Mong Long than, Thd dja cung td tien chQ-ng giam phQ hd cho gia dinh chu (chau, bae. Sau dd, ngirdi chu dua cho ngudi dung ten mdt khoan tien mang tinh tugng trung va ndi; "Em gi[r]
(1)QUA TRINH XAV DUNG NHA CUA NGUCil NUNG 0 HUYEN DONG HY, TINH THAI NGUYEN
Phan Dinh Thuan
Trudng DH Sir phgm - DH Thdi Nguyen
TOM TAT
Nha d la mgt to hgp ve sinh hoat va van hoa ciia cu dan moi dan tgc No phan anh trinh phat trien kinh te - xa hoi, dong thdi phan anh chieu hudng phat trien kinh te gan lien vdi canh quan xung quanh va phuang thiic sinh boat ciia mgt tgc ngudi Nha eua ngudi Niing d huyen Dong Hy tinh Thai Nguyen mang nhieu net dae trung so vdi cac dja phuang khac dac biet cac budc tien hanh lam nha
Til' khoa: Ddn tgc Nimg, Dung Hy Nhd mdi, Vdn hod, Ddn tgc Ngdi nha dugc dung cd the la nha cQ bay nha
mdi lam song day la mdc danh dau sir kien trgng dai eua mdt ddi ngudi Do vay viec dung nha, lam nha ludn diigc chuan bj ky ludng va chu dao trinh tu qua nhieu budc khac
Chon dat va hu'dng nha
Ngdi nha mdi dugc lam dQ sang trgng hay binh dan can phai cd be thdng nghi lc, tap tuc phirc tap va tdn kem Trudc tien hanh lam nha mdi ngudi NQng chu trgng xem tudi va xem hudng nha Ngdi nha mdi tlurdng dugc dat d vj tri dep De chgn vj tri dung nha luc xe chieu cua mgt tdt, chu nha den chd djnh lam nha cam mdt cdc nira va dat vao chan cgc nhQng la cd gianh, ddng thdi dao mdt hd bang cai bat to nen chat xung quanh rdi lay gao dat xudng tung chdm Theo quan niem cua hg ciic chdm tugng trung eho ngucii va gia sue quay quan xung quanh ngdi nha Dieu the hien udc mudn cua hg ve mdt cudc sdng no du sung tuc tuong lai
Mat khac, de biet dugc chd du djnh lam nha cd tdt hay khdng ngircTi Nung rat de cao giac mdng cua minh Hg cho rang kbi chuan bj lam nha mdi neu clui nha mo- thay nude, cay cdi xanh tuoi la diem tdt Ngugc lai neu ino-thay mau la dieu khdng hay Dac biet hg rat ky tieng keu eua huou nai Neu mgi chuyen deu tdt lanh thi clui nha lam nha tren dat da djnh san
iel: 0977040824; Email: Mickeychiiycnln'dgmail.com
(2)Sau da lira chgn dugc noi lam nha ngirdi ta bat dau chgn hudng Day la cdng viec quan trgng ma khdng mdt gia dinh nao dugc phep bd qua Ong thay cung dua vao tudi chu nha, la ban va sach de chgn budng nha Hudng chinh cQa nha la hudng cua ban thd va la hudng de mo- cira chinh Tuy nhien hien nhilu gia dinh hudng ban thd khdng phai la hudng nha Hudng dep la budng khdng bj nui che khuat khdng ed nhiing IQin cay cd hinh thu quai dan an ngu hay nhdm ngd vao nha khdng cd dudng hoac ndc nha chinh cua ngirdi khac lao thang vao nha la hirdng hop vdi tudi chu nha Nhin chung ngudi Nung khdng cd quan niem budng nao tdt bon lur-dng nao nlur ngudi Kinh va ngudi Co- Lao Ngudi Kinh cho rang hudng Nam la hudng dep nhat: "Lay vg hien hoa iam nha lurdng Nam", vdi ngudi Co- Lao thi lurdng md ciia chinh dep nhat la budng Ddng, bdi la hudng chao ddn anh nang mat trdi tir sang sdm la budng tugng trirng cho su sdng va phat trien thu gom cua eai vao nha [23.tr 185]
0 hudng nao thi nha cua ngudi Nimg cung
