Trai qua nhiing bifdc thang tram ciing lich su", chiia Mdt Cdt cho de'n nay van la mpt trong nhiing di tich ndi tie'ng d thu dd Ha Ndi, vdi mot ngdi Phat dai diing tren cdt vifdn[r]
(1)16 Nghien cuu Ton giao Sd9 - 2010
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NGUYEN DOAN TUAN'*' NGUVilN TO LY'"'
C hiia Mdt Cdt hay Chiia Mat (chft Han
la Nha't Tru thap — ftJigO> cdn cd ten khac la Dien Hiiu tii (M^^) hoac Lien Hoa Dai (M^M, "dai hoa sen") Day la ngdi chiia ed kie'n triic dpc dao of Viet Nam, mang dam dau an Phat giao thdi Ly cdn tdn tai de'n tren manh dat Thang Long - Ha Npi mdt ngan nam tudi
1 Ve lich suf kie'n tao, trung tu
Chiia Mdt Cdt xifa nam d vi tri phia Tay Hoang Thang Long, ben ngoai cufa Quang Phiic'^l Theo Thang
A^ A A
Long CO tich khao, x a xifa ndi day hoang vu khdng cd thdn lang, chi cd mdt cai ho Thdi nha Du'dng, An Nam dd hd phu Cao Bien tiing cho day la sd'ng lifng eua rong dang di, vi vay da cho xay ddng tru
9 A A ' ' A ^
d de chat diit l o n g mach Ve sau dan de'n lap thdn ap gpi la thdn Nhat Tru Tifdng truyen de'n cud'i ddi, Ly Thanh Tdng (1054-1072) khdng cd trai ndi ddi, dang dem mdng tha'y Phat Quan Am mdi dng de'n thdn Nha't Tru, len dai sen trao cho mdt cau be rdi ndi vdi vua: "Ndi day rat linh thieng, Dong Tru lam tdn thifdng long mach da lau, hay mau mau pha buy nd di thi Qud'c to se difdc lau ben Ne'u k h d n g se bi mat day" Vua t i n h
day mdi cho x a y mdt tru da cf giiia ho, tren tru da ay x a y ngdi chua trdng gid'ng
V A A ' A - A A
h m h bong sen noi tren mat nifdc, nen ban cho ten chua la chiia Dien Hiiu Nam sau vua sinh h o a n g tuf
Dai Viet sii ky toan thit viet: Nam Ky Sifu, [Thien Cam Thanh Vu nam thii -1049], miia ddng, thang 10, diing chiia Dien Hiiu'^' Triidc day vua chiem bao thay Phat Quan Am ngdi tren tda sen, dat vua len tda Khi tinh day, vua dem viec ay ndi vdi bay tdi, cd ngifdi cho la diem khdng lanh Cd nha su" Thien Tue khuyen vua lam chua, diing cdt da d giiia dat, lam tda sen cua Phat Quan Am dat tren cot da nhii da tha'y mdng Vi the'gpi la chua Dien Hiiu
* TS., Ban Quan If Di tfch-Danh thing Ha Ndi ** ThS., Ban Quan If Di tfch-Danh thing Ha Ndi
1 Miia thu thang 7, vua (Ly Thai Tdng) tij" Hoa Lu, ddi dd kinh phij d Dai La, tam dd thuyen dirdi thiinh, cd rdng vang hien len d thuySn ngu, nhan dd ddi ten thiinh ggi lit Thang Long Ddi chau Cd Phap ggi la phu Thien Due, thiinh Hoa Lu ggi la phii Trudng Yen, sdng Bic Giang ggi lit sdng Thien Di'rc., Bd'n mat md bd'n cira: phfa Ddng ggi lii cua Tudng Phii, phfa Tay ggi la cua Quang Phuc, phfa Nam ggi la cua Dai Hung, phfa Bic goi la cira Dieu Di'rc Dgi \ 'iet sir ky todn thu, Nxb KHXH 1973
(2)Nguyen Doan Tuan, Nguy6n To Ly Di tich chiia M()t C(}t 1'7
H o a n g g i a p t r i e u Le la T r a n Ba Lam tiing v i n h thd:
Hitdng thdn xdm vang chdn xWa,
Dien Hiiu Thanh Tdng dat ten chiia Bdi le tham cung hoang litdng mdng, Bo Tat Quan Am hien linh chita!
