Australian culture

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Australian Culture 1. History 1.1. Period 1: Ancient time (150,000 years ago - 1606) Religious beliefs are deprived from the sense of belonging - to the land, to the sea The dreaming comes from the land. The dreaming means our identy as people. It is a complex network of knowledge, faith and practices that derives from stories of creations. In the animist framework of Australian Aboriginal mythology, Dreamtime is asacred era in which ancestral totemic spirit beings created the world. "Dreaming" is also used to refer to an individual's or group's set of beliefs or spirituality. For instance, an indigenous Australian might say that he or she has Kangaroo Dreaming, or Shark Dreaming, or Honey Ant Dreaming, or any combination of Dreamings pertinent to their country. Many Indigenous Australians also refer to the Creation time as "The Dreaming". The Dreamtime laid down the patterns of life for the Aboriginal people. The first Australians: Aboriginal Settlers: 40 thousands years ago. 1.2. Period 2: Europe settlement and the road to Federation (1606 - 1900) 1606: Dutchman Willem Janszoon sailed into the Gulf of Carpentaria, charted the west coast of CapeYork Peninsula 1606: Spanish navigator Luos Vaez de Torres sailed through the strait separating Australia and Papua New Guinea Over the next centuries, - chart the coastline of Autralia, then know as New Holland. 1688: William Dampier: The first British explorer to land on the Australian North West coast. 1770: James Cook charted the East coast of Australia and claim it for the British Crown. 1787 - 1788: Captain Authur Philip First Fleet: arrived in Sydney Habour in 1788 1850s - 1860s: gold rush in Ballarat the mid-19 th century -> 1901: The road to Federation: - Reasons: Cooperation in trade and economy Development (tariff, transportation); Cooperation to face threats from Germany, Russia, Japan and China - Separation and Unity: Edmund Barton: “we all lose something, we all gain something… but our gain is limitless, if we are to consider, as we must, what the outcome of Federation will be to all these colonies” 1889 and 1890: Henry Parkes urged Federation 1891: 1 st Federation Convention a draft Australian constitution March, 1897: the 2 nd National Australasian Convention meets in 3 sessions in Adelaide, Sydney and Melbourne -> Agree to the constitution 1898 & 1899: The constitutions was passed after two referendums in Victoria, SA, Tasmania, NSW and Queensland 1900: It went to London. 9 July, 1900: Queen Victoria signs the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act. 31 July,1900: the Constitution was voted with a majority of YES in WA at a referendum. Washminster System: mix of Westminster system and American Model 17th, September, 1900 Queen Victoria proclaimed the Commonwealth of Australia 1.3. Period 3: New nation (1901 - now) - 1901: Forming a new nation: A self-governing colony within the nation of the British Empire Melbourne is A’s Capital for 27 years Sir Edmund Barton _the first Prime Minister (1901-1903) Australian Coat of Arms Shield: badges of 6 states 2 animals: Kangaroo and Emu Background: wattle national floral emblem Below: name of the country Crest: 7-pointed gold star 1927:Moving to Canberra - new Federal Capital The Question is “when did Australia gain independence from the UK.?” Statute of Westminster in 1931 Australia said “no” Oct, 1942: Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942 3 March 1986, The Australia Acts declared that Australia had the status of a Sovereign, Independent and Federal Nation. - 1914-1945: The WW I, Great depression, the WW II 1915: involved in the war to force Turkey out of the war. The invasion failed. Gallipoli: a proof of the passed nationhood test - 1945-1960: Post war Prosperity Australian country music The first Australian to have an international record hit in 1958. - 1960s - now: Changing society 1. What does the Dreaming mean? 2.  Who was the first person to discover Australia? 3.  What is the name of the ship on which James Cook discovered the East part of Australia? ->Endeavour 4.  Where did the first fleet of Great Britain settle in Australia? 5.  What are two main reasons for the desire for a federation? 6.  What is the ‘Washminster’ system? -> A system of government used in Australia that emphasises both Federalism and the Separation of Powers between States. 