Mae du chua Lae chu yeu dupe lam bang gd va nhieu ngdi chua dupe xay dung qua nhieu the ky nhUng do cic cupc chien tranh nen nhieu ngdi chua da bi pha hdng, gid da dUdc trung tu lai,[r]
(1)HOA VAN LAO
NGUYEN LE THI*
Da cd nhieu tac gia treng nUdc viet ve nghe thuat Lao nhu T r i n Thi Ly viet ve tUdng Phat Lad, Ngd Van Doanh viet ve kien true Lao va nhieu tac gii viet ve nhieu linh vUc khac cua nghe thuat Lao nhu hdi hoa, dieu khac gd vv NhUng cd the ndi hoa van Lao la de tai ma h i u nhu chfla cd tac gia nao nghien cflu mdt each t h i u dao Bai viet se chu yeu ndi ve hoa van Lao dudc the hien tren cac chua Lao
Cac hoa van the hien tren cic chua Lao chu yeu dUdc nhflng ngfldi thd tai ba cua Lao cham khic tren cac canh cUa, cac cfla sd chua, cac tay dd cua mai chua (khen nang), nhflng hinh ve tren cac t r i n nha cua sim, cac kieu trang tri cdng chua va dac biet la nhflng hoa van trang trf tren nhflng dd thd cung nhfl khung dflng nen, ngai ngdi cua sfl Mae du chua Lae chu yeu dupe lam bang gd va nhieu ngdi chua dupe xay dung qua nhieu the ky nhUng cic cupc chien tranh nen nhieu ngdi chua da bi pha hdng, gid da dUdc trung tu lai, nhung treng mpt sd chua Lao cdn gifl dUdc nhflng hien vat cham khac hoa van het sflc ddc dao nhfl canh cfla chua Pha Keo dUp'c lam vao the ky XVII, chiec khung dung nen, chiec ngai ngdi cua sU cu va chiec hang lin (mang nUdc tam Phat) d chua Xi Xa Ket, ca ba hien vat tren deu dUdc lam vao dau the ky XIX Nhan dan
Lao cung truyen tung ve nhflng nghe nhan hay ngUdi thd cham tai ba da lam nen nhflng tac pham nghe thuat dfldc ngfldi ddi ludn ghi nhd nhfl: dng Thi't Tan, ngfldi mfldng Ludng Pha Bang ngfldi da cham khic canh ciia chua Ong Tfl Vieng Chan, cfla hoang cung cu d Ludng Pha Bang, nhieu dd vat gd Hoang cung cu d Ludng Pha Bang va dng cung la tac gii cua nhieu cfla chua d Ludng Pha bang Ong Thi't Phu la hoa si tai ba, ngUdi da the hien nhUng hinh ve tren hd Pha Keo Vieng Chan va cdn nhieu tac gia tai danh khac da tao nen nhflng t i c pham tieu bieu cho cac hoa van cua nen nghe thuat Lao (Bun Leng Vdn Vi La Vdng Hda van Lao Nha xua't ban Van hoa Lao Vieng Chan nam 2001 Trg Tie'ng Lao)
Neu nhin vao nhflng hoa van tren cac c i n h cfla chua, cac cfla sd chfla, cic khen nang va nhflng t r i n ehua, cic cdng chua Lao ndi chung , ngudi ta thay cd rat nhieu loai hoa van k h i c khien cho ngUdi ta l i m tudng rang cac nghe nhan cd the y mudn cham khac gi eung dfldc Nhflng neu nghien cflu ky, chung ta se tha'y cd mdt quy dinh nghiem ngat ve tflng loai hoa van dfldc sii dung nhflng p h i n nha't dinh chua Tuy nhien, thUc hien cdng viec, ngUdi thd cd the chpn trdng mdt sd' loai nhat dinh hoa van chuyen dfldc the hien tren cac
(2)Nguyen Le Thi - Hoa Vdu Lao 37
