(Tiep theo Xin ndi them, ddng bio Tay Nguyen khdng tu che tae ra edng chieng ma mua ttr nhilu ngudn khac nhau. Nghi chinh am cdng chieng trong ndi bd cae tdc ngudi dugc nay sinh the[r]
(1)MY THUAT-KIEN TRUC
\/l<iEN TRUC VA CON NGU<Gli
NGUYEN ANH TUAN
Quan he giiifa kien true vdii nguai la mgt tuang quan huu ca Kien true sinh bdi nhu cau sa Ithai cua ngudi ve chO an d, phat trien nhu cau sd dung dan cao len Tam tinh ngudi lai hinh tu dac diem cua kien true Cac nhu cau sd dung tach hai dang ve ddi song sinh hoat hang ngay va ddi song tinh than, mdi dang lai chia tach, phat trien nhung yeu cau rieng ddi hdi xuat hien them nhieu loai hinh kien true tuang ung Cac loai hinh ay hinh nhu the nao, ket cau lai phu thugc vao nhu cau sd dung, dau dc tudng tugng va kha
nang td chuc cua con ngudi
Khi khudn mlu kiln true
trd nen phd bie'n thi nd trd thinh hinh anh luu niem ciia tinh elm, kiln true co dgng nhu mgt bilu tugng nd la su hudng thugng len the gidi thin thanh, la ket tinh mgt phan ddi sdng xa hgi Ng6i nha tranh hay nhl gd ciia ngudi Viet tieu bilu eho ddi sdng thdn da, ngdi ehiia hay ngoi dinh tieu bilu cho ddi sdng sinh hoat tdn giio va van hda Mdi loai kie'n true ttr dan dung, edng sd va tdn giao diu cd nhu'ng phin thdng thudng va nhii'ng phin tinh tiiy, ed kha nang ed dgng cac gia trj ddi sdng ciia xa hgi qua mgt hay nhilu thdi dai tiiy theo thdi gian tdn tai lau hay chdng eiia nd
Dao choi khip cac lang que tren dai ddng bing Bic Bg, budc chan vao mgt ngdi chiia hay ngdi dinh
bit ky, ta ed the cam nhan mdt cich trgn ven cai khdng gian va du vi dfch thuc ciia ddi sdng ndng thdn Viet Nam Cai khdng gian thon da a'y ed thi ddi thay it nhilu bdi cudc sdng hien dai, nhung dudng nhu tai noi day, long nguong vgng tdn giao va cac gia trj van hda ed vin ludn bin virng va cae cong trinh t6n giao nhu dinh, chiia vin cd vj tri virng chic ddi sdng tinh thin cLia ngudi Viet Nha tranh vach dai, hoac nha ngdi san gach, manh vudn ga Ign tung tang, khoang ao nhd bui dua gai ldm chdm, luy tre xanh ngit, tat c l ching la bao vl gia trj vat chat nhung la du vj tinh thin long ngudi ndng dan, va rdi eai khung canh Iy ra, ta mdi thi'u hilu the nao la que huong Doi ta them eii khoai, hoac thfch vao cai blp dly khdi, ngdi canh ba, va
(2)VAN HOA NGHF THUAT TROMC MlWc
gian ben la ga Ign dang keu ddi an Kie'n true din dung chfnh la sir thda man am ciing cho tinh thin thudng nhat Cdn kiln triic ton giao hudng de'n cai gi xa vdi va sieu hinh, nd vira la cau hdi vira la cau tra ldi ngudi se di vl dau Kie'n triie dinh, ehtia bieu hien d mat vat chat la mgt kit ca'u khdng gian sinh hoat dien hinh, vl mat tinh thin thi nhu la nhu'ng ca'u true sinh hoat thudng ciia ngudi nong dan Viet Nam Thi thiic vi keo ludn la mgt kit ca'u md, lam cho khdng gian ben ngdi nha eo gian, phat triln ngang dgc, rdng sau diu dugc Budc vio thi cd cam giac md rdng khdn cting tirng ldp vi keo lien tilp ndi liln tao nhiing khoang khdng gian phan chia tugng trung Cle khdng gian a'y lai lien tuc kei ndi ngang dgc hoin toan tu tiiy y, d khdng thfch thi bude ngoai lue nao ciing dugc Va ngoai thi tha'y toan thi khdi hinh kie'n triie dudng nhu nhd be hon so vdi chfnh thue thi ciia nd Mai ehua khdng bao gid vugt qui cao tim mit cho phep, lln khuit dudi cac hang cay Chtia