Vdi viec chi thd duy nhat Dii'c Phat Thfch Ca Mau Ni tren Phat dien cho thay, Niem Phit Dudng khdng nhiing da lupc bdt nhidu nhin vat Phat giio (cic vj Phit, cac vj hd tri Phit phap)[r]
(1)Tap chi Cong tac Ton giao NGHIEN c a u TRAO OOI
MIEM PHAT DIMIG - MDT IVET DAC TRUIMG CLIA
• • • •
PHAT G I A D X U H U E GIAI DDAM CAM H I E ^ DAI
hat giio xii Hue""' cd nhieu dac trung nhu dac didm truyen nhip, phuong phap tu tip, each thue tmydn thira, tfnh nhap the', ldi sdng Phit giao, co so thd tu, Xet ridng vd CP SP thd tu ciia Phit giao xiir Hue cung cd nhung dac trung nhu binh dd kie'n tnic, khdng gian thd tu, dd'i tupng thdtu,
Bai vie't dd cip de'n Niem Phat Dudng, mdt loai hinh co so thd tu eiia Phit giao xii Hue' xui't hien vao thip nien 40 ciia the ky XX Tuy xui't hien mudn hon so vdi cic loai hinh co sd thd tu Phat giao khic khu vuc, nhung muc dfch, vai trd cung nhu chirc nang ridng, nen Niem Phit Dudng da tao them mdt net dac trung niia cho chua Hud' ndi rieng, cho Phit giio xur Hue ndi chung
Hien nay, tai tinh Thira Thien - Hue, sd lupng Niem Phit Dudng, cdn gpi la chiia Khudn, nhieu gi'p khoang gin ba lan so vdi tdng so ta't ca cac loai chua cdn lai (318/124)'^'
D6 thay dupe rd hon dac trung cua Niem Phat
Dudng, tmdc het chiing ta nen bit diu tir viec tim hieu bdi canh ddi cua loai hinh cp sd Phit giao xiir Hue kha dac thu
Ngupe ddng Ijch sir, chiing ta biet ring, cudi the ky XIX, nhit la tir diu the ky XX, da didn phong trio chin Phit ^ i i o d nhidu nude chau A Tir Sri Lanka, An Dp, Tmng Hoa, vdi sir hoat ddng tich cue cua cic nhin vat Phat giio xuat chiing nhu ngai Henry Steel Olcott (1832-1907), phip su Anagarika Dharmapala (1864-1933), Hoa thupng Thich Thii Hu (1889-1947), ngpn gid chin Phit giio, bing nhidu dudng va nhidu each thiic, da thdi sang cic
TS LE TAM OAC *
nude chiu A khic nhu Nhit Ban, Myanmar, Viet Nam,
Phong trio chin Phit giio d Viet Nam ehju inh hudng manh me nhit va true tie'p nha't tir phong trio chin Phit giio d 'Trung Qudc, dac biet li nhtrng tu tudng cai cich Phit giio cua Hoa thuong Thfch ThaiHu
O Viet Nam, phong trio chan Phat giao xuat hien tir dau nhung nam 20 ciia the ky XX, gin lidn vdi cic nhan vat Phat giao tieu bidu duong thdi nhu Hoa thupng Khinh Hoa, giao thu Thien Chieu, (Nam Ky); Hoi thupng Giic Tien vi cic nien tang Tjnh Khiet, Mat Khe, Mat Thd, Trf Thii, Ddn Hau, cu si Ld Dinh TTiim, (Trung Ky); cic I loi thupng Thanh Hanh, Tue Tang, Thanh At, Doan Hii, cung mdt so nhi su tre nhu Trf Hai, Td Lien, cic cu si Nguyen Htru Kha, Nguydn Trpng Thuat, (Bic Ky)
