Ngoai ldi bai trf tugng phat thdng thudng d d c ngdi chita TK XVIII, XIX, thi diem dac biet cita chtia Lien Phii 11 khdng cd he thdng tugng Thap dien Diem Vuong, ma thay vao dd 11 bdn[r]
(1)V A N HOA N G H F T H U A T T R O M I ; y i y y ^
GHUA LIEN PHAI
TRANG THANH HIEN
Nim sau bun hiit mdt ngo nhd thudc phd Bach Mai, quan Hai Ba Trung, Ha Ndi la chtia Lien Phai cdn cd ten gpi la chtia Lien Hoa, Lien Tdng Diu thdi Nguyin, chtia nim tren dja phan huyen Quang Ddc, den nam 1813 thi ddi Vinh Thuan, sau dd 11 huyen Hoan Long Xua, diy vdn la tu gia ciia thi tit Trinh Thap, em rupt chua Trjnh Cuong (1709-1729), trai Tan Quang Vuang Trinh Binh (1670-1702) Vao ddi Le Hy Tdng (1675-1705), men tai hpc, dng duge vua ga cdng chiia thit tu va d p dit rdng miu Bic Bp d lang Hdng Mai (1), tdng Ta Nghiem, huyen Tho Xuong Tuong truyin, dao dit lam nha, gia nhan phat hien thiy mpt ngd sen Idn Ong cho rang minh cd duyen vdi Phat nen xuit gia di tu vl cai nha chtia, gpi la Ly Tran Vien, lay dd lam noi hpc dao Phat Nhu vay, nien dai khdi dung ciia chita Lien Phai la chfnh nam Bao Thai thit (1726) Nai dung chita la mpt vung rdng Idn, phfa trudc chtia cd hd Idn hinh trdn trdng sen, ben 11 d c tda tien dudng, dai bung bao dien, trai phdng, kho chu:a kinh, nha khicb ndi tiip nbau(2)
Sau xuit gia, Trjnh Thap din Yen Tit d u dao phap, dugc Chan Nguyen tbiin su thau nhan lam mdn de Thay dng la ngudi cd tam lai cd trf hue hon ngudi, su td dat phap hieu la Nhu Nhu, tu la Nhu Trirng Lam Giac theo phap danh truyin thtta Chan Nguyen tbiin su vdn la td thir 36 ciia Lam Te chinh long Cdn Nhu Trttng Lam Giac sau nhan tam an ttr Chan Nguyen da khai sing son mon Lien Phai, liy chita Lien Hoa (Lien Phai) lam tru tu
Trudc tac cita dng chi lai Ngu gidi Qud'c dm va Thdp gidi Qudc dm bing tha Nom theo the luc bat, dugc viet lam sa di d chita Long Ddng Trong thdi gian hoIng hda dao
phap, dng cd lap them chtia Hd Qudc (phudng Thanh Luang, quan Hai Bl Trung nay) vl nom chtia Ham Long (Qui Vd, tinh Bac Ninh nay) Nam 1733, nha su vien tjch 37 tudi, d m cdng diic dng la td khai son sang lap tbiin phai, d c mon de da dung tugng, xay thip thd xa li va ddi ten chtia Lien Tong Nam 1841, phai kieng chir buy cua vua Thieu Trj (Nguyin Phuc Mien Tdng) nen chtia trd lai ten Lien Phai Sau Nhu Trtmg Lam Giac, son mdn Lien Phai truyin thtra dugc 13 ddi va da cho trtmg san hang ngan bd sIch kinh Cimg vdi chtia Ba Da, chtia Lien Phii da trd mdt trung tam in khic dd hga cd Idn nhat chon kinh ky xua Ngay nay, chtia vln cdn luu giir mdt kho kinh tang dd so, mac diu da cd sir thai lac nhiiu bi
Kien triic
Trii qua gan 300 nam, chita Lien Phii da ft nhiiu bj thu hep Tuy nhien, vln cd thi thI'y d c ldp lang kiin triic dugc xay dung va tu bd theo ttmg giai doan ljch sit Theo ngd quanh co, bit dau bing mgt d i cdng gach nhd, de vao chua, ngudi ta phai di theo ldi cdng ngach phia ben tay trai ciia tam quan trudc diy Tam quan nim theo true cita ngdi chtia hudng tay nam, cd dang thiic tuong tu nhu nghi mdn ngoai cita chtia Lang, vdi bdn cdt tru cao, lung chtmg tao mdt bd vi limg bing gd de tao thinh ba bd mai nhd vdi nhirng diu dao cong viit Tam quan nay, chi cdn la biiu tugng cho hinh ding vl ldi di xua, bdi phia trudc sit vdi nhi dan
