"La nhan vat chd'ng cdng tdi tan xUdng tuy, dng nhin nhan chii nghia Mac nhu mot ke thu chinh ciia c i Hoa Ky va Vatican, va hien nay, vao nhflng nam 1960, vi Hong y nay bat man[r]
(1)' ! • , ' , - r
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VE s a CAN THIEP CUA HONG Y SPELLMAN
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TRONG THOI KI CHIEN TRANH VIET NAM
(i
N am 1975, dat nfldc dUde thd'ng nhat sau hdn 20 nam chien tranh khdc het Tfl thap nien cud'i the ki XX, Viet Nam ludn dat tdc phat trien kinh te cao, ddi sdng nhan dan dUde cai thien, qua trinh hdi nhap qud'c te dien cang sau rong Trong hoan c i n h dd, Nha nude Viet Nam dang phai dd'i mat vdi nhieu van de nhfl hau qua chien tranh, nan tham nhflng, thiic hien chinh sach dam bao quyen tii dan chii, tii tdn giao,v.v Day la li khien mot so'ngUdi Viet Nam nUdc va ngoai nUdc kich dong cdng dong qud'c te, cd xuy cho sii can thiep ciia nUdc ngoai vao nhflng van de ciia nUdc minh Bai viet phan tich sii can thiep ciia Hong y Spellman thdi ki chien tranh Viet Nam, qua dd nhan manh mot thiic te rang: Bdi c i n h qud'c te la vd cflng quan trong, nhflng rdt cuoc chi cd ngudi Viet Nam mdi cd the giai quyet nhflng van de ndi bo ciia nUdc minh
I HONG Y S P E L L M A N VA CHU NGHIA CONG SAN ,
TrUdng hdp Hong y Spellman phai dat md'i quan he gifla Giao hdi Cdng giao va chu nghia cdng s i n gifla the ki XX bd'i c i n h qud'c te thdi ki chien tranh lanh gifla PhUdng Tay tU ban chii nghia va khdi cdng s i n Trong mot sd' cdng trinh trUde day, chung tdi da phan tich lich sU cua md'i quan he gifla Giao hoi Cdng giao va chu nghia cong s i n d Chau Au, nhflng cd sd va ban che lich sii
NGUYEN QUANG HLTNG*
ciia quan niem mac xit ve tdn giao'" Xet ve phfldng dien nghien cflu, ban than cac nha kinh dien la nhflng nha chinh tri va each mang khdng phai la nhflng nha triet hoc tdn giao nhfl I Kant, G.W.F Heghen cflng khdng phai la nhflng chuyen gia nghien cflu ve xa hdi hoc tdn giao nhfl E Durkheim, M Weber, Day la diem can Iflu y danh gia hoc thuyet mac xit ve tdn giao D i u the nao thiic te la tfl gifla the ki XIX, Giao hdi Cdng giao khdng man ma vdi phong trao cdng nhan cac nude Chau Au Tda Thanh phin khang hoe thuyet mac xit d hai diem chinh: Thfl nhat, Giao hdi Cdng
* PGS.TS., Khoa Triei hgc, Truang Dai hgc Khoa hgc Xa hdi va Nhan van, Dai hgc Qudc gia Ha Noi
1 Nam 1843, tac phaim Phe phdn triet hoc phdp
quyen ciia Heghen Led ndi ddu C Mac khang dinh:
'Tdn giao la thudc phien ciia nhan dan" Nam 1848, C Mac va Ph Angghen md dau Tuyen ngdn ciia Ddng
cong sdn nhu sau: "Mdt bdng ma dang am anh Chau
Au: bdng ma chu nghia cdng san Tai ca cac the luc ciia Chau Au cu dang tim each trir khir bdng ma dd Giao hoang va Nga hoang ( ), ddu da lien hgp lai mdt lien minh than de trir khir bdng ma dd." C Mac va Ph Angghen Tuyen ngdn ciia Ddng cong sdn, trong: C Mdc vd Ph Angghen Todn tap Tap 4, tr 595 Nhu vay nhirng ngudi sang lap chu nghia cdng san liet Giao hoang va Giao hgi Cdng giao the gidi vao "danh sach cac the luc Chau Au cu" ddi lap vdi phong trao cdng san Xem: Nguy6n Quang Hung Vdi