dam bao nhung dieu kien thuan lgi cho san xuat va sinh boat, dap ung nhu cau cua cudc sdng Suy cho cung viec chgn dat chgn hudng nha chi la tan dung tdi da the manh eua mdi trirdng tir nhien de ddi phd vdi chinh nd Hudng cua cae ngdi nha cua ngudi NQng hien rat phong phu Hau bet cac ngdi nha deu tap trung chu yeu d dudng Qudc Id, dudng lien thdn lien xdm Dieu xuat phat tir sir phat trien cua nen kinh the thj trudng va cac nhu cau xa hdi khac
Chon vat lieu
Vat lieu xay dung ddng vai trd vd cung quan trgng xay dung Nd khdng chi quyet djnb tudi thg quy md, hinh dang, ve dep plurong phap va tdc thi cdng cua cdng trinh ma cdn bieu hien ca trinh phat trien khoa hgc ky thuat cua mgt dan tdc, mdt qudc gia [1 l,tr.28] Trudc nam 1945 vat lieu tao len nhung ngdi nha thudng la eac loai gd quy (lim sen tau ) Mat khac dudng kinh cua cac loai cot nha tlurdng cd dirdng kinh Idn hon nhuna nadi nha lam giai doan sau
Tuy nhien tir nam 1945 den dae biet thdi gian gan day viee tim kiem vat lieu lain nha cd truyen thdng gap rat nhieu khd khan Dien tich rimg eua huyen Ddng Hy chii yeu la rimg tai sinh Do vay, gd quy hiem it va kick thudc cdn nhd NhQng ngdi nha Iam theo kieu truyen thdng cang it di De khac phuc nhirng ban che dd va phu hgp vdi xu tbi phat trien cua nen kinh te - ,xa hdi dja phuang Cu dan dja phuong da biet tao va tim kilm nhQng vat lieu thay the Mat khac, loai hinh nha, quy md eua ngdi nha cung dugc thay ddi cho phu hgp
Ngay nay, vat lieu lam nen nhung ngdi nha cua ngudi Nung clui yeu la gd tai sinh (thanh nganh, xoan ) Do vay nhin vao chat lieu gd va dudng kinh eua cdt nha chung ta cung phan nao biet duge thdi gian lam ngdi nha Ben canh nhung loai gd lay tu tu nhien ddng bao da biet sir dung ximang, sat thep de thay the vat lieu truyen thdng xay dung nha bep hay nhung cdng trinh phu
Hien nay, da cd nhieu vat lieu xay dung md'i thay the nhung ngudi Nung van sir dung mdt sd vat lieu: Tre, nira, mai, vau lam nha Mdt sd gia dinh edn su dung nhiTng cay gd lau nam vudn de lam nha nhu xoan, bach dan, keo
Neu nhu nhQng ngdi nha truyen thdng ciia ngudi Nung trudc day vat lieu su dung de budc cac vi keo va mai thudng la eay may nude va mdt sd loai day rung thi vay lieu da duge thay the bang nhieu vat lieu mdi phong phii hon ( sat, than cay hdp ) Dung lam lat budc ngoai tre, nua, giang cdn phai ke den cay may nude va mdt sd loai day rung Nhung loai vat lieu de Igp nha ehu yeu la cd tranh, la heo, Dd la loai vat lieu de kiem phd bien va lgp nha tdt d vung trung du NhQ-ng vat lieu de lam tudng vach ngoai tre nua, gd, cdn ed dat ddi Cac loai vat lieu tren ludn dirge dung ket hgp lan nhau, ehi cd su ket hgp chat che giiia cac loai vat lieu tren thi sire ben cua ngdi nha mdi dam bao lau dai Nluing ngdi nha duge xay dung trudc nam
1945 thudng duge lgp bang cd tranh la heo, Nhirng vat lieu phd bien d vung mien nui Tuy nhien nhung ngdi nha dugc Iam sau dd vat lieu de Igp phong phu hon: Ngdi am dirona la eg
(3)Cung gidng nhu thdi ky trudc nam 1945 ngudi Nimg thudng chgn vat lieu kic ndng nhan Khac vdi mgt sd dan tdc d nude ta ngudi NQng khdng ed tap tue giup dd hay chgn di lay vat lieu Thudng tbi gia dinh tu chuan bj vat lieu, bao gid du tbi mdi lain nha Ngudi ta Ien rung chgn nhung cay tre cay gd vQ-a y, chat xudng va mang ve nha bang nhQng chiec xe quet trau keo hoac bang su'c ngud'i Gd thudng duge hg lay vao inQa thu, dau mua ddng hoac khdng cd anh trang de tranh mdi mgt Cay gd, cay tre ay phai thang, deu gidng Cd nhu vay mdi dam bao y nghia khoa hge, sue ben cua vat lieu va my quan Cung nhu ngudi Mdng, Tay, San Diu, ngudi NQng kieng khdng lay cay bj set danh, chet khd, gay nggn, bj dd hay song nga, xa leo Ngudi ta cho rang dd la nhQng cay bj than ma lam hdng, neu lay ve khdng phat dat Tuy nhien, thdi gian tap hgp vat lieu canh duge rut ngan
