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Sif dfic ddo cda nfi Id d gid trj kidn true cua mfit kinh dd, lai xdy ddng theo ki^u phdo dai quan sd. Nhid'u hien vdt vdn con bj chdn vui dudi I6ng d^t, nhiing cdu chuyfin vd' vide[r]
(1)VAN H A C6 TRLJYI^N
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L£ VAN TAO
Tiidnh nhd Hd l i mfit tda Uidnli na dac nhat vo nhi A BAng Nam A ¥d chdu A vdo TX XV Sif dfic ddo cda nfi Id d gid trj kidn true cua mfit kinh dd, lai xdy ddng theo ki^u phdo dai quan sd Nhid'u hien vdt vdn bj chdn vui dudi I6ng d^t, nhiing cdu chuyfin vd' vide xdy dung thdnh vdn ludn Id mpt ^n sisi Song, bdng gid trj ciia s6 it hidn vdt dU0c khal qudi, cOng vdi ldi ki^n trdc ddc ddo khdng th^ nhdm ldn vdi bdt k)f mat cdng trinh kiSh trdc ndo khde, thdnh nhd Hd' du dieu kldn lot vdo tdm ng^m ciia UNESCO Vdo ngdy 27-6-2011, tai Paris (Phdp), thdnh nhd HO'vinh du duoc UNESCO cdng nhdn id dl sdn vdn hda thi^ gidi SU kidn quan ndy Id mdt co hdl Idn, md nhung tid'm nang qudng bd du Ijeh eho Thanh Hda ndi ridng vd d^t nudc ndi chung
1 Mdt cdng trinh van hda doc dao bi lang quen
Mdt tda bang da sdng sdng vdi mdt difin tich trdn 76 ha, tdn tai da hon 600 nam, bi cd tinh qudn di gid Ui van hda, lich sd, ehi vi nhdng qu£ui m6m rdt khde nhau v^ mdt tiiiu dai phong kidn vdn la ehu nhan khdi dung nd Mac nhidn, nhdng huy^n thoai ljch sd vdn ludn sdng ddng Uong dan gian, nhdng eau chuydn cd thuc hang vdn di6n dau dd, d edc lang Xudn Giai, Cdm Bao, Xudn Ang, Vinh Long, Tay Giai ngudi ndng dan khai khdn trdng Uot ndi da bdt gap nhi^u di vat^i>dng vdng, bac, gdm Id dd Uang sde ed in in tridn cua Hoang eung Ddu TK XX, mdt hoc gia
ngudl Phap, L.Bezacier, nghien cdu vi tda thdnh da vidt: "Nhdng cdng Uinh xay dung, cung di6n, dinh thu khae bdng gd ben trudc day da hoan toan bidn mdt u£n mat da't Tuy nhidn, cd di^u rdt Ihd vi luu y rdng cde khoanh rudng lua da chdng I6n cae ndn mdng eu eua edc bde tudng Khi quan sdt Udn may bay edn ihdy rd su nhd ldn tr^n ndn ddi cae cda, hinh dang chung cua cae dinh thu, ndn va ldi di rdt ro ndt "
Nhi^u di vat cua Hodng cung da bi mdt, hode vdn edn bi chdn vdi ldng ddt Cudn sdch gidi thidu v^ (da gidm muc Phdi Diem phat hanh nam 1989, doan ta vi kidn uuc nha phuong dinh cd ghi: "Sap dd cua thdnh nhd
(2)VAN H A NGHg T H U A T TROMC UVtft
Hd duoc dua v^ dat iai nhd phuang dinh; sap da cao 0,70m, rdng 3,0m, ddi 4,0m" Tda thdnh dd cao ldn ngao ngh§ khdng gian vd thdi gian mac du nhilu hi£n vat Id thien dd thdt lae, nhilu di vat to ldn nhu ddi rdng dd d trung tam hodng thdnh du bj bdo mdn nhilu chi tidt, bdn cdng dd Idn cd nhilu da'u hi|u sut Id Kidn tnlc mdt kinh thdnh bdng dd b TK XV cdn lal ngdy nhu mdt chdng tfch chda dung nhilu bf mat ciia mdt uilu dai ngdn ngui, nhung dl lai khdng It thi phi vd thdch thdc, hdu hen nhilu dilu ddi vdi cde nhd nghidn cdu van hda Dung nhu ldi phdn tfch hd so bao v6 di san van hda qud'c td eua Sd VHTTDL Thanh Hda: "ITidnh Nhd Hd id mdt cdng trinh cd gid trj ndi bdt todn cdu vdi kid'n trdc kilu kinh thdnh phuong Ddng, vdd la Uung iam quyin luc, vda la phdo ddi quan su, thi hien su gdn kd't tdi tinh gida cdng trinh kie'n true vdi canh quan van hda va thien nhien"