Vi chiia difdc diing d t r o n g vifdn cam p h i a Tay H o a n g t h a n h T h a n g Long n e n t r d t h a n h chiia r i e n g ciia H o a n g gia Buoi k h d i diing, chiia cdn ddn g i a n nhifng da la h i n h a n h b d n g sen khd'ng id nd t r e n m a t nifdc
Nam Anh Vii Chieu T h a n g t h i i (1080), vua Ly cho diic mpt qua c h u d n g idn va diing mot toa phifdng d i n h cao trifdng, x a y t o a n b a n g da x a n h , l a m ndi treo c h u d n g C h u d n g due tai mpt k h u r u d n g c a n h chua Khi diic x o n g , c h u d n g Idn qua, k h d n g difa vao t r e o t r o n g phifdng d i n h difdc, d a n h p h a i de tai m a t dat ma d a n h Do dd c h u d n g d a n h k h d n g keu, cho la da t h a n h k h i k h d n g n e n tieu huy, mdi de cf r u d n g chiia Lau n g a y , r u p n g n g a p nifdc, r u a chui vao c h u d n g lam td, n e n ddi s a u gpi k h u r u d n g a y la r u d n g Quy Dien v a c h u d n g Quy Dien Chudng Quy Dien ciing vdi Vac c h u a P h o Minh, tifdng P h a t chiia Q u y n h Lam va t h a p c h u a Bao Thien h d p t h a n h bd "An Nam tu" dai k h i " ndi tie'ng la t h a n h tiiu ve n g h e t h u a t va k i t h u a t tuyet vdi d difdng thdi R a t tie'c qua c h u d n g thdi Ly ddc dao, k i vi ay de'n n a y k h d n g cdn Mdt so n g u o n tu" lieu cho r a n g q u a n Minh, t r o n g 20 n a m d a u the' k i XV, x a m lifdc va thd'ng t r i nu'dc ta da p h a h u y qua c h u d n g n a y t r o n g ke' h o a c h b u y diet v a n hoa
t r u y e n thd'ng Dai Viet de a m mifu d d n g boa, nha't la d g i a i d o a n cud'i cudc x a m lifdc, chiing r a t c a n d d n g de diic vu k h i chd'ng lai q u a n khcfi n g h i a Lam Sdn
" N a m Tan Ty n i e n h i e u Long Phii n a m thii [1101], (Td'ng Huy T d n g Cat, Kie'n T r u n g T i n h Qud'c n a m t h i i 1) chua difdc su'a chiia mdt lan
Miia thu, t h a n g 9, n a m 1105, vua Ly N h a n Tdng lai cho l a m h a i n g p n t h a p chdm t r a n g d c h u a Dien Hiiu, ba n g p n t h a p chdm da d chiia Lam Sdn Bay g i d vua su'a lai chiia Dien Hiiu dep hdn, dao hd Lien Hoa Dai<^', gpi la hd Linh Chieu N g o a i hd cd h a n h l a n g c h a m ve c h a y c h u n g q u a n h , n g o a i h a n h l a n g lai dao hd gpi la hd Bich Tri, deu bac cau voxvg de di qua Trifdc s a n c h u a x a y bao thap'^'l ' '
Dai Viet sii litdd^^ cho bie't them: Miia
thu, t h a n g 9, n a m L o n g Phii thii (1105) vua cho l a m h a i cai t h a p b a n g sii t r a n g , loai nhd, dat d chiia Dien Hiiu, lai l a m t h e m ba cai t h a p b a n g da dat d Lam Sdn'«*
Minh v a n t r e n bia t h a p Sung Thien
Dien Linh cua chiia L o n g Dpi (Nam Ha)
diing n a m T h i e n Phii Due Vii thif (1121) da c u n g c a p mdt h i n h a n h c h a n thiic nha't ve n g d i c h u a Mdt Cdt t h d i Ly nhif sau: 'Ldng s u n g k i n h diic Phat, dd'c l o n g md dao n h a n qua, hifdng ve vifdn Tay Cam ndi d a n h x a y n g d i chiia s a n g Dien Hiiu Theo d a u vet che' dp cH, ciing vdi y