nim trai dai theo lang, song song vdi cinh ddng hay dgc theo triln de Dien tfeh chtia rdng nhung khdng bao gid qua ldn Ngudi ta cd thi di vao chtia ll Phat rdi van canh, tai vudn thiln chtia, chin thi di liic nao ciing dugc Hiing thii thi di dao hit ca chtia, chiem ngudng cac tugng phat, ll lat tha hd ma khdng sg mdi chan vi khdng qua rdng Cac nep nha song song nd'i liln nhau, din thien nam tfn nii lln lugt qua cac cdng trinh va cting la cle khong gian t6n giao ttr tam quan tdi gac chudng rdi tien dudng, thieu huang, thugng dien, hau dudng Nhjp kie'n triic len xudng, chuyen dgng va thay ddi ta ludt qua timg nep nha, budc di dugc din dit bdi nhirng dudng nhd lach qua cac tugng phat va hang hang ldp ldp vi keo tiep ndi, keo dai khdng gian gian nd mai khdng cung Thi thoang, cac gdc khuat lai he md mdt ciia ngach nhin •vudn thiln quang dang canh, tinh nhu mdt biic tranh cit canh, nhiing biic tudng canh ga htrng hd ngan each khdng gian, gdc diu dao cao cong viit len ggi y niem bay bdng nhe nhdm, hoac net diem xuyet ciia ldp cira chan
song tien, cira sd tao hinh chir phap, chir thg hit anh sang phan quang vao dien thd am u, nhin nen tho va tinh te la thudng Trir cii thii tu tiin dudng - thieu huong - thugng dien, eae edng trinh phu nhu gac ehu6ng, nha t6, hau dudng cd the thay ddi, tham chi ed the them hay bdt di mgt vai hang muc tiiy theo quan niem tdn giio va hoan canh kinh te ciia lang Ddng md linh hoat, them bdt bat ky, vao ttiy nghi tu tai, ngdi chtia rat dac trung eho quan niem kiln triic hoan toan md vl kit ca'u khdng gian va tu tudng tdn giao
Ngdi dinh lai la mdt kie'n triie vira md vtra ddng Khdng gian ben rat rdng va cao, vao eae djp ll hdi hay viec lang, toan bg din lang tu hgp d day ma khong sg chat chdi Dinh xay theo ldi cd thudng khdng cd tudng bao, hudng md tii phfa, ngudi ta ed the budc vao day bat cii liic nao, va ttr bai cii hudng nao Toan bd khdi dinh nhu thuyen ndi tren mat nudc, mai cong nhu mui thuyin Hang cot cd san nhu nhtrng mai cheo khua xudng nudc Vi keo cao, clu triic mach lac, chiu lire bing cac hang cot dat tren thach tang, cin thiet thi nhac ca khdi kit ca'u len xoay sang hudng khac hay di chuyin ma khdng cd vin dl gi He thd'ng vi keo dinh ngoai thudng cao va thdng thoang, tao cam giac kh6ng gian rat rong rai, bdi cac hang chan cot dly ket ca'u keo chju luc de ciia gian mai len rai cao Ngay ben dudi he chju luc, d tim cao vita phai la cac mang phti dieu trang trf cham khic de tai sinh hoat ddi sdng lang xa, pha trgn giira tinh thin hien thuc va huyen thoai, trai dai tren cae rnang cdn, budng kim, van gid, van bung la nhung phin ft, hoac da giai phdng dugc edng nang kie'n triic Tao cao thoang dang ben ngoai, nhjp kie'n triie thap d hau cung, khep kfn va tach biet giiia khdng gian sinh hoat bdn ngoai va khdng gian thd ciing ben Hau cung dugc bung kin bdi ldp vach ngan gd, dac biet d gian chfnh dien cd ldp cira v5ng trang trf cham khic va son son thep vang rue rd Ben ludn ddng kin, la nai quan trgng, nghiem trang nhat, ft ngudi vao dugc Ban than kiln triic dinh cin cung cd the ddng kfn bing he thd'ng tudng bao va cira
(3)MY THUAT-KIEN TRUn