2 Su hap ddn lir canh quan va di vai vdn hda
Trudc hit, d l cd thi danh gid hit vl sy ddc dao, ky vT cua mdt tda da ddc nhdl, vd nhj d Ddng Nam A va chau A vao TK XV ndy thi cdn lien he tdi mdt sd cdng uinh khae khu vyc Nhdng cdng Uinh bdng da cd trude thdnh nha Hd d Campuehia la Angkovat va Angkothom, vua Suriya Varman II oTK XII khdi dyng, mdt thdc kidn triie din nui theo tu tudng cua Phat gido An Dd Mdt cdng irinh kie'n true bang da khae irong viing cd trddc nda cdn xem xet la Borobudur d dao Java thudc Indonexia mdt dang Vihara Buddha irilu dai vua Sailendra xay dyng d TK IX Ca hai cdng trinh uftn diu duoc UNESCO cdng nhan la di san van hda thd gidi (Angkovat va Angkolhom nam 1970, Borobudur nam 2007) Ciing nien dui vdi nha Hd, d Trung Qudc lu thdi Chu De (ddi vua thd hai nhd Minh) da xay dung Td Cdm (cd eung) vdo nam 1406, mdi edng trinh kiln true gd vT dai bae nhdt thd gidi, duoc UNESCO cdng nhan Id di san van hda thd gidi nam 1987 (cdng trinh ndy cd sy tham*gia cua cua mdt kil^n trdc su ngudi Viet vdn !a mdt gidm quan cd ten la Nguyin
An) Angkovat Angkothom vd Borobudur I cac cdng trinh tin ngudng theo phong cdch Phi gido An Dd; Td Cdm thdnh Id hodng cung cu 24 ddi vua cdc thdi kJ khde Trung Hoi C&c edng trinh ndy khdng ed mdi lien he gi dl] phong cdch kiln trdc vdi ihdnh nha Hd
Sy ddc ddo cuu thdnh nhd Hd chfnh Id d gii tri kldn trdc CLIU mdt kinh dd, lai xdy dung Ihet kilu phdo ddi qudn su D6 dn kiln udc ehu yli dya vdo dja thitu nhidn eua mdt vat ddng ban{ nhd, duoc bao bpc bdi eae ngpn ndi k l til{ hai ben la huu sdng Budi vd sdng Ma Tda thdnh bdng da duoc gpi Id Hodng ihanh, ci! eanh tudng bdc ddi 877,0m canh tudng nam 877.1m, eanh tudng tay 880.0m canh luimg ddng 879,3m Thdnh cd chu vi 35I3.4m, diin Ifch 769.086m2 Thdnh nhd Hd dupc hilu Iheo hai ndi dung: tdng quan kidn true eua mdt kinh thdnh, bao gdm mdt khdng gian rdng Idn til vung ngoai vi thdnh dd hien cd, dd Id phd xa eua mdt kinh ky va hoang thanh; nghia ihd hai duac hilu nha Hd chi Id tda bang da, vdn la ihanh ndi cua vucmg uilu nha H6 Tda ndm Ipt uong mdt thung lung, | ^ tdy bdc Id day nui Song Tupng (voi me, voi con), phfa tay va lay nam ed ngpn nui hop Ihdnh khu Ddng An Tdn vdi eac nui Kim Ngiiu va Kim Ngp diim hpp luu cua sdng Ma va sdng Budi a phia nam kinh ihdnh Dja thi ciia can cd qudn sy ndy dl ddng kdt ndi vdi nui idtig va nhanh chdng tidn xudng ddng bdng, tilp can nam - bdc diu thudn tidn chfnh day Id ylu t6 hdt sdc hdp ddn khidn cho Hd Quy Ly quyft djnh xay dyng Tdy Dd vdo nam 1937