suy nghi ve quan mem ciia C Mdc vd Ph Angghen ve ton gido Tap chi Nghien cii:u Tdn giao, sd 5/2005, tr
3 - : Nguygn Quang Hung, Nguydn Thi Bach Yen
Quan he triet hoc - tdn gido: tif Tdx Au cdn dai tdi Viet Nam hien nax Tap chi Nghien cti'u Tdn giao, sd
(2)giao dflng ve phia nhflng ngfldi hflu sin, bao ve quyen tfl hflu tai san nhfl mot quyen bat k h i xam pham cua mdi ngUdi dan thi ehu nghia Mac lai dflng ve phia giai cap vd s i n va nhan dan lao ddng, cd xuy cho mot xa hdi cdng hflu tai s i n ThU hai, Cdng giao la mot tdn giao doc t h i n , thd phung Dflc Chfla Ba Ngdi, thi chu nghia Mac lai chii trfldng xay dflng mot xa hoi cdng s i n vat va vd thin Nhfl vay, hoc thuyet cdng s i n C Mac, Ph Angghen va V.I Lenin sang lap va giao li Cdng giao deu chfla dflng nhflng gia tri nhan dao cao ca, mong mudn mot tfldng lai tot dep cho nhan loai'^', nhflng theo cac each thflc, dudng trai ngUdc
Md'i quan he gifla Giao hoi Cdng giao va chii nghia cdng san cang trd nen cang thing sau Cach mang thang Mudi Nga nam 1917 Ben canh nhflng nd life vi boa binh, di d i u cac phong trao phan chien vi sii thinh vUdng chung ciia nhan loai, Tda Thanh e ngai chu nghia cdng sin, ban hanh nhieu thdng diep ve van de nay, dien hinh la Divini Redemptoris Sau Chien tranh The gidi l i n thU hai, bdi c i n h chien tranh lanh gifla PhUdng Tay va khd'i cdng s i n , lap trUdng chd'ng chu nghia cdng s i n cua Tda Thanh cang the hien rd dudi trieu cua Giad hoang Pio XII (tri vi 1939-1959) Nhflng hoat ddng chinh tri ciia Hong y Spellman nam khung canh dd
Spellman, ten that la Francis Joseph Spellman, sinh nam 1889 d Whitman, Bang Massachusetts, Hea Ky Sau td't nghiep thdng d Fortham, dng theo hoc d North American College, mot Dai chiing vien d Roma va thu phong linh muc nam 1916 Tfl nam 1925, Spellman lam viec vdi tU each la vien (Attache) d Vatican, dac trach quan he gifla Hoa Ky va Tda Thanh Nam 1932, dng trd Giam muc Giad phan Boston va dUdc phong chflc Hong y nam 1946
La mdt nhan vat chd'ng cdng dac biet cua Giao hoi Cdng giao the gidi nhflng nam 1940, 1950, nhieu trUdng hdp, Spellman da khoac chiec ao Hdng y de can thiep vao cdng viec ndi bd nhieu qud'c gia Vi Hong y trd mot nhan vat ndi tieng Giao hdi Cdng giao the gidi va quan he qudc te bdi dng cd md'i quan he td't vdi nhieu tdng thdng Hoa Ky nhu Harry Truman, D Wight Eisenhower va Lyndon Johnson Nhd dd, dng trd mot nhan vat cd i n h hUdng Idn chinh tri PhUdng Tay
Gifla Giao hoang Pio XII va Spellman cd mdi quan he dac biet Nam 1936, Spellman thap tflng Hong y Pacelli chuyen tham Hoa Ky Trong chuyen di nay, vdi sfl xep dat ciia Spellman, Pacelli da dUdc Tong thd'ng Hoa Ky Roosevelt tiep kien va mdi quan he gifla ba nhan vat tfl dd trd nen than tinh Nam 1939, Hong y Pacelli dUdc b i u lam Giao hoang lay nien hieu Pio XII Tfl day, dUdng sfl nghiep cua Spellman len nhu dieu Ngay sau dd, Spellman dUdc bd nhiem lam Tdng Giam muc Tdng Giao phan New York Cung nhu Giao hoang Pio XII, Spellman bay td lap trUdng khdng t h o i hiep vdi chu nghia cdng sin Nam 1946, vi Hong y da nhan manh den sU cin thiet p h i i chd'ng cong ldng nUde My Nam 1949, dng khang dinh rang, Hoa Ky chi cd the vflng manh nd xoa sach cac chi bd cdng s i n
