy hoach xay dung nong thdn mdi Dac biet, nhu-ng khu vuc quy hoach dan dan cung khdng ed cac mau nha d cho ngudi dan tham khao xay dung hoac neu cd cQng khong dap irng dupe nhu cau d va san xuat kinh doanh cua ngudi dSn
Loai t h u hai la loai NONT xay t u pha tai cae true d u d n g lang, d u d n g lien xa (loai khdng c d quy hoach, ma xa, thon ban dat theo kieu "ddi dat lay tang"), v61 Id dat ed chieu rdng 5m, chieu dai 20m, xay kieu hinh hpp bang be tdng cao - ting, loai nha d phat trien t u phat dang mang lai cho ndng thdn hinh anh kien true tiiy tien, kieu dang het sire Ion xdn, Nhin chung, nhii-ng Ipai nha d xay chen Bng xa truyen thdng cung nhu tai cac diem dSn c u ndng thdn mdi hien dang mang lai nhung yeu to bat Ipi ve mdi trudng d, ti§u tdn nang luang, anh hudng den ddi s6ng sinh boat va san xuat cua ndng dUn, Mi h u d n g den yeu td ve tham my kien tnJc, den canh quan ndng thdn,
GIAI PHAP KI^N TRUC NHA NONG THON MOI VUNG DONG BANG BAG B O
Nham dap irng nhu cau da dang ve khdng gian d , nhung v i n luu giu- dupe nS van hda kien trtic truyen thdng, than thi|n vdi mdi t r u d n g , chung ta ed the dua nw sd giai phap n h u sau:
v e q u y h o a c h p h a t t r i e n ndng t h o n mdri:
(2)Can quy hoach ddng bd tir cai tao chinh trang lang, xa truyen thdng den quy hoach diem dan c u ndng thdn mdi, can tinh den mdi quan he ddi vdi lang, xa truyen thdng, d d nen sir dung chung mdt sd cdng trinh odng cdng Quy hoach diem dan c u ndng thdn m d i can lua ehpn vj tri va quy hoach su- dung dat cho phu h o p vdi nhu eau san xuat cua n g u d i dan Vi du, nen chon mot sd khu dat cd gia tri kinh te cao ve mat t h u o n g mai, thuan Ipi ve giao thdng, g i n cho, gan trung tam thi tir eua lang xa de quy hoach diem dan c u ndng thdn mdi n h u chung ta dang thuc hien O day, quy dat chi ban cho cac hp gia dinh kinh dpanh djch vu t h u p n g mai, gpi chung la hd gia dinh phi ndng nghiep Khi phan chia Id dat, thdng nhat lay theo Id dat gdc vdi dien tich tdi thieu lOOm^ (kich t h u o c Id dat 5mx20m) Tuy theo dieu kien kinh te va nhu cau cua mdi ho ma cd the mua tu-1,5 - Id dat t u o n g d u o n g dien tich ttr 150 - 200m^, vdi kich t h u d c mat tien tir rdng 7,5m - m Neu la nha v u d n cd tieu chuan cao thi cd the mua nhieu Id dat de xay d u n g Tai ban quy hoach, quy djnh rd dien tich xay d u n g la bao nhieu met vudng, chiem ty le bac nhieu
phan tram dien tich khu dat, edn lai la dien tich cay xanh va san v u d n Can thiet ke cac mau NONT dien hinh kem thep viec d i i n giai cac vat lieu chu yeu va kinh phi dau t u de ngudi dan tham khap xay d u n g
Mat khac, nen chpn mpt sd khu dat cd gia trj kinh te thap, xa trung tam lang xa, xa tryc d u d n g giao thdng Idn, g i n vdi ddng rupng canh tac, thuan loi eho san xuat ndng nghiep de quy hoach khu dat dan dan cho cae hp gia dinh lam ndng nghiep va kinh te trang trai, kinh te v u d n Vdi cac khu dat nay, quy hoach chia id dat gdc nen cd dien tich tdi thieu ISOm^ (kich t h u d c id dat 7,5mx20m), sau dd cd the ban 1,5 Id den Id theo nhu cau cua ngudi dan Dac biet chu y, ban dat cho hd san xuat ndng nghiep, nen cd trp gia, ban vdi gia re de ngudi dan cd the dau t u xay d u n g Nham giup eho ngudi dan lam ndng nghiep cd the mua d u p e dat xay dung nha d , chung ta nen giam thieu gia bang each n h u sau: khdng td chirc quy hpach via he; chi bd tri dien chieu sang tai cac nga ba, nga t u khu dan c u ; khdng d i u t u lam d u d n g giao thdng ma danh ngudi dan ddng gdp kinh phi t u lam; giam thieu cac
khdng gian cdng cdng va vui chpi giai tri, cac khdng gian ngudi dan se su- dung Chung vdi lang truyen thdng hay diem dan c u ndng thdn mdi tai cac trung tam lang, xa Nhu vay chung ta se giup chp ngudi dan cd cho d va giam viec xay chen nha d lang, xa truyen thdng, tranh s u pha v d cau triic, glif gin nhii-ng ngdi nha gd cd gia trj can d u o c bao tdn nham phuc vy chp khach du Ijch tham quan va dam bao mdi trupng sdng ndng thdn phat trien ben vung
Ve cap p h e p x a y d i r n g :