Qua mdt khoang san rdng 11 lac vien, giua cd thap dieu quang hinh luc giac cao 10 ting, bing gach trat vdi, dung nam 1890 Kien triic ciia ngdi thip dugc xem 11 mdt biet le nghe thuat Phat giio, bdi thdng thudng d c thap dang thudng cao 11, hoac 13 ting - tiic thap biiu tugng Phat Niu thip dugc dung 11 bieu tugng ciia Ciru phim lien boa - tjnh tdng thi khdng the xay 10 tang nhu dugc tha'y Vay se cd gia thuyit: Thii nhat, qua trinh triing tu sau nly ma hg da xay them hoac bdt sd tang cita cay thap Thti hai, sd ting phai chang cd lien quan din ten cita nhan vat Trjnh Thap Trong khu vudn thip ta bit gap bai chd d l U , so 318
(2)MY THUAT-KIEN T R G C chiu hai ben, dau vet cita tu dinh xua noi phit
chtia Tat d nhu tao nen mpt khung canh tinh lang, thu thii, nhu bd qua d i dn lo cua phd xa trudc tiin vlo chfnh dien Phfa trudc tiin dudng la mpt phuong dinh nhd chiia bia Gia phd bi ky dung nam Bao Dai (1928) chep vi cac thi he tru tri thuoc truyin thtta son mdn Lien Phai
Kiin triic tdng the ciia chita Lien Phii la mpt bien the ciia dang thiic npi cong ngoai qudc Hai day ta hifu, nha tang vl nha td phi'a sau tao mdt dudng bao hinh chir qudc Tuy nhien khu chi'nh dien lai la mdt td hgp bao gdm nip nha kieu triing thiim diep dc, nhung theo ldi tiin nhj hau dinh Dien Phat cd dang thitc hinh chii dinh dugc dung len ttr mpt toa binh chu nha't ndi them gian dpc xay tudng hdi bit ddc Tda hinh chir nhat hay cdn gpi la tda trung dudng chita dung nhiing diu vit kien trtic cd xua nhit cita ngdi chtia vdi nhirng diu bly cham rdng vl hang cdt vudng bing da tdng ddc Nguyin Dang Giai ciing dudng Phia trudc
11 tien dudng dugc dung them nam 1941 va ndi vdi chi'nh dien bing dang thitc vdm trin mai cua Kieu thiic rat phd bien kie'n true cung dinh Hui thdi Nguyin Nd vtra cd chirc nang thdng khi, lay anh sang, vtra cd tie dung bie'n toan bg khu tiin dudng va trung dudng mdt mat bing thdng nhat CIc nip nha da tao nip mai Idn nhd lien tie'p khien cho tiit dieu cita kie'n true dugc thay ddi ca lin ngoai
Ttr mat bing rpng Idn vdi d c hang chan cot, tren d c vi keo cita khu ndi dien, d c kie'n triic su dan gian da tao nen nhiing trang tri kiin triic tang ting ldp ldp vdi cita vdng dugc cham thiing tinh xao theo de tai long phugng, boa ciic, hoa sen, nhu bly mdt thi gidi cue lac Kit hgp vdi dd la d c hoanh phi, cau ddi ca nggi canh chiia, dao phap va cdng diic ciia su td Nhu Trttng Lam Gilc
Sau chi'nh dien la nha td, dugc dung tren mat bing ciia Ly Trin Vien Nha td cung cd mdt kiin triic dac biet va cho thiy nhirng dl'u vet ciia viec md rpng ngdi chtia Mat bing chinh dien cita nha td vdn la mdt tda nha gian diu hdi bit ddc dugc xay cao ban han thugng dien Sau dd, tda nbl da dugc ndi them hang chan cdt va tao mdt bd vi trong, keo dai Ly Trin Vien vi ben dau hdi tao 11 gian vdi d c cira Idn Do vay niu theo dang thiic mat bing thi toln bd khu td dudng cd dang thuc hinh chuoi vd, nhung tren dang thirc mai thi chiing lai tao hai he vi song song trung mot thugng luong tda ndc vl them mgt thugng luong cho vi cita nhitng gian ben chay sudt qua toa chfnh dien Sir triing md rdng qua nhiing giai doan khic ciing 11 diem date trung cho d c ngdi chtia cd dat Ha Thanh
So vdi nhiing ngdi chtia cd Ha Ndi, Lien Phii la mpt nhirng ngdi chua cd mdt vudn thap kha Idn Vudn thip nim tren gd Mai Phong, nai tim thI'y ngd sen mang diim lanh phfa sau nbl td, ciing la diem kit lai ciia ngdi chtia nhung bj vay bgc bdi nha dan Chfnh giiia 11 ngoi thap ciiu sinh, thd xa Ij td Nhu Trtmg Lam Gilc, dugc dung nam 1733 bing da xanh Thap dugc lam theo kieu tu di tga, gdm