Tdm lai, vat lieu de xay dung la mdt nhung yeu td quyet djnh den ben va tham my cua ngdi nha So vdi nhung ngdi nha cd truyen thdng cua ngudi Nimg dugc lam nen trudc nam 1945 thi vat lieu tao nen nhung ngdi nha giai doan hien cd mdt sd diem khac biet Su khac biet nay, dugc the hien dehat lugng ben cua vat lieu Nhiing vat lieu thay the hien khdng giu dugc nhung net truyen thdng van hoa cua tdc ngudi song nd van dam bao eho mdt td am eua ddng bao noi day Cd the ndi du trinh nin kinh tl xa hdi cd phat trien den chirng nao di chang nQa thi nhimg gia trj van hoa truyen thdng cua tdc ngirdi van la net dep vinh ciru Qua khao sat thue tien, cluing tdi nhan thay rang de cd the lam duge ngdi nha truyen thdng ctia ngudi Nung giai doan bien la mdt van de bet sire khd khan Do vay van dl bao tdn van hoa tdc ngudi la trach nhiem cua toan xa hdi
Ngay ngudi dan d Ddng Hy da xay dung nha bang ngudn vat liet bien dai nhu gach ngdi vdi, vira, xi mang, sat thep Song du cho xa hdi cd hien dai den dau thi nhirng
dugc luu truyen dd khdng ehi la vdn quy eua dan tdc Nung ma cdn la "tai san", kinh nghiem cua dan tdc Viet Nam
3 - Chgn tudt ldm nhd vd ngdy khdi cdng
Khi chuan bj xong ngudn nguyen vat lieu, ddng bao mdi chgn nam lam nha chgn khdi cdng Ngudi chu bien mdt le nhd den nhd thay xem tudi minh cd lam dirge nha vao nam khdng, khdi cdng hdm nao dung vao nao va nao vao nha mdi la dep nhat Tat ca nhung dd deu dugc dng thay xem, dua vao tudi cua chu nha va sam dau tien eua nam dd
(4)dja va Td tien Nay em (chau anh ) la tudi chua cd chd d nen eon ban lai cho chQ bac, chau ) ay vdi gia Mong Long than, Thd dja cung td tien chQ-ng giam phQ hd cho gia dinh chu (chau, bae ) ay manh khoe, lam an phat dat Sau dd, ngirdi chu dua cho ngudi dung ten mdt khoan tien mang tinh tugng trung va ndi; "Em giao cho anh du ." rdi thap huong khan nhan nha
Khi da xem dugc tudi lain nha va eae quan trgng thi chu nhan ve chuan bj lam le "Khdi mdng" (ngudi Kinh ggi la ddng thd) Cd the ndi, day la mdt nhung nghi le quan trgng de xin phep Thd than va Td tien phu hd eho viec lam nha Cung nhu ngudi Viet, ngudi Nung thudng lam mam cd man, bao gid cung cd ga nlurng phai la ga sdng thien Nghi le chu nhan tien hanh, cung ed the dugc thuc bien bdi thay dja ly Sau khan xong, ngudi dugc tudi lam nha se cam cudc, cudc bdn gdc tu Ddng Nam, Tay, Bac va d giua trung cung hoang thd) Thudng thi khdi cdng la dat mdng ludn Ong thay se thap huo-ng d ca bdn gdc va d giua manh dat, sau vira khan, vua lam phep di vdng quanh nha de xua dudi ta ma, quy quai, cd bdn qua tu Nhat la gia dinh cd phu iiQ mang thai thi cdng viec dugc lam can than hon Sau hanh le xong, ehu nhan se dat vao bdn gdc tudng cQng theo chieu Ddng, Bac, Tay Nam va d giQa, va lay ehay gia manh Cbi nao clui nha lam xong tin ba lang xdm mdi bat tay vao giup
Trong ca qua trinh lam nha mdi, khdng dugc phep ndi bay sg ddng chain den than linh, sau gia chu se gap nhQng dieu khdng tdt