Nhat thiet phai cap giay phep va phai tuan theo mdt trpng nhung m i u thiet ke dien hinh da trung cau dan y trudc dd Khi thi cdng khdng d u p e thay ddi hinh thirc ben ngoai cQng n h u dien tich xay d u n g , chieu cap cdng trinh da phe duyet, chp phep thay dpi khdng gian ben de phii hpp vdi nhu cau mdi hp gia dinh Chii y quan tam den khoang liii cdng trinh so vdi d u d n g giao thdng, tranh hien t u p n g xay dung tien n h u hien
(3)E ^ V A N DE QUAN TAM _ Cu the de xuat loai hinh NONT phii hop
vol qua trinh dd thj hoa nhu sau: 1 Nh^ d thuSn ndng, la nha d danh cho gia dinh sinh sdng bang nghe san xuat ndng nghiep, nha d can thiet phai tri cac chirc nang nhu an, d , sinh boat, hpc tap, san xuat ndng nghiep, lam nghe phu va chan nudi Loai nha cho phep xay dung lang truyen thdng hoac cac khu dat dan dan Nha d thuan ndng xay dung can luu giu- lai hinh thue kien true va giai phap td chirc khdng gian truyen thdng, dam bao tang ky thuat, xir ly n u d e thai sinh boat, nude thai chan nudi va bao ve mdi trupng ndng thdn, giai quyet tdt dieu kien vi hau cho ngdi nha, tang c u d n g thdng gid, chieu sang t u nhien va tiet kiem nang lupng
Nha d thuan ndng cd cac ehuc nang chinh n h u khdng gian tiep khach, sinh boat ehung, noi thd cung td tien, phdng ngii ket hpp vdi khdng gian hpc tap Chirc nang phu trp n h u bep nau, phdng an, khp chira dp, hien don, hanh lang, san phai, chuong trai chan nudi, v u d n cay, v u d n rau xanh Ngoai can quan tam den khu vuc dd cac loai phuong tien xe c o gidi phuc vu cho san xuat nhu d td tSi, may cay may keo
2 Nhd * ki4u ndng trang, la loai nha d thuan ndng d u p e xay dung bdi mot nhdm nha d cua cAc gia dinh ciing huyet thdng, tach tir gia dinh Idn trudc day d u p e xay tren khu dat eha dng de lai Nha d kieu ndng trang ia loai nha khdi ghep boat dong dpc lap nhung cd san chung phuc vu chp san xuat ndng nghiep, cd cac phdng chirc nang va nha kho, cd v u d n cay rieng eho mdi hd gia dinh
3 Nhd 6' k^t hpp Idm kinh t^ trang trai, kinh te v u d n , la b a i nha d d u o c quy hoach ven lang, xa nham phat trien kinh te trang trai n h u v u d n rirng, v u d n ddi, ao hd, chan nudi gia sue, gia cam Loai nha g i n ket vdi cay xanh, mat nude, dam bao dieu kien sinh boat, an d , phat trien kinh te trang trai, dap irng dieu kien phat trien du Ijch, cd the danh quy dat de xay dung cae phdng nghi va djch vu cho khach du ijch, nen nhdm hpp mdt sd trang trai phuc vu khai thac du ijch ciia dja phuong, giiip quang ba san vat dja p h u a n g ddi vdi du khach va ngoai nude Khi quy hoach he thdng trang trai, nen dinh h u d n g quy hoach phat trien kinh td v u d n ciia mdi dja phuong va dieu kien thd nhudng, hau cho mdi loai hinh kinh te trang trai, can quan tam bao tdn canh quan kien true va mdi trudng, giu nguyen dja hinh va Ipi dung dia hinh de phan khu chifc nang chp hpp ly, khpang each t u nha d den chucng trai chan nudi phai dam bac
khoang each ly tdi thieu 200m Nha d cung cd day du cac phdng chirc nang va nha kho
4 Nha d kit hpp v * ! djch vu budn b ^ thuong mai, la nha d quy hoach tai cac trung tam lang xa, thj tir, ven d u d n g giao thdng, danh cho ehuc nang d ket hpp vdi budn ban thupng mai Nha d ket hpp vdi thuong mai gdm ehuc nang chinh n h u phdng tiep khach, phdng sinh boat ehung va phong t h d cung td tien, phong ngu Idn, phdng ngii nhd va hoc tap eua tre em ket hop vdi Cac chirc nang phu trp gdm khdng gian budn ban, phdng giao djch thuong mai, kho chua hang hda, bep nau va phong an, khu ve sinh; khdng gian de xe d td van chuyen hang hda, san lay anh sang cho ngdi nha, v u d n sau nha trdng cay xanh cai tao dieu kien vi hau; cdng cd Idi vao nha rieng hoac vao khdng gian ban hang
5 Nh& vuirn, la loai nha d cd tieu chuan cao, nha ed san, ed v u d n canh, v u d n cay an qua, ao hd Loai nha danh cho ngudi giau hoac ngudi dan t u dd thi ve nghi ngoi eudi tuan Chuc nang nha v u d n cd tieu chuan nhu nha biet t h u v u d n , ngoai cdn bd tri canh quan cay xanh, mat nude, san v u d n , d u d n g di dao Oe kien true nha v u d n gan gui vdi canh quan ndng thdn, nen td chirc tdng mat bang va hinh thirc kien true theo phong each NONT truyen thdng
KfT LUAN, KlfN NCH!