Ban diu, vdi mong mudn phong trio chin Phit giao dat ke't qua td't, nhung ngudi khdi xudng phong trio nhu Hoa thupng Khinh Hoi, cic nhi su Thfch Thien Chieu, Thich Tam Lai, , da dting din mong mudn va van dpng thinh lap mdt td chiic Giio hdi (Tdng hdi) Phat giio chung cho toin Viet Nam Nhung nhidu ly khich quan va chii quan, y tudng niy liie diu chua cdng Do vay, cic td chirc Phat giio lin lupt dupc lap d ba midn, bit dau tir Nam Ky vdi Hpi Nghien ciru Phat hpc Nam Ky (1931), d Trung Ky vdi Hpi' Phat hoc An Nam (1932) vi d Bic Ky vdi Hdi Phat giio Bic Ky (1934)
Vien Nghien citit Ton gido
(2)NGHIEN cau TRAO OOI Tap chi Cong tac Ton giao
Chi'n vd td chuc li mdt nhting van dd trpng yeu ma nhimg ngudi chu trupng chi'n Phit giao d Viet Nam y thiic dupc va cai cich trude tien vira nhim khic phuc hinh thurc Tang doin theo kieu truyen thdng dupc cho la da gdp phin lam suy yeu Phit giao Viet Nam, vira cd the tien hanh chi'n Phit giio dupc cdng Vdi viec lip cic hdi phit giio/phit hpc p khip ba mien diu nhtrng nam 1930, cd the khing djnh, lin diu tidn Ijch sir, Phat giio Viet Nam cd sir ddi mdi cin ban vd mat td chiic giio hdi Hinh thiic Tang doin truydn thdng la cic td dinh, son mdn binh ding tu tap vi dao tao Tang tii, turc li "md hinh td chiic Phit giio hang ngang", chuyen cic Hdi Phit giio/Phit hpc, dupe chia thinh cic ci'p tir cao xudng thip, tir trung uong den dja phuong, tiire la "md hinh td chire Phit giio hang dpc", bao gdm khdng chi ed ngudi xuat gia mi cdn li nhidu thinh phan khac xa hdi
Trong cae td chu'c Phit giio khip ca nude ndu tren, cd thd ndi, Hdi Phat hpc An Nam Trung Ky ed cP ciu td chu'c chat che nha't, vdi nam cap: Trung uong hdi (gdm cic tinh hdi), tinh hdi (gdm cac huyen hdi), huyen hdi (gdm cic chi hdi), chi hdi (gdm cic khudn hdi) va khudn hdi (gdm cic virc) Td chu'c Phat giio mdi cip ddu cd mdt tru sd hinh chfnh dao, dupc gpi chung la chiia hpi quin Ne'u nhu Tir Dim la chiia hdi quin trung uong, thi Niem Phat Dudng chfnh li chiia hdi quin ciia cic khudn hpi Tjnh Dp, tiire la td chu'c giio hdi Phit giao co so thip nha't cua Hdi Phit hpc An Nam va sau li cua Hdi Phit hpc Viet Nam
Nam 1938, chua Tir Dam dupe chu sen mdn nhudng lai cho Hdi Phit hpc An Nam lim chiia Hdi quin Tmng uong Ngiy 18
-12-1938, chiia Tir Dam dupc xiy dung lai vdi md hinh kien triic, ddi tupng thd tu, cdng nang sir dung, vdi nhung thay ddi mang tinh chit cich mang so vdi md hinh chtia Vict truyen thdng ndi chung, chua Hue ndi rieng Tir dau nhting nam 1940 trd ve sau, tat
c i Niem Phit Duong ciia Hdi Phit hpc An Nam deu dupc xiy dung theo md hinh Hdi quin chiia Tir Dim va dupc xiy dung gin vdi chiia ling
Ve binh dd kien triic Khic vdi nhting binh
dd chiia Hue truydn thdng li hinh chir Khau, hinh ehtr Pham, hay hinh chtf Nhdt, Niem Phit Dudng cd hinh ehtr T qudc ngtf Do cdng nang sir dung ed sir khic biet vdi cae ngdi chiia truydn thdng (se dupc trinh biy P phin sau), Niem Phit Dudng thudng cd hai phin rd ret: phin ngdi chua ciing cac kidn true thudc chiia, va phan giang dudng vdi cic nhi lam vice cua cic td chu'c Phit giio dja phuong cua Hdi Phit hpc An Nam