Ddi vdi nhung gia dinh cd cai d rieng ma chua cd dieu kien thi chi chgn dat, chgn hudng nha rdi dung nha phu de d tam Ngdi nha phu ay khdng can xem tudi gid kbdi cdng, dung, vao nha mdi bdi dd chi la ngdi nha tam lam - la xong Ngdi nha se dugc giu den vg chdng chu nha ed du dieu kien de cat ngdi nha mdi khang trang ban Dd cung la each de thir dat cd lanh hay khdng Neu sau d mdt thdi gian thay khdng tdt, hg se chuyen di noi khac, coi dd nhu mdt each thu dat lam nha
Ngay dung va each thirc dyng
De lam mdt ngdi nha mdi ngudi Nung coi trgng viec dung cot chinh la viee quan trgng nhat Thdng thudng de chgn cdt nhat la cot cai dong bao chuan bj nhung eay gd tdt, i thang khdng cut nggn, khdng cd day leo,! khdng bi set danh, chay nggn hay bj dd nga Mat khac ngdi nha phai duge lam tu' nhieu loai gd mdi cdt dugc lam bang nhung chat lieu gd rieng
Tren ca sd chuan bj chu dao, day du nguyen vat lieu, de tien hanh dung nha, ngudi Nung eoi trgng thdi gian dung nha Tuy nhien, may thdi diem hg dae biet eoi trgng la:
- Trirde bet cdt chinh cua ngdi nha phai dugc dung phai dung vao gid tdt Thdi gian dung cdt cd the la nua dem bay ed the la thdi gian khac neu la gid dep Sau cdt ehinh dugc dung len, chu nha dm lay cdt ehinh dat vao hd da dugc dao san
- Ben canh dd lam nha mdi ngudi NQng chu y den thdi diem lam nha bep va lgp ndc Khi lgp nha ehinh gan xong thi ngdi nha bep dugc i j dung len Ngdi nha bep thudng eae cu nhieu tudi tien hanh lam, trude dung nha bep ngudi ta chdn vao bdn gde bep bdn dng nua, sau dd dd dat len Khi lam xong nha bep, ndc cua ngdi nha chinh mdi dugc hoan Dat ndc dugc coi la mdt nhirng nghi le quan trgng, anh hudng den ddi sdng tam ly cua ca gia dinh Cd nhieu nha can than cdn dan giay dd vao hai dau ngdi nha de xua ta ma djnb quay nhieu gia dinh NhQng cay ndc dugc lam sau cdn dugc viet chu len, ghi rd thang nam dat ndc, coi nhu su xac djnb ehu quyen Neu tdt khdng kip dung xong thi nhat djnh phai dat ndc trirdc rdi hdm sau dung tiep Sau dung xong, ngudi ta bat dau lgp nha, lgp hai mai phu trudc rdi den hai mai chinh
Le vao nha mdi
(5)thuc hien nghi le bang each, ba eu mang mdt bd dude len nha sau dd mang xudng bep va nhdm lira Ngud'i NQng quan niem lam nhu vay se xua dudi ta ma, via dgc khdi nha Sau dd chti nha ggi ea gia dinh len nha mdi bat dau cudc sdng mdi
Sau lam xong nha mdi, de bao cho Td tien, Thd dja va Ma xd ehu nha phai tien hanh nghi le thd cung Le vat thd eung bao gdm: Ga xdi, rugu Nghi le dugc thuc hien, chu nha eau mong td tien va Than linh phu hd cho gia dinh lam an phat dat, cudc sdng hoa thuan hanh phuc Day cQng chinh la vui cua gia dinh, hg hang va lang xdm Mgi ngu'di chia se niem vui vdi chu nha va chuc nhung ldi chuc tdt dep
Le vao nha mdi la mdt nhung nghi thuc khdng the thieu dugc Iam xong ngdi nha Trudc het, ngud'i ta can tien banh mdt sd cdng viec tai nha vua dung xong, nhu la lam dng huong dat d cac noi thd eung Ngoai ra, cdn phai an dinh noi dat bep nau nudng, kiem cui san de dd Ban thd duge ddng mdi hoac neu dung ban thd cQ phai lau chui sach se ke ca cac dd thd Nha phai dugc tay rira sach vdi vQa, ke ca bep, xoong ndi kieng deu dugc nia sach se vdi y niem la virt bd nhung dieu xau xa de ddn lay nhQng dieu tdt dep vao nha