3 Lien Hoa Diii tri: hd d dudi diii hoa sen Dgi Viet v;? A V/w//) ;/((/-, Nxb KHXH, 1973
4 Dgi Vii't sir ky 'odn thu Nxb KHXH, 1973 5 Dgi Viet sir luoe Nxb ll-iimh phd Hd Chf Minh,
1993
(3)18 Nghien ciiu Ton giao Sd9 - 2010_
mifu mdi ciia n h a vua" "Dao ao t h d m Linh Chieu, giiia a o mpc len mdt cdt da, t r e n cdt da cd h o a sen n g h i n c a n h xoe Tren h o a d i i n g mdt n g d i den dd sam, t r o n g den d a t p h o tifdng sac v a n g N g o a i ao ed h a n h l a n g ve bao bpc N g o a i h a n h
V ' A- A ' '
l a n g lai dao ao Bich Tri, bac cau c o n g de di lai P h i a s a n cau d a n g trifdc, h a i ben ta hiiu x a y b a o t h a p Lifu Ly"
Dai Viet sif ky toan thit lai cho bie't
t h e m ve qua t r i n h su'a chiia s a u n a y cua chiia Dien Hiiu la vao n a m "Ky Dau, [Thien ifng C h i n h Binh] n a m t h i i 18 (1249), (Td'ng T h u a n Hiiu n a m thif 9), m u a x u a n , t h a n g Gieng, t r u n g t u c h u a Dien Hiiu, xud'ng chie'u v a n l a m d n e n cii" Nhii vay, cum kie'n triic chiia Mdt Cdt t h d i Ly d a du'dc x a y d i i n g lai d t h d i T r a n vao n a m T h i e n ifng Chinh B i n h thii 18 (1249) Ve sau, cac h a n h l a n g v a cau c o n g k h d n g cdn, chi lifu lai n g d i chiia t r e n cdt da, difdc cac ddi s a u thifdng x u y e n t u su'a:
Nam 1838, t d n g ddc Ha N i n h D a n g
^9 ^
Van Hoa to chifc quyen g o p t h a p phifdng su'a chiia dien diidng, h a n h l a n g ta hiiu, gac c h u d n g va t a m quan
N a m Thieu Tri t h i i (1847) q u a n Vinh ldc dai p h u Hiep bien Dai hpc si, giii chiic HUM Dd n g i i sii difng r a hifng c d n g tu srfa Ndi d u n g b i a cho bie't: "Ngdi chua la ndi c h u n g diic l i n h t h i e n g ciia nifdc Nam, la p h o n g c a n h x i n h dep ciia Tay "
Nam 1852, Bd' c h a n h Tdn That Ham hifng cdng t r u n g tu, l a m s a n gd h i n h b a t giac de dd toa sen v a t r a n g t r i t h e m n h i e u h i n h c h a m t r d de t a n g t h e m ve t r a n g le cho n g d i chiia
C h u d n g d d n g "Nha't Tru tii c h u n g " ( c h u d n g chiia Mdt Cdt) diic n a m T h a n h Thai thii (1892), bai m i n h t r e n c h u d n g cho bie't: Trieu v u a Tii Difc n a m Quy Sifu (1853) da diic m p t qua chudng, de'n n a m 1891 c h u d n g mat, n a y 15 ngifdi c d n g dife lai q u a c h u d n g
N g a y 11 t h a n g n a m 1954, trifdc k h i p h a i riit k h d i Ha Npi, thiic d a n P h a p da cho t a y s a i d a t m i n p h a buy, chiia t a n nat, chi cdn lai cot da vdi m a y cai x a gd S a u k h i tie'p q u a n Ha Ndi, Chinh p h u Viet Nam D a n chii Cdng h o a da cho diing lai ch'ua t h e o k i e u d a n g tii t h d i N g u y e n va de'n t h a n g n a m 1955 t h i h o a n t h a n h