Phin Tidn dudng cua Niem Phit Dudng la mdt kie'n true nim ngang khdng cd cua Ben trii cua Tidn dudng, ndi vdi Tien dudng bing mdt hinh lang nhd, li Lau chudng Ben phii cua Tidn dudng, ndi vdi Tidn dudng bing mdt hinh lang nhd, li Liu trdng Phia trude Chfnh dien, phin tiep giip vdi Tidn dudng, cd cira dd vio Phat dien Chfnh dien cua Niem Phat dudng la mdt kien true hinh dng, ddu cd kfeh thupc dai va rdng neu so vdi Chfnh dien cua ngdi chiia Viet truydn thdng
Ve ddi titgng thd phung Ngay 16-10-1940,
ong Nguydn Dinh Hdc, Hdi trudng Hpi Phit hpc An Nam d i "Djnh" sd 18 ndi ve cich thd tu va vice dpc kinh p cac chiia hdi quan Tir dd, tren co so lay md hinh chiia fir Dim lim chuan miu, Phit dien cua cic Niem Phat Dudng ddu thd nhat mdt tupng Dire Phat Thfch Ca Mau Ni ngu tren tda sen, tay bit an Tam mudi Diy chic chin li mdt nhung dac diem ndi bat cua Niem Phat Dudng so vdi ngdi chua Viet truydn thdng
Ngdi chiia Viet truydn thdng d midn Bic thudng thd phung khdng nhung cic vj Phat, cac vj hd tri Phat phip, m i thd nhidu vj thin cua cac ton giao tfn ngudng khic Tuu trung lai, cd the quy cic ddi tupng thd ngoii Phat giio vio may nhdm co bin sau:
^ - Thin lu nhien vi thin nong nghiep, tieu bidu li he thdng Tii' Phip
14
(3)Tap chi Cong tac Ton giao NGHIEN c a u TRAO OOI
- Thin ciia Nho giio, tidu bieu la Khdng Tir va cac A thinh
- Thin cua Dao giao, tieu bieu la bd ba Ngpc Hoang - Nam Tao - Bic Diu
- Thin linh ngudi Chim, vdi thin Po Riyak, thin Po Yan Dari va tupng Phdng
- Thin linh cua Dao Miu nhu Tam Phii, Tiir Phil, cac dng Hoang, bi Chiia
Ngoai ra, ngdi chiia cdn la noi thd cac vi nhin than cd cdng vdi dat nude, nhtrng ngudi cd cdng xay dung hay tdn tao chua,v.v '"
Ddi tupng thd ngdi chiia xii Hue tmydn thdng cung cd nhting didm tuong tu Ben canh cic nhin vit Phit giio, dd'i tupng thd cic ngdi chiia noi day chung ta cdn thiy thin linh ciia cic tdn giio, tin ngudng khic tidu bidu nhu bp ba tupng Ngpc Hoing - Nam Tao - Bic Dau, bd ba tupng than Phiic - Ldc - Thp, bd ba tupng Quan Cdng - Quan Binh - Chiu Xuong, cic thin Thd Cdng, Tao Quin, Thanh Hoang, Thin Ndng, Thinh miu Thien Yana, Thanh miu Van Huong, Nhj vj Tdn Ong, Tii' phu Cdng Ddng,v.v '"'
Vdi viec chi thd nhat Dii'c Phat Thfch Ca Mau Ni tren Phat dien cho thay, Niem Phit Dudng khdng nhiing da lupc bdt nhidu nhin vat Phat giio (cic vj Phit, cac vj hd tri Phit phap), m i cdn "thanh lpc" nhidu thin linh ciia cic tdn giio, tfn ngudng khic dupc thd phung ngdi chiia Viet Uuydn thdng nhu da neu
Cach bii trf ddi tupng thd trdn Phit dien Niem Phat Dudng nhu viy toil len sir don gian, nhung didu quan trpng la vin bao dam tfnh tdn nghidm ciia mdt co sd thd tu Phat giao Tupng thd bai Uf gpn gang vdi muc dfch danh nhidu khoang trdng Chfnh dien dd phuc vu tdt hon cho viec lim le vi thuyet phip