Bdn cdng Ihdnh vdn la bilu luong rd't dec dao khdng ihl nhdm ldn vdi bdt ky mdt cdng trinh ki^n true ndo khde Mdi cdng mang theo mdt hinh thdi kidn irdc ridng (Dua Nam (cda tiln) thudc ddt lang Xuan Giai nay, ndi thang ddn ddn Nam Giao uen ndi Diin (each 3,0 km), cda rdng tdi 34,85m, gdm ciia Idn eao 8,5m, rdng 5,85m b trung tam, cira ben cao 7,8m, rdng 5,445m Ca cua diu xdy theo vdm cudn, dd dupe deo vdt hinh thang xip ken khft vdng chdc Cda Bdc chi cd m« ldi di ehi'nh, vdm cudn cao 5,425m, rdng cua
(3)vdm cudn 5,80m; eda rpng loan phdn 21,342m, sdu 13,55m eao dinh 8,098m Cda Nam va cda Bdc dupc kidn true hoan chinh, hien edn nhilu da'u vdt vl cdi ke, hem cda, dac biet nhilu chdn Id cam lan can, hang chdn tang, bilu hien cua mdt vpng lau tren gac mai ro rdt Cdng Nam vd edng Bae hop ihanh dudng chfnh dao xuyen qua edng trinh Cda Tay vd cda Ddng hien cdn cho thdy mdt dd an kiln uuc ehua hodn ehlnh, phan anh su thi edng gdp gdp eua mdt phdo ddi quan su ddu vdt dang dd cdn lai din ngdy Kiln true cdng Nam nha Hd la mdt dd an edng ed vpng lau, mdt thde kil^n true rdt ddc duo, buo gdm phdn due uung theo chilu ngung (3 cua vao) ldng theo chilu cao (min mdng ciru thdnh vpng lau), thudc loui cd sdm nha't, to Idn nha't Td sau TK XV, thde kiln tnic dupc ap dung vao nhilu edng trinh khae nudc vu khu vuc
Cue di vat bdng chat lieu da hien ed tren cdng trinh ehu ydu thudc nhdm vat lieu xay Cd de'n 10 loai vat lieu da theo nhilu nhdm chdc nang khae edng trinh Da phie'n xay mdng, cd kieh gdn vudng, trung binh 2.5 x 1,8 x 1,5m Da bd hinh khdi hdp, chd nhat, chieu rdng, dai khae nhuu (kfch thudc khdng ddng nhat chimg id viec ehl lac da va xay dung kha linh hoat) phd bidn la 2,2 x 1,5 X 1.2m, nhilu vien ldn hon gdp hui lan, nhilu diim da dupe deo gpi cho vda hinh khdi, dien tfch tudng xay Da chen vdm cudn hinh thang hop canh dinh be han eanh day Idn thudng Id 1/4 Da lam k^t edu mdng, Uu, cdi, ke eda Da Iam chan tang tren hai vpng lau eda Nam vu Bac Di ldm vat trang iri mang nude, tru iun cun Da lam bi dan Da lam bi van chuyen vat heu Do ndi da hoang phd hang mdy uam nam, nen edc di vat dieu khde da ehi cdn ddi rdng da ed hinh udn lupn sdng nude, tao nen nhip, bidn dp cao 0,9m, dai gdn 4,0m Tuang rdng chdu vl hudng lang Tay Giai (eda Nam), ed bd'n chan, mdi chan cd mdng, hinh khdi khoe manh, cang trdn, nhung uyin ehuyin Tuy ddu rdng da bi dap vd, nhimg dang ve vdn sdng ddng, uy lyc vdn rdt manh me Day la tuong rdng diln hinh b TK XV
V A N H(^A n n TRUYI^N
Nhilu giai thoai huyin bf vl ddi rdng dd ndy dac biet nhdng then det vl viec ddu rdng bi triet phd, nhilu gia thuyit dat ru, nhung quy tii vdn Id su thieng Iieng eua dl vat, sydm anh ciia mdt trilu dai phong kiln khd dac biet lich sd Cdc di vat bdng kim loai nhu dd ddng hien chiim vi trf kha khiem tdn bdi Ie dd hon 600 nam rdt khd tdn tai gia ui ty than cuu vat lieu 'Hiy nhien nhimg kit qua khai quat khao cd mdy ehuc nam gdn day cho thdy, khdng ft di vat bang ddng nhu tiln ten dan bi d di tfch Id kha da dang