2 Hd Chi Minh da nhan thay rd nhirng di6m tuong ddng v6 li tudng gitra cac hgc thuyet tren ndi: "Tdn giao ciia Giesu cd uu di6m cua nd la long nhan cao ca Chii nghia Mac cd uu diem ciia nd la phuong phap lam viec bien chirng Chii nghia Tdn Dat Tien cd uu diem cua no, chinh sach ciia no thich hgp vdi didu kien nude ta Khdng Tir Giesu Mac, Ton Dat Tien chang cd nhirng diem chung dd sao? ( ) Tdi cd gang lam ngudi hgc trd nhd ciia cac vi ay" Tran Dan Tien Nhiing mau chuyen ve ddi hoat
ddng ciia Hd Chii tich Ban Trung van ciia Truang
Niem Thirc Nxb Tam Lien, Thugng Hai, trong: Hd
Chi Minh ve vd'n de tdn gido tin iigudng N.Kb
(3)d nUdc minh Ong da bay td lap trfldng cua minh trdng cudc tranh luan vdi Nghi si McCarthy nam 1953 nhfl sau: "Neu ed the tdi mudn bd sung them mot tfl neu nhu Nghi si McCarthy ndi vdi chung tdi ve nhflng ngUdi cdng s i n va ve each thflc cua cong s i n Tdi mudn ndi rang tdi khdng chi chd'ng lai ehii nghia cdng s i n ma tdi cdn chd'ng c i phUdng phap cua nhflng ngUdi cdng sin"'^'
La linh muc tuyen uy, tfl nam 1942 cho tdi cudi ddi, Spellman di tham cac ddn vi quan ddi My dang hien dien d nhflng chien trUdng ndng bdng d Chau Au, d Trieu Tien va Viet Nam vao nhflng dip Le Giang sinh Vi Hong y trd cd' van than can ciia Giao hoang Pio XII nhflng van de dd'i ngoai, lam mUa lam gid Giao hoi Cdng giao the gidi va cd i n h hUdng rat Idn tdi chinh phii Hoa Ky dd tdi mflc cd biet danh la "vi Giao hoang ngUdi My" (American Pope) Trong bdi c i n h chien tranh lanh gifla Phfldng Tay va khdi cdng s i n dang hoi cao diem, nen chinh tri nUdc My nhflng nam 1950-1960 thflc sfl da hi chi phdi bdi lap trfldng dieu hau ciia cac vi tong thd'ng Harry Truman, D Eisenhower, John Kennedy, Lyndon Johnson Day cflng la thdi ki vang sdn quan he gifla chinh quyen My vdi Tda Thanh bdi nhflng nd liic cua Spellman Vi Hong y td ro sfl ung ho chinh quyen My cuoc chien t r a n h d Trieu Tien Ong di khap ndi, co xuy cho cac che doc tai dan ap phong trao canh t i d cac nUdc "La nhan vat chd'ng cdng tdi tan xUdng tuy, dng nhin nhan chii nghia Mac nhu mot ke thu chinh ciia c i Hoa Ky va Vatican, va hien nay, vao nhflng nam 1960, vi Hong y bat man vdi Tda Thanh bdi vi Giao hoang mdi [Paul VI-XQH] ndi ve hoa binh d Viet Nam treng Hoa Ky dang theo dudi cuoc chien chdng lai chu nghia cdng sin, Vi Hong y da nd liic lam moi dieu cd the de chd'ng lai cai ma dng ta goi la hiem hoa cua quan
Dd Vdi muc dich sii dung quyen liic ciia minh, Spellman ldi keo Giao hoi cua dng theo hfldng cua ngfldi My"'*"
Vdi nhflng boat ddng eiia Spellman dUdc sfl hau thuan cua Giao hoang Pio XII theo mot sd' nha nghien cflu nhflng nam 1950, Tda Thanh cdn e ngai chu nghia cdng s i n hdn ca chinh quyen My va cac nfldc Tay Au, lam gia tang sfl ddi d i u gifla PhUdng Tay vdi khdi cdng sin, day chien tranh lanh tdi dinh cao cua nd
II S I / CAN THIEP CUA HONG Y SPELLMAN VAO CHIEN TRANH VIET NAM