p h i n cua chua N h u n g sU s a n g tao cua ngUdi thd la d chd, hp cd t h e lam bien ddi di chut it, ke't hdp gifla loai hoa van va loai hoa v a n k h a c Vi vay di t h a m cac chua Lao, ta khd cd t h e b a t gap sfl gid'ng n h a u cua cac hoa van vi c h u n g theo m i u nhUng bien ddi k h i e n cho khdng tha'y hoa van d chfla nad gid'ng chua nao
Tfl viec nghien cflu cac loai hoa van tren cac chua Lao, c h u n g tdi tha'y cd the tdng ke't t h a n h cac loai hoa van nhU sau:
1 L o a i h o a v a n dofn c o t h e ke't h d p v i c a c h o a v a n k h a c
Nhflng loai hoa van k h a phong phu NgUdi ta cd the tach c h u n g t h a n h nhieu loai vdi cac ten gpi: hoa van qua bay, hoa van Ian tay, hoa van m a t mia, hoa van qua bay mdc ndi, hoa van thien dUdng, hoa van lan tay phd'i hdp vdi hoa dUdng xi Mdi loai hoa van deu dUdc dat khung cua nd va ngfldi ta gpi mdt cich cu the nhfl vay nhflng nhin vao hoa van chung ta se tha'y bet sflc trflu tfldng Gpi la hoa van qua bay nhflng khdng he tha'y cd hinh qua, ma chi tha'y hoac la nhflng Ipn may ke't nd'i vdi n h a u hoac nhflng bdng hoa dflpc ke't nd'i vdi n h a u b a n g nhflng canh hoa bet sflc bay bfldm Nhflng hoa van m a t mia cd cu the hdn, cd the tha'y ngfldi ta lam dfldi c h a n hea van mdt k h u n g chan va k h u n g dfldc ve t h a n h nhflng net khac nhfl h i n h cac det cua cay mi'a Hoa van qua bay mdc nd'i thi cd nhieu hinh mdc d trdng ldng vv Ta't ca cac loai hoa van tren deu cd t h e phdi hdp vdi cac hoa van k h i c , dd la cai de ngfldi thp tad nen sfl dpc dao cua hoa van t r e n mdt cdng t r i n h cham k h i c nao dd (HI, H2 va H3) Nhflng hoa van cd t h e cham khac t r e n cfla chua, tren cfla sd c h u a hay cac k h u n g gd ldng c h u a
N h u n g nhflng hoa van neu t r e n chi cd tinh phd'i hdp va thfldng la lam nen cho h i n h t r u n g t a m cua canh cfla chua d vi tri t r u n g t a m cua mdi canh cfla chinh chua hay cUa sd chfla t h u d n g cd n h a n vat t r u n g t a m Nhflng n h a n vat t r u n g t a m thudng la dng P h a t , cac cd tien mua, nfl t h i n chien dau, cac vi p h a n h a vv Nhflng n h a n vat chfnh la nhflng hoa van va nhflng ddng tac tay hay chan cua hp deu dUdc dinh san cho tflng loai n h a n vat Vf du neu la nfl t h i n Kinnaly thi tfl t h a t lung trd len la mdt cd tien dep nhUng tfl t h a t lung trd xud'ng p h a i la chim vdi hai chan chim cd mdng vud't va cd canh xce r a sau Neu la nfl t h i n dang bay thi chac chan t h a n minh tay chan deu nhfl ngfldi nhflng cd ddi canh dang sai rdng t r e n b i u trdi Neu la t h i n dang chien dau vdi qui thi nha't dinh t h i n p h i i d phia tren, tay c i m kiem va ddi chan t h i n dang dap len ngUdi qui w nhflng h i n h chfnh bao gid cflng d vi tri t r u n g t a m t r e n canh cfla va xung q u a n h la nhflng hea van phd'i hdp
2 H o a v a n t r a n g t r i dfltfc a n d i n h t r o n g k h u n g