Rd rang, ddi tupng thd phung eiia Niem Phit Dudng mang tfnh cai each triet dd neu dem so sinh vdi chtia Hue truydn thdng, tham chf ca vdi chiia hpi quin ciia cic td chu'c Phat giio d midn Bic thdi ky chin
hung Phil giio duong thdi (1924-1954) Didu niy, theo chiing tdi, cd le hai nguyen nhan chfnh sau day:
r/jM' nhdt, chii truong cua cic td chirc Phit giio p midn Bic thdi ky chin la sir dung hiu het nhting ngdi chua da cd din gian dd lam chiia hdi quin cho eae chi hdi Phit giio dja phuong Nhirng ngdi chiia niy thudng da dn djnh vd kie'n true cinh quan, khdng gian thd tu vi ddi tupng thd tu Cho nen, viec dua them vio hay bd bdt di ban thd hoac ddi tupng thd nio dd ngdi chua la mdt viec lim khdng may dd dang, thim chf li khdng the thuc hien dupc Trong dd, nhting ngoi Niem Phat Dudng, ciing lu'c li cic chiia hdi quin cua cic khudn hdi Phat giao ciia Hpi Phat hpc An Nam giai doan nay, chu truong tir Trung uong Hdi ndn dupe xay dung mdi hoan toan theo md hinh ciia chiia Tir Dim, chua Hdi quin Trung uong, khdng nhifng vd kie'n true canh quan ma cdn ca vd sir bii tri ddi tupng Ihd phung tren Phat dien
Thu hai, vice cii cich noi thd tu ciia cic
td chire Phat giio d midn Bic, tuong tu nhu nhidu ndi dung khic, thudng mang tfnh chit van ddng Didu rat khic biet so vdi Hpi Phit hpc An Nam, noi hiu het cic npi dung cai cich Phat giio ddu dupc thd hien mpt each rd rang vi chfnh thu'c tir cap trung uong Trong Ilnh vuc dang dd cap, sau "Djnh" sd 18 eiia Hdi trudng Hdi Phat hpc An Nam Nguydn Dinh Hoe dupe cdng bd, nhting vj thin linh khong phai cua Phat giio ddu bj nghiem cim thd phung cic Niem Phat Dudng ciia Hdi
Ve cdng ndng sit dung, Niem Phit Dudng
dam nhiem hai chu'c nang Ben canh la noi thd tu, nd cdn la tru sd hanh chfnh dao va sinh hoat dao ciia cic khudn hdi Tjnh Dp
Cu the, Niem Phit Dudng li noi dd tit ca cic hdi vien ciia khudn hdi, mdt ling hoac hai de'n ba ling lan can nhau, thudc nhidu ting Idp, nghd nghiep, gidi tfnh, dp tudi de'n sinh hoat dao Ben canh cic sinh hoat thudng
(4)NGHIEN cau TRAO OOI Tap Chi Cong tac Ton giao
ky thing vao cac ba muoi, miing mdt hoac mudi bdn, rim, nam nhu Ld Phit Dan, Ld Phit Thanh Dao, Ld Vu Lan, Niem Phit Dudng cdn la noi didn cac sinh hoat tir thien, tham vie'ng, hd niem, ciu an, cau sieu, cho cac hdi vidn Nhiing sinh hoat niy ddu dupc thuc hien theo cudn Nghi thitc tung niem Hoa thupng Thich Thien Sieu vi cu si Chpn An Le Van Djnh soan, da dupe cac dai lao Hoa thupng Chung minh duyet y Noi bit nhit cac sinh hoat cua cic khudn hdi tai Niem Phit Dudng la Ld Bat Quan Trai va viec giang phip cho ddng dio hdi vien cac vien Ban Giang su dam nhiem'^'
Kinh sach dupc Hdi Phit hpc An Nam quy djnh dpc tung sinh hoat tai Niem Phit Dudng, cung nhu tai gia dinh cic hdi vien cua khudn hdi, ngoai cudn Nghi thiic tung niem, cdn la Kinh Phd Mdn (tiic la Pimm Plid Mdn