(3)VAN HOA N G H P T H U A T TROMe i^yy^ ting, cao ban 4m cd dang thiic hoa sen vdi de vudng giat bdn d p Tren d p thit tu co cham ldp d n h sen up d c h dieu, bdn mat vudng d tren cd trang tri mdi mat hai lan va hoa sen, tiip den la mdt ldp d n h sen khac ddi xirng ngira len tren dd tang mpt cua thap Trong kham co dat bai vj su td Diim dac biet la tren trin ciia kham thd CO khic hinh bat quii du tim que Dieu nly d n g khing djnh tinh chit Mat tong dugc van dung va kit hgp mdt d c h chat che phai Lam Te vdi son mon Lien Phai Dinh thap la mpt chdp hinh bau rugu d c h dieu hoa van hinh d n h sen Ngdi thap nly ciing dupe xem la mdt nhirng thap td dac sic ciia TK XVIIl CIc thap khac dugc xay bing gach gdm: Ttr hda, chan nhu, phd minh, ttr phong, bao son, diu da Theo thdng ke nam 1945, chtia Lien Phii cd khoang 30 ngdi thap md (3), nhung de'n chi lai thap dung sau nha td, thip dung trudc dien Miu, vdi mgt d i hinh luc giac nhung khdng ro danh tfnh Phia trudc tiin dudng cdn cd mdt khu "ting ban that" tii'c nha luu giit van kinh, dting lam nhi tiip khIch va nai thd dja tang bd tat
Dieu k h i c
Chita Lien Phii cd nien dai khdi dung vao diu TK XVllI (1726), vay, nhirng tic pham dieu khic nghe thuat Phat giio d day cung chi cd sau nien dai k i tren Theo nhu tim bia hien cdn tai chtia, nam Tu Diic thii (1854), thien nam tfn nii quyen gdp cdng dire 1.000 quan tiin d i sira nha td, nha tang, hanh lang va td tugng Phat uy nghi rite rd Cdng viec mit din nam mdi hoan (4) Do dd, cd the xem day 11 nien dai hoan thien he thdng tugng Phat d day Chtia Lien Phai vln cdn giii dugc diy dil d c bd tugng quan trgng nhu Tam t h i Phat, Adi d l tam tdn, Thfch Ca Cim Long, tugng Quan am Thien Thu Thien Nhan
Dac sic nhat cd le la bd tugng Tam thi dat tren citng ciia thugng dien Nhin vao phong d c h tao binh, rat cd the tugng cd nien dai TK XVlll, vao giai doan su td Nhu Trtmg Lam Giac dung chita Bp tugng cd kfeh thudc khong Idn, cao ban 2m gdm d be nhung dugc cham khic mdt d c h d u ky Bd tugng
ciing khac xa vdi da phan vdi d c tam thi Cling nien dai cd sit diin ta hanh trang ciia Phat ttmg chii khdng phai la ba vj gidng het tugng trung cho 3.000 the gidi Phat Chfnh giira 11 Phat hien tai ngdi tren tda sen, tga tren mdt be bat giac trang trf dd In hoa sen vl lan Tay phai tugng kit an d t tudng, tay trai gia len kit an chuyen phap luln, bip tay phai deo vdng det cd dai hoa day chay quanh, cd tay trii mang vdng trdn nhd Khudn mat tii, diu cd nhuc khao ndi khd'i giira d c Ign tdc xoln dc Ngue tugng cd chir van Nhung dudng gin l o dugc diin ta d u ky, chay mim xudng, tao nen su vien man Hai ben ta hiru la tugng Phat qui khir vl vj lai cd tudng mao tuong tu, chi khic biet bdi d c the tay kit an va trang trf tren be tugng Phat qui khir ngdi theo thi bin kiit gil tay bit an tam mudi, be bat gilc trang tri hoa van hinh hgc theo kieu dan nong mdt vl ntit thit, d giira hinh nghe dang vdn 11 Phat vi lai tay phai In xtic dja, tay trai de long vdi vien nhu y ngge, be trang trf hinh chir van va hoa thj bdn d n h , lan vdn la d giira Ba tugng cQng chfnh la su dai dien cho Thfch ca, Di dl vl Di lac, dugc diin ta d nhtmg
Sd318
(4)MY THUAT - KIEN TRPC tang tugng tiep theo Nhimg trang trf tren be
tugng nay, cd le khdng chi dan thuan mang y nghia Phat giio, ml cdn mang gia trj thim my cua mdt ngdi chtia quy tdc, ml Trjnh Thap 11 ngudi khdi xudng