Loai hoa van thUdng t r a n g tri a n dinh k h u n g Loai n a y cd t h e t h a y cd cac loai hoa v a n gid'ng nhfl sdng nfldc, hoa van each dieu hoa h u d n g dfldng, hoa van ca n h i n hoa, hoa van m a t va hoa sfla, hoa v a n dfldng xi, hda van cang cua, hoa van m i t mia va hoa sen vv Loai hoa van t r e n k h u n g cd loai hoa van cua Xieng Khoang k h a ddc dao vdi h i n h hoa gid'ng n h u ngpn t h a p d vi trf t r u n g t a m (H4, H va H 6)
(3)38 Nghieu cdu Ddng Nam A 9/2009
heac dudi chan cac tfldng chua hoac phfa trf bang loai hoa van la dUdng xi udn tren tUdng tiep giap vdi mai chua cong Hoa van trang trf t r i n chua thudng
la hda beo (H9) 3 Hoa van trang tri tren cac loai
dving va thd cung Hoa v a n trang tri k h e n n a n g Nhflng dd dung thudng chua
ngudi ta dflng hoa hay t r i u cau nen hoa van thudng nhd Nhflng hoa van cung dUp'c cham khac cac dd gia dung nha nhu b i n g bac: tip xdi hay khay bac, au bac w Cd the la nhflng hoa van la de, hoa van sdng nudc "w
Trong cac dd thd cflng thi khung t h i p nen la dd dung dUdc lam nhieu chua, chua nao cung cd mdt chiec Chiec khung t h i p nen cd nha't va dep nha't tha'y chua Xi Xa Ket dudc lam b i n g gd qui va ket cau hoa van gdm nhieu nac (thudng ludng) hdp Nhflng dd la chiec khung thap nen ddc nhat vd nhi Ngay ngUdi ta van tuan thu viec lam khung t h i p nen gdm nhieu hinh nac nhUng khdng cd rapt chiec nad cd hinh dang dpc dao nhu chiec khung t h i p nen d chua Xl Xa Ket (H 8) Trdng sd cac vat dung trdng chua phai ke den nhflng chiec ngai cho sU cu ngdi dpc kinh Nhflng chiec ngai cung dUdc lam b i n g gd qui, hda van phd'i hdp nhieu loai rat dep m i t Mang nude t i m Phat thfldng dfldc treo trudc cfla chua dung dd nude thdm t i m Phat trdng cac li hdi Ngfldi ta thfldng lam hinh r i n t h i n Na Ga vdi du ca dau dudi va than dUdc cham khic vay dep m i t rdi sdn son thep vang
4 Hoa van op chan cot chua va trang tri cac goc chua va hoa van trang tri tran mai chua
Hoa van d'p chan cdt thfldng dfldc lam hinh udn nhu sdng nfldc cdn hoa van trang tri cac gdc chfla thi lai dUdc trang
Khen nang la nhflng tay dd dudi cac mai chua (con xon) Tai vi tri ngUdi ta cd nhieu loai hoa van nhfl hoa van dau rdng, hoa van ca va qui, hoa van ca va r d n g w H 10, H l l )
6 Hoa van trang tri noc chua va mat tien chua
Tren ndc cac chua cung dfldc trang tri cac hinh thap thfldng la hoac hdac hdac 9, cd den 13 thap Phfa dfldi cac thap thfldng la hoa van hoa hfldng dfldng va la de phd'i hdp (H 12)
Trong mdt ngdi chua bao gid ngfldi ta cung chpn hoa van ddc dao cho mat tien Gifla mat tien, ngfldi ta thfldng chpn hinh PKat d gifla mdt rflng hoa van phd'i hdp, hdac hinh Vdi ba dau d gifla rapt rflng hda van phd'i hdp, hdac hinh r i n t h i n Na Ga d vi tri trung tam gifla nhflng hda van phdi hdp khac (H 13)
7 Hoa v a n trang tri c o n g chua
Cdng cac chua Lae thfldng dfldc trang trf b i n g hinh r i n t h i n Na Ga va hinh thap
(4)H.4 H.5 H.6
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