7. What does the name Australia mean? Pronounced in Australian English, the name Australia is derived from the Latin australis, meaning "southern". The country has been referred to colloquially as Oz since the early 20th century. Aussie is a common colloquial term for "Australian". In neighbouring New Zealand the term "Aussie" is sometimes applied as a noun to the nation as well as its residents. Legends of Terra Australis Incognita—an "unknown land of the South"—date back to Roman times and were commonplace in medieval geography, although not based on any documented knowledge of the continent. Following European discovery, names for the Australian landmass were often references to the famed Terra Australis. The earliest recorded use of the word Australia in English was in 1625 in "A note of Australia del Espíritu Santo, written by Sir Richard Hakluyt", published by Samuel Purchas in Hakluytus Posthumus, a corruption of the original Spanish name "Tierra Austral del Espíritu Santo" (Southern Land of the Holy Spirit) for an island in Vanuatu. The Dutch adjectival form Australische was used in a Dutch book in Batavia (Jakarta) in 1638, to refer to the newly discovered lands to the south.[30]Australia was later used in a 1693 translation of Les Aventures de Jacques Sadeur dans la Découverte et le Voyage de la Terre Australe, a 1676 French novel by Gabriel de Foigny, under the pen-name Jacques Sadeur.[31] Referring to the entire South Pacific region, Alexander Dalrymple used it in An Historical Collection of Voyages and Discoveries in the South Pacific Ocean in 1771. By the end of the 18th century, the name was being used to refer specifically to Australia, with the botanists George Shaw and Sir James Smith writing of "the vast island, or rather continent, of Australia, Australasia or New Holland" in their 1793 Zoology and Botany of New Holland, and James Wilson including it on a 1799 chart. 2. Facts and Figures - Geography: Oceania, continent between the Indian Ocean and the South Pacific Ocean. - Natural Resources: bauxite, coal, iron ore, copper, gold, silver, uranium, natural gas, zinc… -> famous for Gold The biggest exporter of bauxite The world’s largest net exporter of coal - Climate: tropical, equatorical, desert, subtropical, grassland… - Capital: Canberra - Administrative 6 states and 2 territories: Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia. - Language is spoken by most of A: English (78.5%) - The largest religious group in A: Catholic (25.8%) Advance Australia Fair" is the official national anthem of Australia. Created by the Scottish-born composer Peter Dodds McCormick, the song was first performed in 1878, and was sung in Australia as a patriotic song. It did not gain its status as the official anthem until 1984, following a plebiscite to choose the national anthem in 1977. Other songs and marches have been influenced by "Advance Australia Fair", such as the Australian vice-regal salute. How was the Australian national anthem chosen? In 1973, the then Prime Minister, Gough Whitlam wanted a new national anthem instead of “God Save the Queen” and a competition was held. None of the new entries was considered worthy enough, so the existing songs: “Advance Autralia Fair” and “ Waltzing Matilda”, and song “Song of Australia” were proposed. A 1974 national poll found that “Advance Australia Fair” was the most popular choice. In 1977 the Fraser government held a referendum and attached a national plebiscite to choose the National song. Advance Australia Fair” won with 43%, “Waltzing Matilada” with 28% and song “Song of Australia” with 10%, keeping “God Save the Queen” had 19%. Finally in 1984 the Hawke government adopted Advance Australia Fair as the national anthem. Flag Description The National Flag of Australia contains three elements:  The blue field with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist - side quadrant and a large seven-pointed star in the lower hoist - side quadrant known as the Commonwealth or Federation Star, representing the Federation of the colonies of Australia in 1901.  On the fly half is a representation of the Southern Cross constellation in white with one small five - pointed star and four larger, seven - pointed stars  A seven pointed star - representing the Federation of six states, with an additional point to represent the Australia’s internal and external territories collectively. 