N a m 1958, t a i k h u viic chiia Mdt Cdt, lai dufdc t r d n g c a y bd de cua diic P h a t C h i n h p h u An Dp t a n g Chu tich Ho Chi Minh k h i Ngifdi s a n g t h a m nu'dc ban Bac da m a n g ve nifdc v a cho t r d n g cay tai k h u d n v i e n eiia chiia de g h i n h a n t i n h
9 A A '
cam cua d a t nu'dc va n h a n d a n An Dp, que hifdng cua P h a t g i a o dd'i vdi Viet Nam N a m 1996, cdn bao so' dd vao t h a n h phd Ha Ndi d a l a m bat gdc, dd cay bd de lich suf n a y Song, difdc sii q u a n t a m k i p t h d i cua Uy b a n n h a n d a n q u a n Ba Dinh, cay Bo de Bac t r d n g da difdc ciiu chiia k i p t h d i H i e n nay, cay v a n x a n h td't toa b d n g u m tiim b e n n g d i chiia cd kinh Difdc sii q u a n t a m cua Bd Van h o a T h d n g tin, n a m 1996 t r u n g t u Idn k h u viic chiia c h i n h v a n h a td Kie'n triic cua c h u a tii dd difdc g i i i n g u y e n ven cho de'n h i e n
2 Net kie'n triic doc dao cua chua
Mot Cot
Thang Long cd tich khio da tifng chep
(4)Nguygn Doan Tuan, Nguyin To Ly Di tich chiia Mdt C()t 19
ba gian, hau dien mdt gian Sau chiia cd cai ao rdng khoang Nifdc ao sau vai ba thifdc Trong ao xay tru da cao hcfn 10 trifdng, quay hai mat tren dd diing mdt gac dai rdng khoang sau bay thifdc Trong thd Phat, phia ngoai lam cau gd Dung thang gd de len gac Thang cd chin bac Nay chanh quan vien tifdc Trung thi Hau triing tu chua, lam bi kl vao thang 12 nam Dinh Mao: At ', in
Sling siing chua xita chd'n Tay, Dai nang dam sitdng trii bay Cinh sac thien lam hdn gam vdc, Lung linh lau gac tita may bay ^•,.,„ Sit gia bi bdm tren cau nitdc, "' ' Khach du mii ngam gac Bia mdn khac ghi ngan sit viec, Chuyen cti bao ddi cd hay?"
Chiia Mdt Cdt cdn gpi la Toa dai sen, vi hinh dang ciia chiia nhif mdt bdng sen nhd len tren mat nu'dc Chua hinh vudng lam bang gd, ldp ngdi ta, moi canh 3m, tren mdt tru da cd difdng kinh 1,2m, dd chinh la net ddc dao cua ngdi chiia Tru da gom hai khdi gan lien vdi nhau, tifdng nhu" chi la mdt khd'i Tru da cao 4m (chifa ke phan chim difdi dat) Phan tren than tru mang tam canh gd, trdng tiia bdng sen ncf, lai cd chifc nang an lien vdi mdng tam cdt cua chiia (bd'n cdt Idn va bd'n cdt phu) Cac cdt dd lay cac ddn ngang cua mai chiia Ndc chua cd mat nguyet bdc lufa, dau rdng chau ve mat nguyet Trong chiia, tifdng diic Phat Quan Am toa lac, sdn mau vang, tifdng ngdi tren mpt bdng sen bang go sdn son thiep vang, cf vi tri cao nha't Phia tren tvfpfng Phat la hoanh phi Lien hoa dai
(dai hoa sen) Chiia cd bd'n mai, bd'n dau dao cong difdc dap hinh dau rdng
Tii mat san chua len tdi san chiia de tung kinh le bai, phai bifdc len mifdi ba bac, bac rdng 1,4m, hai ben cd tifdng xay gach Diem dac biet la d mat tifdng ben trai cd gan bia da rdng 30cm, dai 40cm Dd la bia difdc vie't vao ddi Canh Tri nam thii ddi vua Le Huyen Tdng (1665) Ty khifu Le Tat Dat ghi