bire ban, mdt kit eau kie'n true dac biet, vira ddng, vira md, xoay ca hai chilu Khi md thi rat thong thoang, khong gian ben nhu iia ngoai, ddng thi vd ciing kfn dao, ben ngoai khdng the tu y xam nhap Cira birc ban gidng nhu cai dai cira che hien nha, ben ngoai ching nhin dugc vao trong, ben tha hd ddi ngoai Va sudt qui trinh tdn tai, dti dang la djp hgi he, sinh hoat van hda hay ddi sdng thudng nhat, ngoi dinh ludn tdn tai trang thai nira ddng nira md nhu vay
La trung tam tdn giao, ngdi chua luu giir nhirng tu tudng, quan niem, suy nghi va ldi sdng tdn giao ciia ngudi ndng dan La trung tam hoat ddng hanh chfnh, vdi vai trd la mgt ngdi nhl tdng hgp nhilu chirc nang sinh hoat thudng nhat va van hda, ngdi dinh luu gitr nhtrng phong tuc tap quan, nip sdng, ung xir, cac gia trj cd tfnh cau triie sinh hoat ddi sdng ciia ngudi n6ng dan Ta cd the tha'y mdi lien he song song qua lai ttr kit cau kiln true din ddi sdng ngudi Chtia ed the vao thoai mli bing edng chfnh, qua tam quan, gac chudng len tiin dudng, thieu huong, thugng dien nhu mdt qua trinh hanh l l vl tuan theo diing chuin muc l l nghi tdn giao va trilt ly nha Phat nhung ciing cd thi di vao bing cle cira ngach, cira ben Clu triie ngdi chita, dien chfnh thd Phat, hau dudng thd va dao Mlu, cd thi gin hin e l vdi dinh hay din thd hoang lang Su phan chia he thd'ng tugng theo
thii tu eao, thap, trudc, sau chi mang tfnh hinh thirc hon la each phan chia theo thir bac tdn giao Cd viee thd la trgng han thd Phat thi ngudi ta eho dien len trudc, day dien Phat dang sau nhu kit clu ciia cac chtia he tin nguong Tii: phap (nhdm chtia Tii' phap Dau - Dau - Tudng - Dan d Thuan Thanh, Ble Ninh) Kit ca'u mdt ngdi chtia
nhu vay rat gin bd va dae trung cho ddi sdng tdn giao tu do, hda ddng, tam giao ed thi chung sdng cting mgt mli nha
Ddi sdng t6n giao thi rat tu nhung ddi sdng hang thi khong dugc nhu vay Nd gidng nhu ngoi dinh, vira ddng vtra md, ngudi ciing \'tra rdng rai nhung ciing rat khep kin Trong ngdi nha da nang va ky la nay, hoi thd eiia ddi sdng thi tue lang xa tham nhuIn va ling dgng vao timg kit cau kiln triic, dl rdi dudng nhu mdi bg phan, mdi ehi tilt nhd diu cd sue dai dien cho tinh thin ciia tdng the O dinh Mong Phu (Dudng Lam, Son Tay, Ha Ndi), cd treo mdt cai md ea rat to, nhu cai duong vat ldn Cac ngdi dinh ndi tieng thude dja phan Ha Ngi hien nhu Tiy Ding (Tay Ding, Ba Vi), Chu Quyen (Chu Muih, Ba Vi), Lien Hiep (Lien Hiep, Phiic Thg), hoac d mgt sd dja phuang khac nhu Huang Canh, Nggc Canh (Vinh Yen), An Hda (Ha Nam), Hung Loc (Nam Djnh) ed nhilu cham khic ma ngi dung pha trdn dan xen giira cugc sdng thuc tai vdi nhirng bieu tugng va hinh anh huyIn hoac Tuy vay, dinh ludn tdn tai mdt phin kin dao, vinh hing, cd kit va khdng thi xam pham nhu mdt hau cung nghiem cin, ngudi ngoai ed thi nhin ngim nhung khdng the bude vao va bj nghiem ca'm ban luan vl dilu dd Binh thudng md rdng tii phfa hdng gid bdn phuang; liic chan lai quay kin bd'n mat vao, sdng khep minh d the gidi ben Nhan ai, an hda, cdi md, rdng rai xen lln
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(4)VAN HOA NGHE THUAT TROMC MlWc
sir kfn dao, cd cuu, thoai mai va khoai chf nhu cae hire cham \Tjng chan miia tay ma vd cimg khep kfn va nhilu bao thii nhu chi'nh ban than kiln true dinh \'ay Khd cd thi ndi ring ngdi dinh hay ngdi chiia gdm chiia hit tit ea ddi sdng sinh hoat vat chai \'a tinh thin ciia ngudi Viet nhung rd rang, chiing luu giir nhirng gia trj tinh tiiy nhat eiia sinh hoat thudng ham chira mdi eon ngudi rieng le va ca egng ddng ngudi Viet rong ldn