Neu da phan d c ngdi chtia thudc phai Tjnh dd tdng coi trgng viec thd Adida va Quan am thi cac ngdi chtia thudc phii Lam Te, Tao Ddng, lai coi trgng viec thd Thfch ca Do dd chiing ta bit gap sir tuong ddng kha Idn giiia cac ngdi chtia nhu Ba Da, Lien Phii, Trin Qudc Ngoai viec vln cd tugng Adida dat sau tam the', thi tugng Thich Ca dugc dac biet chu trgng Cac tugng thudng la tugng Thfch ca thuyit phap hoac tugng Nien hoa vi tieu Di theo Thich ca thudng la Tii dai Bd tat tugng ciing khac vdi d c ngdi chiia thdng thudng Ne'u di cting cap vdi tugng Quan am thudng la Thi chf - vj phd ta cho diic Adida, thi tugng The chf dugc thay bang Nhit Quang bd tat Hai tugng nly ngdi theo the hiin tga tren be vudng hai chan dat song song, diu ddi vuong mien trang tri d u ky vdi tdc van cao Tugng Quan Am thi nang binh cam Id tugng trung cho sir ciiu khd ciru nan, cdn Nhat Quang la vi bd tit d m mat trdi, day la phap de diet trii ngu tdi va cd tic dung chiia benh cung nhu tugng trung cho sir sing sudt ciia trf tue Vi trf cua hai van thti vl phd hiin, thdng thudng mieu ta hai vj Phat cudi voi tring va su tu xanh, thi d diy da dugc thay thi bing hai vi bd tat ngdi kiet gil d m phap lita tam mudi, mdt nhirng phIp cd the diet trtt mgi vgng niem va vd minh Bdn tugng vi the khdng khac giira d c chiia tren nhung hinh thai cita d c tac pham mdi chtia mdi khac lam nen su phong phii da dang
Viec xul't hien da dang d c tucmg Thich ca d d c ngdi chiia ciing chfnh la su biiu duang phuang d c h truyen tdm dn ma phii Lam Te, Tao Ddng di cao Nd gin vdi cau chuyen ngd dao ma Phat giao ki Thfch ca gio cao bdng hoa sen, dai chiing chua hieu gi, chi cd Ma Ha Ca Diep mim cudi rang rd Pho tugng d chiia Lien Phai chfnh la sir khic hga lai giay phiit cua Thfch ca vdi thi ngdi ban kiet gia
khudn mat tinh lang ddi chiit nii tfnh, diu ddi vuong mien trang trf d n h sen va mly lira, vl bdng hoa sen gia cao ngang tai nhu pha di d i ddng thai tinh lang dd Day la mdt nhung tie phim dep xuit sic cita TK XVllI
Citng vdi Thfch ca thi hai ben thugng dien cdn thd rieng hai A nan va Ca diep la hai dai de tit ciia Thfch ca Hai tugng nly nhd la ldi dieu khic mang dam chit dan gian
Ngoai ldi bai trf tugng phat thdng thudng d d c ngdi chita TK XVIII, XIX, thi diem dac biet cita chtia Lien Phii 11 khdng cd he thdng tugng Thap dien Diem Vuong, ma thay vao dd 11 bdn tugng hang quan van vd Rit cd the, sir xuit hien ciia tugng hang quan ft nhiiu lien quan din than the cua Trjnh Thap vdn la mgt vuong than trudc trd su td cua son mdn Lien Phii
He thdng tugng td cua chita ciing la nhimg tic phim dang chii y Gian ben phai thd td Bd Tii Dat Ma, ben trai thd td Nhu Trtmg Llm Gilc vl d c su td: Tfnh Tinh Tram Ddng hda thugng, Ttr Phong Hai Quynh td su, Kim Lien Tjch Truyin dai su, Tudng Chiiu Khoan td su, Phd Tinh dai su, Phiic Dien hda thugng, Dau Da chita Ba Dl Nhirng tugng khdng chi ghi nhan danh tfnh nhimg the he truyen thtra son mdn, ma cdn mang dam gil trj cua nghe thuat dieu khic chan dung Mdi nhin vat nhu dugc khic hga d tinh va cd ddi sdng ndi tam rieng biet
Mac diu 11 mdt ngdi chua cd nien dai mudn so vdi nhirng ngdi chua Lam Ti cd ljch sit cl ngan nim tren dat HI thanh, nhung ttt kiin triic de'n dieu khic cita chtia Lien Phii da gdp mdt gil trj can ban cho ljch sit nghe thuat Phat giio Viet Nam Nd vtra mang dam nhung diu In cita mdt kiin trtic vuong phit xua, nhung ddng thdi ciing lai pha trdn vdi kieu kie'n true chtia lang •
T.TH
1 Sau Hong Mai duoc d6i Bach Mai, bay gicr thi thuOc ducmg Bach Mai
2, Chiia Lien Phdi, danh lam noi tieng ddt Hd
thdnh, Nxb Ton giao Ha N6i, 2009 Ban djch bia, sdd
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