Ve kien true: 6upc chia thanh cac hang mue cdng chua mdt sd chua Idn cd tam quan; san chua (ndi te ll); nha sip l l ; tang xa va nha khach, mdt sd ndi ed gae ehudng (nhQng ndi khdng[r]
(1)Tap chi Cong tac Ton giao VAN HOA DAO OCrC TON GlAO
MOT S O VAN D E V E K I E N TR]&C
CHUA PHAT GlAO fi NlTOC TA
HONG CHUONG 10 dao Phat dope du
nhap vao Viet Nam den da gin 20 the ky, dd cung xuat hien kien trQc Phat giao rat khoa hpc va mang dam ban sic van hda kien true dan tdc Trong kien tme Phat giao thi kien tme chua Phat giao la van de quan trpng va chu yeu Mue dfch cua dao Phat, chua la ndi thd to, la ndi de cac phat tQ 6upc ciu phue, ciu thien, la ndi 6upc giai bay ddi song tam linh cua ngodi theo ehan ly TQ bi Tri tue -Binh ding Ndi dd phii 6upc xay dong trang nghiem, den vdi chua ngodi ta thay 6upc so tfiang hoa
giii thoat trQt bd 6Upc nhong bQc xuc cude sd'ng den vdi chQa mpi ngodi deu ciu mong cd 6upc cude sdng an lac tdt lanh Kien tme chQa d node ta deu mang nhQng dac trung chung kien true eua dan tdc song lai phu hdp vdi tQng vung mien tQng dan tde va bien thien theo ljch sQ cQa xa hdi Cd the khai qudt nhong ndi dung chfnh sau day:
1 Mot sd net dac tnmg chung ve kien tme chua Phat giao cf nudc ta
Qua eae tai lieu khao cd, sau thdi dong node cQa cac Vua HQng den thdi Bic thudc, thdi ky Oinh, Le, Ly, Trin den thdi ky Phong kien eho den ngiy kidn trQc chQa Phat giao cd mdt sd net ehung dd la:
- Vd loa chpn dja diem va quy hoach mat bang: chQa thodng 6upc chpn dia diem d nhQng ndi thoang mat, yen tTnh, thuan ldi giao thdng cQa nhan dan ngOdi ta
Chua Huang Tich Anh: TL
thodng ndi la ndi "Oat lanh" Dien tfch dat dai phu thudc vao quy md xay dong va dac cQa vung mien nhong thodng phai cd cdng chua, dodng vao ao, ehua, san te l l , ehua chinh cd tien cung hau eung de thd Phat
Ve kien true: 6upc chia cac hang mue cdng chua mdt sd chua Idn cd tam quan; san chua (ndi te ll); nha sip l l ; tang xa va nha khach, mdt sd ndi ed gae ehudng (nhQng ndi khdng cd gae ehudng thi chudng dat chua) mdt sd ndi cdn ed thdp chua; chua chfnh de thd thodng thd theo kieu "Ten Phat, hau thin", mdt sd chQa ed thd Miu, thien so thd cac vj dai nhan ed chQc sic d 6\a phOdng va khu vOc
vat lieu xay dong: thodng sQ dung vat lieu go lim hoac dinh sen gu mun vv cdt
* Nguyen Gidm dd'c SdXay dung Thai Binh
(2)VAN HOA DAO DLTC TON GlAO T9P Chi Cong tdc Ton gido ehdng xa diu cQa bong, todng xay gach dit
nung, xiy bang vQa mat hoac vQa vdi cac hang muc deu 6upc cham khic c i c hoa van ed Long Li Quy Phopng; mau sic thodng l i mau gu, ban thd va tupng Phat sQ dung mau dd vang (sdn son thiep vang)
Mai chua thodng 6upc ldp ngdi dit nung mai eong d bd'n gde tao v l uy nghidm cua ngdi chQa
2 Tuy nhien chua Phat giao d node ta lai dope kie'n true theo tQng giai doan lich so cua da't nudc va bo may lanh dao da't node CO the chia giai doan nhO sau:
a Kidn tme chua Phat giao tOthdi ky dong nude ddn thdi ky phong kien thinh dat Thdi ky to cac vua hQng dong node ddn thdi Oinh Le Ly, Trin da cd hing loat eae chQa nho d Ha Ndi Hoa LO(Ninh Binh) Thai Binh mdt sd tinh d ddng bing Bic Bd, Tmng Bd kien tfiic chua thdi ky chQa thodng dupe xay dong tren dien tfch vudng, cae bac them kha eao, cd thap nhieu ting di kem, kien tme theo kieu quin the nha Mdt sd chua sau dien thd Phat cd dien thd thin, thodng cd gae chudng, vodn canh, ao sen hd node