trong Kinh Dieu Phdp Lien Hoa), Kinh Di Dd, Kinh Vu Lan, Sdm Hdng Danh
Nhu viy, rd rang la, tir tdn gpi eiia td chire Giio hdi Phit giio cP sd cho den ten gpi cua tru sd hanh chinh dao ddng thdi la cP sd thd tu cua nd, cung nhu cae sinh hoat dao dupc to chu'c thudng ky thing, nam tai Niem Phat Dudng, ddu nhim hien thuc hoa chii truong cua Hdi Phit hpc An Nam la phd bie'n rdng rai phuong phip tu tip Tjnh Dp, hay cdn gpi la phip mdn Niem Phit
Viec Hdi Phit hpc An Nam dd cao phuong phap tu tip Tinh Dp, theo chiing tdi, l i mdt diem hpp ly Bdi phip mdn ri't phij hpp vdi tim thiic tin ngudng truydn thdng cua quang dai ngudi dan Viet Nam de'n vdi tdn giio chu yeu qua thuc hanh nghi thiirc, nghi Id chii khdng hoan toan d giio ly Do k h i dd dang thuc hinh, nen ddi sdng Phit giio Viet Nam lich sir cung nhu hien nay, phip mdn Tinh Dp trd thanh to uu thing so vdi Thidn Tdng va Mat Tdng
Tdm lai, nhiing trinh biy khii quit neu trdn cho thi'y, Niem Phat Dudng la noi hdi tu
nhidu chii truong chi'n Phit giio ciia Hdi Phat hpc An Nam va td chiire hiu than cua nd sau la Hdi Phat hpc Viet Nam nhu: td chirc giio hdi, dd'i tupng thd tu, phuong phip tu tip, each thire sinh hoat dao, Didu dang ndi la, nhirng chu truong ddu mang tfnh chit cai each k h i triet de, cd anh hudng siu rdng quing dai Phit tir va quin chiing nhin din xii Hue, tdn tai va phit trien kha manh me tir giira the ky XX cho de'n nay, didu ma cac td chiire Phat giao d midn Bic phong trio chi'n Phit giio mac du cd nhimg y tudng tuong tu nhung nhidu nguydn nhin khich quan va chu quan khic da chua the hoac khdng the thuc hien dupe nhu viy
1 Khai niem "xU Hug" d day dupc hieu khong chi bao gdm tinh Thira Thien - Hue' ma eon ea vung phu can, tieu bieu nhu dnh Quang Trj
2 Xem: Phu luc 2: Danh sach cac chua tai ThUa Thien-Hue' va Phu luc 3: Danh sach cae Niem Phat Dudng va Gia dinh Phat tir thupc tinh Thira Thien-Hue, trong: Thfch Hai M va Ha Xiian Liem Ljch sir Phat giao xU Hu^.-Nxb Thanh phd H6 Chf Minh, 2001, tr706-729 Theo each phan chia cua Ha Xuan Liem, chiia Hue ed loai: chua Vua, chiia T6, chiia dan lap, chiia Khuon (chfnh la cac Niem Phat Dudng), chua ling va chua ciia Phat giao ITieravada Xem: Ha Xuan Liem Nhirng ngoi chua Hue Nxb Thuan Hoa Hu^ 2000,U.20-21
3 Cu the ve ddi tupng thd phung ng6i chua Viet truydn thdng va nguyen nhan ciia hien uupng nay, xin xem: Lfi Tam Die, Ta Qudc Khanh Tinh hdn dung eiia ngudi Viet thd hien qua ddi tupng thd ciing Uong cac ngPi chiia d Ha N6i Tap chf Nghien cuu T6n giao, sd 02-2003, U.39-48
4 Xem: Thich Hai An va Ha Xuan Liem Ljch siJr Phat giao xii' Hud Nxb Thanh phd Hd Chf Minh, 2001, U.364-366; Ha Xuan Liem Chua lang va danh nhan lliuan Hoa Tap chf Hud Xua va Nay, sd 85 (1+2) nam 2008, u.50-54
5 Xem: Thfch Hai An va Ha Xuan Liem Ljch sir Phat giao xir Hud Nxb Thanh phd H6 Chf Minh, 2001,