La ngUdi cd vu nhiet thuyet Ddmind, Spellman quan tam tdi Viet Nam tfl d i u nhflng nam 1950 chien tranh Ddng Dudng l i n thfl nhat dang hoi cad diem Sau viec lap nfldc CHND Trung Hoa, vi Hong y cflng vdi nhieu nhan vat chop bu chinh quyen My da can thiep vao Ddng Dfldng nham tao hang rao ngan chan i n h hfldng cua chu nghia cdng s i n d Ddng Nam A Ong phe phan Hiep dinh Geneva nam 1954 ve Viet Nam, khdng tan viec tdng tuyen cii toan qud'c d c i hai mien Nam -Bac, cho dd la sii thda hiep vdi chii nghia cong s i n : "Neu ung ho tat c i nhflng dieu Hiep dinh Geneva thi cd nghia la gidng tieng ken bao hieu cham bet nhflng khat vong ve tfl dang chay bdng d Ddng Nam A! Dd cflng cd nghia la sfl phan bdi dd'i vdi hang trieu ngfldi dan Ddng Dudng, nhflng ngUdi dang phai chflng kien sfl khiing khie'p sfl thd'ng tri ciia cdng sin cuong tin mang lai"'*'
De cap tdi sfl can thiep cua Spellman tdi lich sii Viet Nam giai doan khdng the khdng n h i c tdi md'i quan he ciia dng
3 John Cooney Cardinal Spellman New York 1984, p 219
4 John Cooney Sdd, tr xvi
5 Dan theo: Scheer The American Pope Francis
(4)ta vdi chinh quyen Ngd Dinh Diem Khdng p h i i la ngfldi nhat, nhflng rd rang vai trd eiia vi Hdng y viec dUa Ngd Dinh Diem len nam quyen d Mien Nam Viet Nam la dieu khdng the phu nhan Qua Giam muc Ngd Dinh Thuc, vi Hong y biet tdi Ngd Dinh Diem Theo J Buttinger: "Hong y Spellman, ngUdi ma Diem biet tdi qua sii gidi thieu cua anh trai minh cd le la ngUdi My d i u tien de xUdng y tudng chinh phu Viet Nam p h i i dUdc lanh dad bdi nhan vat Cdng giao Ngd Dinh Diem""'* Ong da can du viec ngUdi My gay ap liic de ngUdi Phap nhat tri viec Bio Dai bd nhiem Ngd Dinh Diem lam Thii tudng 14/6/1954
Hdn the nfla, Spellman da lam bet sflc minh ciing cd' chinh quyen Ngd Dinh Diem giai doan trflng nfldc Nhin nhan lan sdng ngUdi di cU vad Nam sau Hiep dinh Geneva, ma da p h i n la ngUdi Cdng giao, nhU mot cuoc trd'n chay khdi chii nghia cdng s i n , di tim tfl do, dng da CO xuy cho dan di cfl luc Tda Thanh khdng cd lap trUdng rd rang ve van de Nam 1955, chuyen vieng tham Mien Nam Viet Nam, vi Hong y da chuyen qua to chflc Cflu trd Cdng giao Qud'c te (Catholic Relief Service) tam sec 100.000 USD hd trd cho dan di cU Nam 1955, dng gia nhap hoi nhflng ngUdi My ling ho chien tranh Viet Nam vdi cai ten Hoi Nhflng ngfldi ban My vi Viet Nam (The American Friends of Vietnam) bao gom nhieu chinh tri gia ndi tieng dd nhu Bo trudng Ngoai giao John Foster Dulles, Giao sU Dai hoc Michigan Wesley Fishel, cac nghi si Lyndon Johnson, Mike Mansfield, Eugene McCarthy, Richard Nixon, Chanh an Tda an Tdi cao Lien bang Wilham Douglas va nhieu ngUdi khac
Nam 1957, chuyen tham Hoa Ky, Ngd Dinh Diem da cd cuoc gap vdi Hong y Spellman Neu nhU khdng ed sii hau thuin va trd giflp die liic ciia cac nhan vat quan
trong cua chinh quyen My neu tren, dd cd Hong y Spellman, chinh quyen Ngd Dinh Diem budi dau trflng nfldc khd cd the tru vflng trUdc nhflng ddi thii la liic lUdng than Phap d Mien Nam dd nhU cac liic lUdng cua Cad Dai, Phat giao Hda Hao, Binh Xuyen va cac liic lUdng cua tudng Nguyen Van Hinh