Cue di vat Id chdt lieu gdm, dd't nung ed mdt giu tri tidu bilu tai khu di san van hda thigidi ndy Cd le y^u id kiln Udc da qua cudn hut nen ngudi la chua ed dip nghien edu nhilu han vl dd gdm da't nung tai day Cd din hang nghin don vi la hidn vat gdm, ddt nung da dupc dua vdo bd SUU tap d nha Hd Tuy nhien, eon sd mdi chi la mdt phdn rdt khiem tdn so vdi nhung gl cdn lai dudi long ddt Dd gdm tai nha H6 se mang lai nhilu y nghTa, bdi mdi quan he due bidt eiiu viec xay thdnh mdt each gdp gap, phai thao gd nhilu vat lieu id Thang Long duu vl Dac biet he thd'ng gach bia, gach bd, via ma Chu Quang Trd da phat hien td 1976 khai quat phat hien them nhilu chung loai rdt da dang vdi s6 luong hang uam vien Day la loai gach nung ddng dl bd via, xay edng thodt nudc, dp biu mat cdng trinh Mdi loai gach ben canh dpc hoac eanh ngang cd ddu trien ehd Han - Ndm, ndi dung chu ylu la ghi dia danh noi eung tidn, mpt sd loui ghi ndi dung khae Ky thuat nung gach da dat d nhiet dd cao, chfn diu, bl mat min, dau uien ddng len gach, kilu am ban hay duong ban khde dep, tinh xao Cac minh van ghi tren gach nung cho nhilu thdng tin tu lidu lich sd qu^ gia
Vdng VTnh Ldc chidm sd Iupng dia danh cung edp gach nhilu nha't, nhien ed nhilu loai gach ghi xudt xd tan vung "Hiyen Quang, Hai Hung Theo Dai Viet si fcjf todn thu thi: "Vdo nam Tan Ty (1401) Han Thuong lenh cho cae Id nung gach di dung vao viec xdy Trude ddy xay thdnh Tay Dd, tai nhilu da tdi xay, ft lau sau bi sup dd, ddn day mdi xdy
(4)VAN H h A N(^HI^ THUAT TROMB tren bdng gach dudi bang dd" Cd theo sdch tren thi gach xdy trin thdnh si cd rd't nhilu, chi cd thi khai quat tim thd'y phdn cdn dudi Idng dd't Vay phdn kiln trdc gach xdy trin thdnh cd hinh thde kiln trdc nhu nhd thd ndo? Dd vdn Id m^t bf mdt, chua dupc Idm sdng td
3 Sd hdp ddn, ly ky Idr huyin Ihoal Thdnh Tdy Dd chi tdn tai vin v?n nam (1400-1407) vdi tucdch Id mdt kinh dd ciiu nhd Hd nhien vdi uu dllm dac biet eua mdi thdnh luy kien ed bdng dd, lai b vdo m^t vj thi rd't dac dung cho viec dung binh md nhilu thi lyc qudn su, chfnh trj d cdc thdi ky sau dd dd sd dung thdnh ldm can cd (quan nhd Minh d TK XV, nhd Hdu Le TK XVI, XVIII ) Nhilu di vat van hda tai ddy, thu duac quu cdc ldn khai quai khao cd, cho thdy sy da dang cua nhilu Ihl loai phong each dai dien cho my thuat cuu cde thdi ky Trdn Le Nguyin Mat khde, tinh chdt ly kjr ndu thyc ndu hu eua cde edu chuyen nira lich sd, nda huyin thoai md thdnh ed Tay Dd cdng them bf hilm
VI Uch sd xay dyng thdnh saeh Dai Viet su ky todn thu chip: "Nam Dinh Sim (1397) mua xuan thdng gidng, Lai bd thuang thu kiem Thdi su lenh Dd Tinh vang menh vua (vua Trdn Thuan Tdng) dem ngudi vdo ddng An Tdn, huyen VTnh Ninh, trdn Thanh Hda xem xit, dac ddt dai, ddo hdo xdy thdnh lap nhd tdng mi€u, dyng ddn xd tac, xay cung dien, md duiftig phd Vua cd ^ ddi dd din dd Ldm thang thi xong" Mdt cdng trinh k^ vT ed din 24.000m3 da xay dung, tuong duong vdi 40.0(X)m3 da nguydn lieu, vdi ky thuat thd so d TK XV lai phai xay dyng them cdc ldu gdc, cung dien , lieu 90 ngdy Idm xong bang cdch ndo?