Chiia Mdt Cdt difdc xay d giiia hd nifdc tha sen, mdi canh hd 20m, ed tifdng thap bao xung quanh Khach nu'dc va ngoai nifdc tdi van canh, ngam sen nd hd tiidng phan vdi chua ciing la mdt bdng sen Idn, toat len sii cao quy cua diic Phat Quan Am, da khdng ngdt ldi tan tung Tri tifdng tifdng ciia nghe nhan ve kie'n triic da vifdt ngoai suy nghi cua the' gidi tran tuc Xung quanh chiia cd nhieu cay lau nam toa bdng mat, ciing vdi canh chiia lam tang them ve tinh mich, hif vd, huyen ao
(5)20 .W \ \ ' ' ' i I Nghien cu'u Ton giao Sd9 - 2010
hifng thinh ciia Phat giao va chua Mdt Cdt chinh la mdt bieu triing cho sii hifng thinh ciia Phat giao thdi Ly Cd the ndi, hoa sen la mdt hinh tifdng dung di va ddi thifdng Song cimg chinh net dep gian ddn ay da gdp phan lam tang them gia tri nghe thuat cho cac cdng trinh kie'n triic Phat giao ciia Viet Nam, ma dac biet la chua Mdt Cdt
3 Sinh hoat tin ngifdng cua trieu dinh nha Ly gan vdi chiia Mpt Cot
Cling nhif nhieu ngdi chiia cd khac d ddng bang Bac Bd, chiia Mdt Cdt difdc diing len khdng ngoai muc dich lam ndi tdn thd Phat Ve tdn giao, dao Phat da vao Viet Nam tif thdi Bac thudc nhifng chifa difdc truyen ba cd he thd'ng va sau rdng khap niidc Tdi thdi Ly, dao Phat mdi thiic sii phat trien d Viet Nam va trd qud'c giao '-'-,•' -"
Cac vi vua dau trieu dai Ly deu rat tdn siing dao Phat Hp tim tha'y trie't li "Tam tiic Phat", ldng tii bi, dung hdp, khdng cd
A ' A A** V A**
chap cua dao Phat de lam diem tiia cho tif tifdng boa hdp dan tdc, thdng nhat qude gia, tii cifdng dan tdc, lay le sinh difdng due de ran minh, de day
T A A A ' ^ V ' A ' A A
dan yen on lam an, thang so menh, xay diing dat nu'dc phdn vinh, dem lai hanh phuc cho quang dai nhan dan theo ifdc nguyen ciia Diic Phat trir, ->,,
Tii khdi difng chiia, hoang than qude thich trieu dinh nha Ly thifdng tdi van canh chiia Hang thang, cii ram, mdng mdt, nha vua ciing hoang gia va can than tdi chua le Phat Mdi nam, de'n mdng thang am lich, nha vua lam le tam Phat Le tam Phat d chua Mdt Cdt trd mpt
hdi Idn cf kinh Sau le tam Phat d chua, nha vua ngii d mdt dai cao diing trifdc chiia, lam le phdng sinh Nha vua diing cam mdt chim tha cho bay di, nhan dan dii hdi cd nhieu ngifdi tung chim bay theo Hang thang cii ram, mdng mdt va mua ha, mdng thang 4, xa gia ngii de'n, dat le cau phiic, bay nghi thiic tam Phat, hang nam lay lam le thifdng'''*
Van bia thap Sung Thien Dien Linh (chua Dpi, Nam Ha) cdn cho bie't them: "Hang thang, vao sdm mimg mot (ngay sdc), hang nam vao dip du xuan, nha vua ngdi xe ngpc, de'n chiia md tiec chay, lam le dang hifdng hoa cau cho ngdi bau dai lau, bay chau thau lam le tam tifdng
A A AA ^