mdi Den gid dep da dugc chgn trudc ngudi ta mdi khieng ban thd- vao nha, tu dd phai thap huang lien tue, thdi gian 03 thang cir hit mdt tuan huang lai rdt them mdt tuan tra rugu Sau chuan bj xong mam com cung dat len ban thd gia clui (hay ngudi duge tudi lam nha) thap nen huong khan ta bao cao Td tien Long than Thd dja dng Tao da hoan tat ngdi nha mdi cac than Td tien vl an toa Sau dd ngudi ta mang mudi, gao rdi den cae thu- khac vao nha Cung hdm dd, hg lam le chuyen lua vao nha Bip dugc coi la noi rat linh thieng nen mgi viec phai duge lam can than Ba chu nha chuin bj thau nude sach be vao noi cd y djnh dun nau, lau rua sach se chd dd va dat chiec kilng sach len Nghi le mang y nghTa tay ue cho bep, Iam sach noi d cua Ong Tao Sau
dd ngudi ta mang lua hoac tro bep tu nha bd me hoac tu nha cu sang vdi y niem rude dng Tao ve de dng khdng di lac hudng Tiep dd, ngudi phu nu dat sieu nude (ndi nude) day len kieng sau nhdm cui cho bep chay den sdi tbi thdi Neu de bep tat ngang chung hoac len lira it, gia dinh se gap nhieu trac trd, lam an khdng sudn se
Nhu vay so vdi cac tap tuc khac, nghi le vao nha mdi cua ngudi NQng khdng tdn kem nhieu ve vat chat, song viee lam nha mat rat nhieu thdi gian va edng sire Tuy nhien, nghi le lam nha mdi mdt phan the hien van boa rieng cua tdc ngudi cdng ddng van hda cac vQng mien Viet Nam
Cung nhu d nhieu dan tdc khac, ngdi nha cua ngudi NQng da trai qua nhung chang dudng Ijch sir vdi nhieu bien ddi nhat djnh theo dieu kien tu nhien dieu kien kinh te va xa hdi Du d thdi ky' nao ngdi nha ay cQng mang nhQng dac diem dan tdc va nlurng net dac trung tdc ngudi rieng biet
TAI LIEU THAM K H A O
[I] Anghenf 1958), Ngudn goc cua gia dinh, cua
chi tic hiru vd Nhd nuac
[2] Anghen (I960) Chdng Duy Rink Nxb Su that [3] N.N Sieposalop va l.A Siep6al6va(l960), Ve
sir phdn logi nhd theu ddn tuc hue lich su (trong cudn "Ddn lue hue Id gi ?"- Nxb SQ- hgc, HN
[4] Nguyen Khac Tung (1977), Nha cua cua nong dan ngudi Viet d Trung du Bac Bg, Tgp chi Ddn
lue hoc so
[5] Nguyen Khac Tung (1978), Nhd cua cdc ddn
tue o trung du Bde Bg Viet Nam, Nxb Khga hgc xa
hoi Viet Nam
[6] Le Duin (1980), CM XHCN Viet Nam, Nxb Su that - Ha Ngi, tap
[7] Sd tay vi ede ddn tgc Viit Nam (1983), Nxb Khoa hgc xa hoi - Ha Ngi
[8] Bu dui cdn hiil vi cdc ddn tdc a hien gidi phia
Bac (1983) Nxb Quan dgi nhan dan - Ha Ngi
[9] Ha Van Thu, La Van Lo (1984) Vdn hud Tdy
- Nimg, Nxb Van hoa - Ha Ngi
[10] Ngo Huy Quynh (1986), Tim hiiu lich su
kiin triic Viet Nam, Nxb Xay dung - Ha Ngi
[II] Tran Van Tam (1990), Xdy dung nhd theo
(6)'•-' i l SUMMARY , ; , j| HOUSE CONSTRUCTION PROGRESS OF TAY-NUNG ETHNIC
IN DONG HY THAI NGUYEN
Phan Dinh Thuan College gl Education - TNU
Housing is a complex of living and culture activities of each ethnic population It reflects the level of social - economic development, and reflects the trend of economic development, associated I with the surrounding landscape and way gf living of a minority group House of the Nung people in Dong Hy district Thai Nguyen province offers many features compared to other places, especially in the steps to build the house
Keywords: i\iing ethnic Dung Hy ,Veir huuse, Culture Ethnic
'Tel: 0977040824: Email: Mickcychuyenin agmail.com
[23.tr. agmail.com