Nhdng eau chuyen Iy ky vl ky thuat xay thdnh, vdi cdc gid thuydt khde vl viec van ehuyin 24.000m3 dd td ndi An Tdn vl ddy, viec dua nhdng phiin dd Idn ldn thanh, cd vien nang trfin 20 tdn Nhdng cdng viec lao djch khdn truong uen cdng uudng dd d TK XV, nhdm gdp rut hodn thdnh phao dai dl chudn bi cho vide phdng thu qudn sy Id duyen cd gay ru bill bao canh tang thuong, bi Uang nhu eau ehuyen vl
ndng Blnh Khuong vd chdng cdng sinh Trdn Cdng sy
Cdu chuyen vl hdi thi tren ndi Dun Son vdo mtiu ndm 1399, cdng nhu cdi chdt ciia 370 ngddi cdng phe cdnh vdi Thuang ludng quan, VQ tudc quan Npi hdu Trdn Khdt Chan va hdng ngdn con, em than thfch cua hp bi xu chit, tdi ddy rd'l bi trdng kio ddi nhilu nam tai day Sdch Dai Viit sd ky todn thu vidt: "Ngudi ddi truyin rdng Khdt Chdn sdp bi chim, len ndi Ddn San gdo ihit ba liing Chdt qua ba ngdy sdc mdt vdn nhu sdng, rudi nhang khdng dim bau vdo Sau dd gap dai han dao vd thi dng ngay"
Cdu chuydn vl hp Hd thdt udn, hodng tdc kio vdo rdng sau Idnh nan CThuyen vl y ehf kien cudng chdng tra quan nhd Minh ciia quan sT hp Hd khdng thdnh cdng d l lai ddu ifch An Tdn Udn ddt xa VTnh Yen (phfa tay bdc thanh)
cau chuyen vl viec xdy dan ttf Nam Giao nam 1402, sdch Dai Viet sti fty todn (Aifvilt: "Nham Ngp 1402, thang 8, Han Thuong sai dap dan Nam Giao d nui Ddn Son d l lam le ilgiao; dai xd thien Ngdy hdm ll, Hdn Thuang ngdi trdn kieu Van Long cda nam md di ra" Ngdy dan Nam Giao cdn khu nguyen trang nin mdng, nhu vay tai ddy cd hai mdc lich sit lien quan din hai su kien: mdt la nui Ddn Son d nam 1399 Id ddi ma Trdn Khdt Chan td chiic hdi thi vd dd't md td nam 1402 Hd Hdn Thuong ddng ldm ddn td giao Tai ddy cdc ddu u'ch vi giing Vua, nin Thircmg, nin Trung, nin Ha khd rd rdng Dan gian vdn cdn dpng ky dc v^ ngpn ndi linh ihifing vdi cdc budi ll giao hang nam, vdi nhilu ten xdm, Idng mang theo hinh th^nghi thde II bdi xua nhu: Dpc Bdi, Dpe Sen Tue ll giao td thdi nhd Hd dupe nhd Le, nha Nguyin thyc hidn thdnh diln Id rdt quy cu sau ndy
Ngdy 27-6-2011, tai Paris (Phdp), Uy bandi san thi'gidi thudc Td chdc van hda, khoa hpc vi gido due Lidn hpp qud'c (UNESCO) da cflng nhan di lich thdnh nha Hd d Thanh Hda la di san van hda thd gidi Thdnh nhd Hd la mOt (Xem tiep trang 35)
(5)lang, dupc phd biln b Viet Nam vdo nhdng nam 40 CLia TK XX Chd dl ndy, tdc gia khai thae nhdm bdn am mde kip kdt hpp vdi eae tilt tdu mdc don vd ddu lang den dupe kfen trombone diln tdu d tdc dd nhanh, tao nen kieh tfnh, mieu ta sy ban, ngdng cudng cua bpn xam luae Be violoncello vd eonuebasso di ddng am hai ndt den xi, mi, nhu mieu ta budc chan ke thd, lam cho tfnh chdt am nhae them cang ihang Sau dd, chu d l ndy lai tie'p tuc phdt triln vdi sy tham gia cda todn thi bd ddng Bd gd va bd ddy nhdc lai am hinh mdc kip ciia chd dl Tie'p theo, chd dl dupc md tidn xudng quang uudng violino I vd violino II diln tdu