b Kien tme chQa Phat giao thdi ky phong kien suy ttioai TQ the ky XVI, xa hpi phong kien Viet Nam suy thoai thdi ky Trinh Mae den Trinh - Nguyin sup 60 thi he thdng ehua
6upc cQng cd lai mpt sd chQa mdi 6Upc mpc
len Kien true chua kieu "Ndi cdng ngoai qudc" 6upc hinh kien tfiic chQa khdng tfiay ddi may so vdi thdi Trin tmdc dd, ed the ke mdt sd chQa tfeu bieu nho: chua Keo (Thii Binh)', Phat Tich (Van Phuc) Thien Mu, Qudc An, Bao Qudc (Hue), Tam Thai (Ngu Hinh Sdn), Tay Phuong, chua Kim Lien.v.v va mpt sd ehua d Tmng va Nam Bd Kien tme chQa thdi ky nhin chung v i n sQ dung ket ciu phQc hpp gd - da - gach dat nung, mdng da todng gach da't nung, khung sodn go mai ngdi hinh thQc va lien ket mai ed thay ddi Ve ket eau hiu het kien tme ehua bp khung sOdn gd cd thay ddi va mdi vQng mien cd net dac
trong rieng nhod Bic Bd he thdng ket cau x i , k l b I y chdng rodng vi kdo gia chieng Trung Bd cd he thdng kdo gia thQ Nam Bd ed h§ thdng kio ehdng cdi, k l chuyen v v
e Kidn true chQa giai doan phong kien cudi eung cho den
Sau vua Quahg Tmng chdt trieu dinh Tiy Sdn suy yeu va sup 66 Nguyen Anh gianh 6upc ngdi vj va lap n§n trieu dinh nha Nguyin, day la tridu dai cudi cung cQa phong kien node ta Bit d i u tO Gia Long (Nguyen Anh) den Minh Mang, Thieu Tri, To OQc, Phit giao luc dope ehu y nho thdi Minh Mang, Thi§u Tri luc lai bj han che nho thdi To OQt Tuy the nhung nhieu ngdi chQa Idn vin dope tu bd v i mpc len nhat la tai Hue va cac tf'nh phfa Nam Kien tme chQa thdi ky ed sO bien ddi lam ed sd cho so phat trien kien tfQc chQa sau nay, bit d i u xua't hien be tdng cdt thep, todng vQa xi mang, voa vdi, kinh bit diu dope sQ dung, gach hoa, gach xi mang, khung go 6upc bit d i u thay bang be tdng
Sau cich mang cdng, tfianh lap node Viet Nam Dan chQ cdng hoa til 66 den trai qua thdi ky chien tranh ehdng Phap va ehdng My, nhieu ngdi chQa tren ca ba mien bi tan pha Song tQ thd'ng nhit dat nudc nam
1975 den cong tae xay dung mdi, tdn tao, tai tao nang cap sQa chQa eae chua da dupc cap Qy chfnh quyen eae cap quan tam ehi dao Nhieu chQa bi pha hQy chidn tfBnh dupe khdi phue lai nhieu ehua dupc tu sQia nang cap, mdt sd ndi da xay dung cac chQa mdi ca vd quy md va chat lOOng dope Nha nu6c quan tam diu to, nhin d i n va cac phat tQ td ddng gdp, kdt hpp vdi cac td chQt xa hpi tai tip
Nhin chung kidn tme chQa d nUdc ta qua tQng giai doan ljch sQ, tQng giai doan cd mQt dp khac nhau, song ludn cd so nhat quan ve phuong thQt va npi dung kien tnic chua, tiep thu va cd chpn Ipc cac tien bp kien tme, ludn c6 so sang tao, phu hpp vdi tQng vung mien cQa dat node
(3)Tap chi Cong tac Ton giao VAN HOA DAO DLfC TON GlAO
3 Dac diem kie'n true chua cac mien node ta