Phat Trang sifc tifdng tinh te, bieu Id tifdng mao ciia nam loai chiing sinh Hoac xan tay ao tie'n lui cuf ddng dung nhan Hpp dpi ciia Thien vifdng bd'n phifdng, deu gid dd kim bdi hdi dang
A A "^ A dieu mua Cham chi, chang dam bieng
lifdi, liic nao ciing cung kinh Cho nen sifc huyen bl tao hoa cam thdng ma deu phii trd Nhif the' la nha vua da diing cay phifdn nha Phat ma cau phiic thp vay"
Trai qua nhiing bifdc thang tram ciing lich su", chiia Mdt Cdt cho de'n van la mpt nhiing di tich ndi tie'ng d thu dd Ha Ndi, vdi mot ngdi Phat dai diing tren cdt vifdn len khdi mat nu'dc la kie'n triic ddc dao, gdi hinh tifdng ve mpt bdng sen, mang gia tri kie'n triic nghe thuat cao Chiia Mdt Cdt da di vao lich su" nhif mdt niem tii hao cua van hoa dan tdc, mdt minh chifng cho sii tdn simg dao Phat tii trieu dai nha Ly each n a y g a n
(6)Nguyen Doan Tuan, Nguyen To Ly Di tich chiia Mdt Cot 2^
w N A ' ,rn • A"^
1000 nam Ca ngpfi ve ngdi chiia co, Thien su" Huyen Quang, mdt ngifdi sd'ng d the' ki XIII (1254-1334) da tiing cd bai thd nhu" sau;
±A^*^«-iifil) (P^ n
mmmmn ^ii^'SBBi*m •• •;:•
P h i e n am: Dien Hifu tW
Thitdng phitdng thu da nha't chung lan Nguyet sac nhit ba phong thu dan Si van dio mien phitdng kinh lanh tj Thap quang song tri nggc tiem han
Van duyen bat nhieu gia tue U'
A A ^ A A r^ Ban diem vo itu nhan phong khoan -i
iV Tham thau thi phi bmh dang titdng , Ma cung Phat qud'c hio sinh quan
N g u y e n Hue Chi d i c h n g h i a :
Dem thu chua thoing tieiig chudng tan Phong do, trang ngdi, sdng nguyet lan '"-'•' In ngitdc hinh chim, gWcfng nitdc lanh Sam ddi bdng thap, ngdn tien han "' Mudn duyen chang vu'dng: xa tran tuc Mdt miy nao lo: rdng nhan quan
Thau hieu thi phi deu the'ci Dau ma dau Phit, chdn nao hdn"?
Vdi c a n h sac l u n g l i n h ciia n g d i c h u a Mdt Cot, eac tac g i a xifa n a y da cd n h i i n g a n g t h d v a n ca n g d i c a n h dep eua chiia
Giac md chua Mdt Cdt la mdt t r o n g
n h i i n g trifdc t a c da difdc d a n g d n h i e u t a p cbl v a t u y e n t a p t h d hay:
Giac md tien cua vua Ly Thai Tdng
7 Cd mdt tda sen nd tren tru da
i, Sling siing trang nghiem giiia dat trdi
mdi la '-'•' - - i i " M'J.f:' '-.' MU i-nt >-:! -i,-:.;.i -y.-i
Hien hien cdng trinh Nha't Tru giiia
Thang Long Cd ban tay nao theu det that ki cdng
Dai sen khdng id nd tren ho nitdc Giac md dep giiia giang sdn gam vdc Chi mdt ngdi eh lia Mdt Cdi khdng hai i'f Giac md vua nhii the dat bai, j , {Of r
Cdt tru dai sen nd hoa trdi dat
If:
«* Tii chiem bao trd hien thiic >>
Dau tich bieu titdng ngan thu 'M , " i i
Chua eua tam linh, eua nhac hoa, thi ca, Chua cua non sdng tre mai khdng gia Cdt tru dai sen sang ngdi cung Phat
" Nhit hien ve tit mdt giac md tien^^^ 8 Nguygn Doan Tuiin Lcip Idnli hdng kinh thdnh
Nxb Hdi Nhii vtin, 2007
'" ' 'i't' i:u:> ]! • •
a viAlB :o.!aifc j^v^-: <:••