Chu dl midu la thuc dan Phdp, tdc gia Idy td bai hat ca ngpi thdng chl PItain Tdc gia da thay ddi net nhac ndy dua uen giai dieu loan cung, kit hpp vdi dm dieu dem mdc kep cua tamburino vd bd ddy, tao nen bd mat nham hiem tan dc, da man cua thye dan Phap
Trudc vdo nhdm ehd dl each mang, xud't hien mdt doan nhac cd tfnh cha't ndi, la'y td am hudng cda chd dl Nhai nhung dupc bil^n ddi, gpi len eanh ehiln khu day, tac gia da sd
A M N H A C VA MGA
dung thu phdp ciing mdt Idc vang len cdc chit dl am nhac khue (polytheme) Tren nin cda chu dl Nhat vang len tiing kin cdu nudc, dd Id chd dl cdch mang la'y Uong ca canh Hdi nghi Diin Hdng eua nhac sT Luu Hihi Phude
Tho giao hudng Ngudi vi dem tdi ngdy vai
eua nhac sT Trpng Bang, chu dl chfnh dupc hinh thdnh bdi hai md tip nhac Md tfp ddu tien Idy nit nhac md ddu td Ca ngpi Hd Chu tich cua nhac si Van Cao nhung dupc thay ddi chdt ft vl tilt tdu Chu dl ndy da khde hpa thdnh edng hhih anh cda ngudi cha gid, vi lanh tu vT dai eua ddn tde
Qua viec khao sdt mdt sd giao hudng uen, cd Ihl thdy mde dd ea khue dupc dua vdo dl xdy dyng chu dl am nhac cua edc nhac sT Id khde Tuy nhien, lai cd mdt dilu gidng dd Id y thdc cua edc nhac sT vl sy tilp ndi vdi mach ngudn dan tdc Dilu dy phdn ndo ldm cho tde phdm cda hp dl dupe edng ehung chdp nhan hon, mat khae nd eung khdng dinh mdt sdc thdi rieng ed cua nin giao hudng Viet Nam trudc sy da dang, phong phu cua ngdi nhd nhac thi gidi •
N.T.T
Dl SAN VAN HdA (Tiep theo trang 30)
di san van ti6a \M gidi CO nliidu gia tri d6c dao, Irfin ca binll dien van iioa vat th^ va phi vat tll^ Nliimg di^u bi tin vSn clid dgi cdng tac Ichao c6 hoc ti^p tuc lam sang to Nhimg nhQng hien vat, tu heu hien co cung dii lam cho di san van hda thg gidi trcf nen hsip din du Ichach qutfc l6 va nudc Vain d6 la cSn d&u tu cho cdng tac trung bay hien vat khao c6 mdt each trang trong, tuong xiing vdri gii tri quj hiehi cda hang ngan hien vat dang cd CSn nghien cilu xac dinh ro quy hoach ndi va td chiic khao c6 mdt each cd he thdng, nhim lam xuit la hinh hai cda tda xua va bao tdn nd theo ki^u moi bdo tdng klido co hoc phuc vu du khach, thay vi vin cho canh tae ndng nghiep nhu Cin ket hop phuc dung mdt phin din t^giao tren nui Ddn Son cho du khach xem mdt nghi thiic tJ giao d TK XV Cin quyft tam quy hoach lai khdng gian ciia ngoai, dd phiic dung lai hao la rit cin thift, diy c6n li giai phap bao tdn liu dii cho toa cd
Viec UNESCO cdng nhin di tfch nha Hd Thanh Hda la di san van hda thS gidi la mdt CO hdi dac biet d^ xdc tidn quang bi thuong hieu cho cic di^m du lich diy tidm nang i Thanh Hda Cdng vdi Khu di tich lich s4 vin hda Lam Kinh, Khu Du lich sinh thai van hda Him Rdng va Thi xa du lich bifo Sim Son, chic chin nha Hd se cd vai trd ddng luc, thdc diy chudi cic didm du lich tidm nang ci Thanh Hda hdi nhap vdi du lich qudc gia va qudc td tiong mdt tuong lai gin •
L.V.T