Mot cau hdi dat ra, Spellman giflp dd chinh quyen Ngd Dinh Diem trUdc het vi cai gi? Vi dflc tin Kitd giao hay vi ngfldi My? Thai dd cua vi Hong y ddi vdi anh em ho Ngd nhflng thang cudi cflng ciia chinh quyen Ngd Dinh Diem giup chung ta sang td dieu Khdng chi chinh quyen J Kennedy, ma ca Hdi Nhflng ngfldi ban My vi Viet Nam cung bd rdi anh em ho Ngd nhflng phut lam chung Spellman da khdng ddn tiep Ngd Dinh Thuc chuyen vi giam muc tren dudng sang Roma tham dii Cdng dong Vatican II ghe cua Hoa Ky vao thang 9-10/1963 nham giii tda nhflng bat dong gifla chinh quyen Kennedy vdi anh em ho Ngd Trong dd, tfl nam quyen tdi luc bi lat dd bdi cuoc dio chinh 1/11/1963, chinh quyen Ngd Dinh Diem khdng he thay doi lap trUdng chd'ng cdng cflng nhfl lam phUdng hai tdi dflc tin Kitd giao Sud't nam cam quyen, anh em ho Ngd chii yeu diia vao sfl iing ho ciia Giao hoi Cdng giao Mien Nam dd, lay Ding Cin Lao lam ndng cot
Nhflng vi anh em ho Ngd trd nen khdng de sai bao ddi vdi chinh quyen Kennedy, nen chuyen Ngd Dinh Thuc sang Hoa Ky, Spellman khdng nhflng tay chay Ngd Dinh Thuc, ma cdn de nghi ci Giam muc Fulton Sheen cai quan Giao phan New York bd rdi vi Tdng Giam muc Tdng Giao phan Hue Nhflng vd'n la mot ngUdi quen cua Ngd Dinh Thuc, Giam muc Fulton Sheen da khdng nghe theo Spellman, van mdi cdm Ngd Dinh Thuc
6 Joseph Buttinger A smaller dragon Vietnam: A
political History Preager Publishers New
(5)Neu Spellman k h d n g bi bd rdi nhflng t h a n g cudl cflng, k e t cue ciia a n h em ho Ngd k h d n g tdi mflc bi t h i m nhfl vay Thiic te la, vi H o n g y n a y da dfldc t h d n g bao trfldc ve ke h o a c h d i o c h i n h lat chinh q u y e n Ngd D i n h D i e m , nhflng da k h d n g l a m gi de cflu che n a y " \
Dfldng n h i e n , mot t r o n g nhflng li m a S p e l l m a n b a t b i n h bdi c h i n h q u y e n Ngd Dinh Diem q u a diia vao cac liic lUdng Cdng giao va dieu dd t a o r a mot a n tUdng khdng td't ve Giao hdi Cdng giao'^' NhUng dieu dd cflng k h d n g du de t h a n h m i n h mot thiic te la S p e l l m a n u n g ho a n h em ho Ngd k h d n g b a n vi nhflng ngfldi Cdng giao M i e n N a m Viet N a m k h i dd, m a trUdc b e t vi q u y e n ldi c u a H d a Ky, vi cuoc chien chd'ng chii n g h i a cdng s i n ciia dng ta Vdi q u a n h e t h a n t i n h vdi c h i n h q u y e n Kennedy, sd p h a n cua a n h em ho Ngd cd le se k h a c n e u n h u vi H o n g y n a y thiic sii vi quyen ldi cua ngudi Cdng giao va dflc tin Kitd giao Cai m u H o n g y va nhflng ldi rad g i i n g " b i o ve dflc tin Kitd giao" cua S p e l l m a n chi la cai vd tdn giao be ngoai