3. Social life Egalitarianism: Is a trend of thought whereby all people should be treated in the same way regardless of their race, religion, financial status or gender. Australian are called egalitarians because: It would be fair to say that Australia is one of the most egalitarian nations in the world. While many countries celebrate the ideal of human equality, arguably none has it so culturally engrained as Australia. The ideological bias towards equality is most clearly seen in the language that Australians use to communicate with each other. In comparison to other English speakers, Australians tend to be far more informal; readily using the same language when dealing with a boss, an elderly person, friend or rapscallion. In a famous example, when cricketer Dennis Lillee met the Queen, he greeted her with a handshake and a friendly: “g’day, how ya go’in” To outsiders, the egalitarian nature of Australian speech has been seen as a sign of rudeness because it means treating someone of high status in the same manner as a shoe salesman or garbage collector. For example, in 1980, a Japanese prefecture sponsored a weekend seminar to discuss problems that Japanese people might experience in Australia. According to an account recorded in The Australian Slanguage, one speaker, Hiro Mukai, stated: "Australians appear very naive to the newly-arrived Japanese. They speak the same way with everyone." Australia has forged egalitarian sentiments largely because, in its founding era, the authorities were obsessive in depriving Convicts and their descendants of it. Australians strongly believed in the quality of humanity. Equality is the mainstay of Australian social etiquette, customs, and everyday behavior. a person’s class and financial background are not dwelled upon, whilst cultural differences are celebrated but do not make for special treatment. It is considered that everyone should be treated in the same way, ragardless of their race, religion, or financial status or gender. Greeting and meeting: • Shake the person’s right hand with the right hand • Not hug or kiss with strangers • Call each other by their first names • Queue or line up when waiting to be served • Being on time for meetings and appointments - be forthcoming and direct - good, firm handshake is the best option, usually followed by an informal question about their well being, such as “how’s it going?” - should not expect a lengthy reply, nor should you give one. a simple “OK” or “Good thanks” will sufice. Outback: means the area of Australia that is a long way from the coast and the towns, where few ppl live shouting a round: means each person is expected to buy a round when socializing in Australia. Australia VN • Splitting the bills • Splitting the bills • Everyone buys a round • Using first name • Being informal in the use of language • The richest person usually paying • The man paying • The richest people buy for others • Using titles • Being formal A Typical Australian: Australians are among the hardest-working people in the world with some of the longest working hours in the developed world. National Cuisine: Australia has one of the most diverse cuisines in the world because of some reasons: » Asian and European migrant influences: a dining public that is happy to try innovative dishes and access to a plentiful supply of fresh and high-quality produce. » One of the most efficient agricultural nations: produces high-quality vegetables, fruit and grains, meat, poultry, seafood, and cheeses and other dairy products. » Many new industries have been established to accommodate the growing Australian taste fro exotic foods, including Asian greens, nashi pears, lychees, olives and herbs. 4. Celebration and holiday • New Year’s Day : 1 January • Christmas and Easter : - the most important dates - Christmas Day – 25 December - Easter Day – between late March and late April • Boxing Day : the day after Christmas Day • Australia Day : 26 January • Anzac Day : 25 April 5. Tourism 1. Kakadu National Park : Largest park in Aussie - World heritage 2. Uluru is one of Australia’s most recognisable landmarks. It was previously known as Ayer’s Rock. It was handed back to the indigenous people of the Anangu people. The land is now world famous for its exceptional natural beauty. The spectacular rock formations and surrounding sand plains provide rare habitats for an incredible variety of plants and animals. Uluru is notable for appearing to change colour at different times of the day and year, most notably glowing red at dawn and sunset. This is a place of remarkable beauty and unique cultural value which has led to the park being recognised as a UNESCO World Heritage Area. Visit Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park with your hearts and minds open to learn more about the land, beliefs and culture. Red center: iconic monolith 3. Sydney Harbour Bridge: largest steel arch bridge 6. Education - School education is compulsory between the ages of 6 and 16 (year 1 to 10) and comprises 13 years. It includes: a preparatorry year before year 1: not compulsory but almost universally undertaken - Primary schooling: 6 or 7 years - Year 1-6 or 1-7 - Secondary schooling: 5 or 6 years - Year 7 -12 or 8 - 12