Qua trinh dd thj hda va s u chuyen djch eo cau san xuat ndng nghiep, ndng thdn tat yeu se lam bien ddi khdng gian ngdi NONT vung OBBB Xay dung ndng thdn mdi nen quan tam den quy hoach diem dan c u ndng thdn, viec quy hoach diem dan c u can lua chon mdt sd khu vue ed gia trj kinh te khac de phuc vu eho nhieu ddi tuong cd nhu eau sir dyng khac Can thiet phai cd mot s u quan ly chat che tu- cac cap chinh quyen va cac ban nganh ddi vol viec xay dung NONT, cap giay phep xay dung xudng tan cac xa, tranh hien t u p n g xay dung tien nhu hien Ttiy tinh hinh cy the ciia mdi dia phupng ma quan tam thiet ke dien hinh Ipai hinh NONT dap ung nhu cau sinh hpat, an d va san xuat cua ngudi dan, phu hop vdi qua trinh chuyen ddi md hinh kinh te - xa hdi ndng nghiep, ndng dan, ndng thdn
Viec quy hoach phan khu kieu ban c d dang tap cho cac diem dan c u ndng thdn mdi s u lac dieu so vdi cau tnJc lang xa taiyen thdng, cac Id dat xay nha chia Id theo kich thudc chieu rong tir - 5m, chieu sau t u 20m - 25m dang cho thay s u cu-ng nhac, khd khan quy hoach xay dung ndng
thdn mpi Dac biet, nhirng khu virc quy hoach dan dan cQng khdng ed cac m i u nha d cho ngudi dan tham khao xay dung hoac neu cd cQng khdng dap irng dupe nhu cau d va san xuat kinh doanh eiia ngudi dan vol Id dat cd chieu rong 5m, chieu dai 20m, xay kieu hinh hop bang be tdng cao 2-3 tang, loai nha d phat trien t u phat dang mang lai cho ndng thdn binh anh kien triic ttiy tien, kieu dang bet sire Idn xdn
Nhin chung, nhii-ng Ipai nha d xay chen lang xa truyen thdng cQng nhu tai cac diem dan c u ndng thdn mdi hien dang mang lai nhtrng yeu td bat Ipl ve mdi trudng d , tieu tdn nang lupng, anh hudng den doi sdng sinh hpat va san xuat cua nong dan, anh h u d n g den yeu td ve tham my kien true, den canh quan ndng thdn Khi ngu-oi dan xay dung nha d , chinh quyen nhat thiet phai cap giay phep va phai tuan theo mot trong nhung m i u thiet ke dien hinh mi da trung cau dan y trudc dd Khi thi cdng khong d u p e thay dpi hinh thuc ben ngoai cung nhu-dien tich xay dung, chieu cao cdng trinh da phe duyet, cho phep thay ddi khdng gian ben de pbii hpp vdi nhu cau moi hp gia dinh
Thiet ke mau NONT dien hinh, can quan tam xac dinh sd tang hpae chieu cac ciia ngdi nha, Nha d tai trung tam thuong mai, chieu cao tir 3-5 tang hoac cao khong qua 18m Nha d tai cac lang xa truyen thdng, khu dat dan dan chieu cao t u 2-3 tang hoac cao khdng qua 12m Mai nha nen la mai doc lop ngdi, dd mai ddc dan ngdi hoac Ipp tdn mau, ket hpp vdi mai bang lam san phpi
Nha p ket hpp vdi thuong mai nen to chirc khdng gian theo kieu nha dng, khong gian d tach khdi khdng gian budn ban thdng qua san trpng va phia sau cd vudn rau xanh Nha d thuan ndng va nha d kieu nong trang nen td chuc khdng gian if, san phoi, v u d n trdng rau, khu vuc chan nuoi gia cam Neu dieu kien khdng cho phep bo tri san phai d u d i mat dat, nen bd tri san phoi tren mai cua ngdi nha