Dieu cang the hien rd sau chinh quyen Ngd Dinh Diem sup dd' Hong y Spellman la ngfldi co vfl nhiet t h a n h cho viec chinh quyen Lyndon J o h n s o n leo t h a n g chien t r a n h d Viet N a m vdi viec de q u a n vao Mien N a m va n e m bom Mien B i c Bat chap \aec nan n h a n chien t r a n h da p h i n la dan thudng, dd cd c i dan Cdng giao, vi Hong y coi chien t h i n g ap dao q u a n sfl dd'i vdi nhflng ngfldi cdng s i n la giii p h a p n h a t cho cuoc chien d Viet Nam, "Neu chung ta xem xet d i i n tien lich sii can thiep cua dng ta thi se t h a y viec Spellman tiep tuc ling ho m a n h me chinh sach cua My d Viet Xam khdng cd gi ngac nhien c i Ve p h a n minh, Johnson mudn ldi d u n g sfl hieu chien ciia vi Hong y Vdi viec a t dfla q u a n ddi My t h a m dfl vao cuoc chien thi p h o n g trao p h a n dd'i sfl hien dien cua h'nh My d Viet Nam cang dang cao Vi Td'ng thd'ng mud'n nhflng nd liic cua dng dfldc Chfla che
chd, va Spellman, hdn b a t cfl n h a n vat nao k h a c cua Giao hdi, cdng k h a i coi cuoc vien chinh cua J o h n s o n la mot h a n h vi dao dflc ( ) S p e l l m a n luc nao cung cho r a n g nhiing quyet d i n h cua Tdng thd'ng la d u n g dan"'^'
Vao dip Le G i a n g s i n h n a m 1966, S p e l l m a n tdi S a i Gdn t h a m cae ddn vi q u a n ddi My Tfldng M y W e s t m e r e l a n d dich t h a n r a p h i trfldng T a n Sdn N h a t ddn vi H o n g y S p e l l m a n iing ho viec Hoa Ky n e m bom M i e n Bac Viet N a m va goi nhflng ngfldi l i n h My la " t h a n h gUdm cua C h u a " C h i e n t r a n h Viet N a m , t h e o dng, la cuoc c h i e n bao ve n e n v a n m i n h Lap t r u d n g ciia S p e l l m a n cdn cfle d o a n hdn ca q u a n d i e m eiia n h i e u c h i n h t r i gia Hoa Ky k h i dd O n g t i n tfldng r a n g , nhflng ngfldi l i n h M y d Viet N a m k h d n g chi bao ve q u y e n ldi c u a nfldc My, m a c i p h u c vu Dflc Kitd'^'^' T r o n g ddt v i e n g t h a m Viet N a m r a y k h i dfldc hdi: "Ngai nghi gi ve nhflng d i e u m a ngfldi My d a n g l a m d Viet N a m " ? Vi H o n g y n a y d a t r i ldi la dng " h o a n t o a n " u n g ho "moi cai d a n g dien ra" O n g d a n giai c a u ndi cua mot vi a n h hflng h a i q u a n d t h e ki XIX: "Cd le dat nfldc cua tdi b a e gid c u n g dung" Va du d u n g h a y s a i t h i dd cflng la "To qud'c tdi"'"' T r o n g m d t budi t h u y e t giang, S p e l l m a n ndi vdi nhflng ngfldi linh My r i n g , h o la "nhflng ngfldi l i n h T h a p tfl c h i n h " t h a m dfl vao cuoc chien cua "Dflc Kitd" chd'ng lai V i e t cdng va nhflng ngUdi
Bic Viet'^^'
7 Hai nam sau chinh quyen bi sup dd va anh em hg Ngd bi giei hai Spellman da bay td sir luyen tiec doi vdi hai nhan vat
8 John Cooney Sdd, tr 244 John Cooney Sdd, tr 299
10 Kreis Bensberger Die Christen und der Krieg in
Vietnam, em Memorandum deutscher Katholiken
Matthias Gruenewald Verlag Mainz 1969, p 40 11 Francis Thomas Ritt The Bishops and
Negotiation Now in: Quigley E Thomas (ed.) American Catholics and Vietnam Michigan 1968, p
110