a, Kidn true chQa Phat giao d mien Bic Oai da sd chua d mien Bic l i noi thd Phat, mdt sd ndi ket hpp thd thin hoac (tien Phat, hau thanh) va la ndi tu hpc cQa tang sy, cd mdt sd ndi chQa cdn thd miu, thd cac vi dai nhan cd chQc sic hoac nhQng ngodi cd cdng tfx)ng Phat giao Vd kien tme ehua d mien Bic thodng ed khudn vien rpng, bd cue ngdi chua thudng bd tri tiieo mpt tme "chinh tmng" xuyen tam to tam quan, gae ehudng den hau dodng, dai da sd cd ddi xQng hai ben, bd cue mat bang theo quy md, tQ ddn gian den phQc tap theo dang tQ chQ "Nhat" chQ "Nhi" den "Ndi cdng, ngoai qudc" Khd'i nha chfnh thodng la tda: Ten dodng thien huong tiiUOng dien Kien tfijc ehua tiiudng dupe chd'ng dd bdi he cdt va he vi keo lien ket vdi bang "ke ngdi" "xa bay" va "xa tQ' sau kien tme chua ed thay ddi xa tfiodng vuon dai tfiay xa bay bang eon sdn tfian chQa thodng thap so vdi 66 cao mai cong ChQa d mien Bic thodng 6upc dieu khic tinh vi, hien dai, dQ la tdn tao, tu sQa nang cap hoac xay mdi, vdi quy md Idn nhd khac nhung vin bao dam kien tfiic eua mien que ndng tfidn vQng ddng bang
b Kien tme chQa Phat giio d midn Tmng Chua d mien Tmng vdi chQe nang chfnh la tfid Phat va la ndi tu hpc cua tang sy, mdt sd ndi sau tf-d trodng hpc giao ly cQa Phat giao Ve kidn tfiic chQa d mien Tmng tiiodng cd khudn vien kha rdng cd tdi vai hec ta bd cue chQa thodng 6upc dang ddi theo mdt tme "chinh tmng" va bd cue to trai tren khudn vien, nha thd ehinh tfiodng ed Ten dodng va Hau sd dupc ndi kdt chat che vdi Ve kien tfiic chQa 6upc chdng dd bdi he edt va he keo dOde lien ket vdi bang he "chdng nidng -gii thQ" dac biet kieu nha "tmng thiem diep dc" (nha ddi chdng mai) theo kieu cung dinh kha phd bien, mai chua eao hdn so vdi ehua mien Bic, mdt sd chQa 6upc sisa chua, riang cap, dai tmng tu da xuat hien eac ehi tiet be tdng va vat lieu xay dung mdi
c Kien true chua Phat giao d mien Nam Ve chQc nang chua d mien Nam ed ban gid'ng nho ehua d mien Trung, song chQa d Nam Bd thodng rdng hdn nen bd cue mat bang thodng vQa dang dd'i tren mdt tme "chfnh trung" vQa bd cue to tren khudn vien nha chfnh thodng chia lam ba phin: chfnh dien giang dodng trai dodng, ket hpp them tang xa va bep Kien true thodng la hinh vudng, he thdng khung sOdn "ke chuydn dam trfch - cdt ke", ndn ehua thodng cao, ed vodn cay xung quanh, chua d mien Nam cung 6upc cham khic tfnh vi, mau sic hai hda bdi mau dd va vang Khdng ciu ki, phQc tap song hpa tiet tinh xao
Cd the ndi kien tme chua Phat giao d node ta, qua nhieu giai doan thang trim cQa lich sQ dat node, phu thudc vao dac diem cae vQng mien, lai trai qua nhieu thdi ky dat node bi ke thu dd hd va xam lope, bi tan pha bdi chien tranh va xud'ng cap theo thdi gian Song eac chua ca node vin 6Upc nhan dan ta tu sQa, nang cap, xay dong mdi kien tme ehua vin ludn giQ 6Upc ban sic rieng cQa van hda kien tme Phat giao ddng thdi ludn phu hpp vdi van hda kien tme dan tdc, la ndi linh thieng hdi tu eac yeu td tam linh yeu td giao due totodng, giao due mpi ngodi sdng tdt lanh, hda hdp va hodng thien Tuy nhien, ve kien tfxic mdt sd ndi qua trinh xay dong cdn cdch dieu each tan nhieu cdn mdm lang phf tdn kem da dupe chin ehinh kip thdi Song ve tdng quan nhieu nam qua Ding va Nha node, chfnh quyen eae cip da het sQt quan tim den kien tme eae chua nhieu chua ca node tu sQa ning cap, xay mdi cang dep hdn, quy md Idn hdn, kidn tme chQa ludn bao dam quy trinh quy pham, nguyen tie xay dong ed ban to quy hoach den tham dmh, thi edng xay lip bao dam dung luat xay dong nhong vin bao dam nhQng net ddc dao cQa van hda kien tme Phat giao Hy vpng tfidi ky mdi kien tme chQa Phat giao d node ta cang dupe quan tam hdn va cd bode phat tf-ieh