Kiln true luon la bg mat ed tfnh vat chat nhung bilu hien vl ddi sdng tinh thin eon ngudi Vf nhu kie'n true dao Hdi ca ban, nguyen gdc la tda nha ben vdm ldm hudng vl Mecka, tin dd va ngudi hanh ll ngdi hay dirng diu hudng vi day, thi hien mdt quan niem tdn giao sang, don gian va ddc tdn Kiln
triie Thien chua giao vdi nhihig nha thd gdtich ldn vtra la mdt nai che chd, mdt trung tam hanh 11, \'aeh ba dudng thing (chfnh va hai hanh lang) di de'n ban thd chiia, II chd dua tinh thin to ldn nhung ciing bieu hien cho mgt quan niem tdn giao va ddi sdng cd tinh chuyen che'ap dat Cae kiln true ciia ngudi Viet cd vtra thd'ng nhat, lai vtra da dang ve hinh thii'c, phiic hgp cdng nang sir dung va ludn giir mdi lien he chat che vdi thien nhien xung quanh Cir nhu thi, mai dinh, mli chiia bao ddi che phii len ddi sdng vat chai va tinh thin ciia ngudi Viet, diu dly riy nhung dilu vgng, tudng dj doan, nhung tinh tdn giao khdng nang ne ap dat, nhu la chd nghi va di duang tam trang xa hdi nhai la khdi lira binh dao BI
N.A.T KY THUAT CHINH AM
(Tiep theo Xin ndi them, ddng bio Tay Nguyen khdng tu che tae edng chieng ma mua ttr nhilu ngudn khac Nghi chinh am cdng chieng ndi bd cae tdc ngudi dugc sinh theo nhu clu kiln tao nghe thuat T h i nhung viec kilm soat, lam ehii dugc am lai vd'n la nguyen tic ea ban nghi san xuat nhac cu ndi ehung Bdi vay, tai cac Id due, viec chinh am edng chieng duang nhien la thao tac bit budc cae khau hoan thien san phlm Dilu dd cd nghla, d nhting Id diie cdng chieng tren mgi miln dat nude cting khdng hiem nhirng tay thg ehinh chieng lanh nghi Ljch sir am nhac edng chieng Tay Nguyen tirng ghi nhan nhiing thg chinh chieng ngudi Kinh vting miln Trung tirng rong rudi khip cac budn lang tren cao nguyen de hanh nghi kiem sdng day, van dl quan trgng la, viee cle tay thg ngudi Kinh huge phai nim virng he cao thang am cac dan cdng chieng Tay Nguyen dl hieu chinh tin sd phti hgp Cdn chuyen can tieng eho dep thi dd vdn la nghi eiia hg Ndi the cd nghla la, chinh chieng khdng phai nghi dpc quyen eiia eae eu din Trudng San Su that ljch sir dd din
trang 37)
de'n mdt gia djnh, lieu cd phai cae tdc ngudi tren cao nguyen hge dugc nhtrng thao tie ca nghi chinh am chfnh ttr nhtrng tay thg llnh nghi ngudi Kinh? n
B.TH
1 Nhieu Uic giii Fonclo Bdhnar So VHTT Gia Lai -Kon Tum 1988 tr219,
2 Theo lai giang ciia anh Nguyen Die Kim chuyen \ien CO khf bac 7/7
3 Theo loi giang ciia nghe nhan chinh chieng E de Y Lon Nie (Ama Menh) o buon K Sier, TP Buon Me Thuot
4 Pho (fauxt - tieng Phap) la tir cac nhac ,sT Viet Nam hien thuong dung de chi sir sai lech ciia cao Trong nhac dan toe cd truySn Viet Nam Ihuat ngir dong nghTa la
ngang hay chenh Song a day tir chenh ddng am voi lir chenh - la ten goi c6ng chifing ciia mpt so tpc nguai Tay
Nguyen nen chiing t.5i tam diing thuat ngu ghep chenh
pho de tien phan biet
-^ Biin than toi da chinh am cong chieng cong nh.au Jan tham chf da ap dung lot phirong phap de hieu chmh tan sd cac bp tiu - canh (bp nhac cu dong dang cua thay ciing nguai Kinh) song biei chac rai nhieu didu chira the kiim soat hai Tai ca ddi hdi mpt U day trai nghiem theo nam thang
nh.au Jan