(6)Nen nhd rang, tfl d i u nhflng nam 1960, lap trfldng ciia Tda Thanh dfldi trieu cac vi giao hoang Gioan XXIII (tri vi 1959 1963) va Paul VI (tri vi 1963 -1978) da cd sfl thay dd'i Sau viec dflng lam trung gian gifla Lien Xd va Hoa Ky viec giai quyet cuoc khiing b e i n g ten Ilia d Cuba nam 1961, Tda Thanh hieu rang chien tranh the gidi (neu de xay ra) thi se khdng cdn la mot cuoc chien tranh vdi nhflng vu thdng thfldng nfla Ci Hoa Ky, Anh, Phap, Lien Xd va Trung Qudc deu da trd nhflng nfldc sd hflu vu hat nhan Neu de xay mot cuoc chien t r a n h hat nhan thi dd se la mot t h i m hoa cho c i nhan loai Them vao dd, mot the gidi hien dai da tdn giao, da dan tdc c i n cd mot thai mem deo hdn chinh tri qud'c te va quan he vdi cac td chflc tdn giao khac Do vay, tiep theo Thdng diep Pacem in terris ciia Giao hoang Gioan XXIII, Cdng ddng Vatican II da xac dinh lap trUdng cua Tda Thanh san sang ddi thoai vdi cac tdn giao khac, phan biet sii khac gifla mot hoc thuyet vdi nhflng ngfldi theo hoc thuyet dd Tda Thanh gifl lap trfldng khdng thda hiep vdi chii thuyet cdng s i n ve mat li thuyet, nhflng cdi md ddi thoai vdi nhflng ngfldi mac xit va c i nhflng ngfldi vd t h i n d cac nfldc Chau Au va cac qud'c gia khdi cdng s i n
Lap trUdng tren cua Tda Thanh dUdc nhieu ngUdi iing ho vi nd md mot vien cinh lam diu tinh hinh cang t h i n g qud'c te, cho thay nhflng nd liic cua Tda Thanh nhflng van de ve hda binh, xac dinh vi tri ciia Giao hoi Cdng giao the gidi hien dai Nhflng bat chap nhflng chuyen bien lap trUdng cua Tda Thanh, Hong y Spellman v i n tri quan diem bao thii cua minh, khdng thda hiep vdi khdi cdng s i n Ong cdn phe phan ca lap trUdng cua cac giao hoang Gioan XXIII va Paul VI van de Do vay, vi the ciia Spellman Giao hoi
Cdng giao the gidi gid day suy giim, khdng cdn dUdc lam mUa lam gid nhu dudi thdi Giao hoang Pio XII Vi Hong y da bat binh vdi Tda Thanh dip Giao hoang Paul VI vieng tham Hoa Ky thang 10/1965, bdi vi Giao hoang da keu goi "hda binh bang moi gia" cho Viet Nam "Vi Hong y da tflc gian Dflc Giao hoang khang dinh rat rd Ngai rat lay lam vui mflng nhin thay dam phan hda binh, chfl khdng p h i i la mot chien thang cua Hoa Ky (,,.) Cdn Spellman thi dat sfl mang hda binh cua Giao hoang vao the bat ldi Dai Phat Matxcdva dUa tin vi Hong y da chd'ng lai nhflng ldi keu gei hda binh ciia Giao hoang cho Viet Nam""'^' Do vay, mac d i u Spellman mudn gifl Giao hoang vieng tham lau hdn, nhflng Giao hoang Paul VI da gifl khoang each vdi vi Hong y
Cflng dip vieng tham Mien Nam Viet Nam tren day, trfldc sfl hien dien ciia khoang 3.000 linh My tai Da Nang, Spellman ndi: "Khdng the chap nhan neu khdng gianh dfldc chien thang hoan toan ( ) Trong dip Le Giang sinh, Spellman ndi mot Thanh le Misa ddn giin vdi mot cai b i n g go trfldc hang nghin binh linh rang: " Tdi tin rang cuoc chien d Viet Nam la cuoc chien vi nen van minh Tdi cho rang, dd la sfl bao ve, gin gifl khdng chi dat nfldc chung ta, ma ci mot nen van minh" Vao 28/12/1966, tai Manila, thu dd cua Philippines, mot sd' nha bao da hdi: Ngai am chi dieu gi Ngai hoan toan bac bd hda binh thdng qua dam phan [Cau t r i ldi cua Spellman la - NQH] Hda binh nghia la chien thang hoan toan [cua ngUdi My - NQH]"'"'
Trong bdi c i n h cuoc chien d Viet Nam vao thdi diem gifla nhflng nam 1960 dang cang ac liet vdi sfl hien dien cua hdn niia trieu quan My, lap trUdng tren day
(7)ciia Spellman da cd tac ddng rat Idn tdi quan dm My va lap trUdng quan phUdng ciia nhieu chflc sac Giao hdi Cdng giao Mien Xam dd Xd dfldc tudng Westmoreland hudng flng vdi tuyen bd': "Chung ta dang chien dau cuoc chien cua Dflc Kitd"'^''\ :., :
, ,-Mac d i u vay Hong y Spellman da phai nem trai khdng it nhflng that bai ciia minh Dfldng thdi, dng da phai chflng kien sfl sup dd ciia chinh quyen Ngd Dinh Diem, ngfldi ma dng tflng nang dd Ben canh dd dng cdn p h i i chflng kien sfl that bai ciia Nghi si McCarthy, ngfldi ma dng giii gam nhieu hi vong Tfl nhflng nam 1960, dng d i n dan hi cd lap Giao hdi Cdng giao the gidi Thai dieu hau ciia Spellman la muc tieu cdng kich ciia nhflng ngUdi phan chien My tdi mflc nha thd Idn ciia dng d New York thudng xuyen bi ho "vieng tham" vdi nhieu gach da Nhflng ngfldi bieu tinh p h i n chien d My goi cuoc chien d Viet Nam la "cuoc chien ciia Spellman" Spellman thdi chflc vi Tdng Giam muc Tdng Giao phan New York nam 1966 p h i n vi tudi cao, nhflng chu yeu la nhflng bat dong gifla vi Hong y vdi Giao hoang Paul VI va chet nam 1967 sfl hoan hi ciia nhflng ngudi phan chien My Tiep theo dd la sii sa liy ciia chinh quyen Johnson cuoc chien d Viet Nam Gia nhU Spellman cd the sd'ng tdi nam 1975, chflng kien that bai t h i m hai ciia chinh quyen My, de lai "hoi chflng Viet Nam" ma may thap ki sau nhieu ngUdi My v i n khdng mud'n nhic lai, thi cd le dng se rut nhieu bai hoc khdng chi cho rieng minh, ma cho c i nhieu ngUdi My Gia nhu Spellman cd the chflng kien sfl vd nghia ciia cuoc chien tranh, chflng kien viec nhieu ciiu chien bmh My sau ndi len nhflng ldi sam hdi vi nhflng gi ho da lam d Viet Nam thi cd the dng se thay dd'i quan diem ciia minh chang?
Phan tich sfl can thiep tren day cua Hdng y Spellman cang lam chflng ta rd hdn tac ddng ciia bdi canh qudc te ddi vdi cuoc chien d Viet Nam Mac dfl Spellman khdng phai la dai dien cho Giao hdi Cdng giao the gidi, nhflng lap trfldng ciia dng ta cd tac ddng Idn tdi Giae hoi Cdng giao Thflc te, van de chien t r a n h va hda binh, hang giao pham cua Giao hdi Cdng giao d Mien Nam Viet Nam dd chiu anh hudng bdi quan diem eiia Spellman hdn la ciia Giao hoang Paul VI'"''
Nhflng phan tich tren day cung cho thay mot sfl can thiep thd bao tfl ben ngoai tdi lich sii Viet Nam Dfldng nhien, sfl ung he ciia cdng dong qudc te nhflng trfldng hdp cu the nhat dinh la vd cflng quan trong, nhflng da p h i n ngUdi nUdc ngoai can thiep vao Viet Nam trUdc het khdng p h i i vi ldi ich ciia ngUdi Viet Nam, ma vi ldi ich eiia chinh ho Tac ddng cua cdng dong qud'c te nhflng dieu kien lich sii cu the nhat dinh se cd tac ddng tich cflc dd'i vdi tien trinh phat trien cua dan toe Viet Nam, thuc day chflng ta hdi nhap qudc te vi sfl thinh vfldng ciia dan tdc minh cung nhfl ciia nhan loai, nhUng neu dd la sfl can thiep thd bao thi tat yeu vap p h i i sfl p h i n ddi kien quyet tfl chinh phii va nhan dan Viet Nam"''./
15 David R Georges The Vietnam war: A
Christian perspective, in: Michael P Hamilton The Vietnam war: Christian perspectives Michigan
1967 p 48
16 Xem: Piero Gheddo Die Katholiken und
Buddhisten in Vietnam Muenchen 1969