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✣❸■ ❍➴❈ ❚❍⑩■ ◆●❯❨➊◆ ❚❘×❮◆● ✣❸■ ❍➴❈ ❑❍❖❆ ❍➴❈ ◆●❯❨➍◆ ❚❍➚ ▲❯❨➌◆ P❍×❒◆● P❍⑩P ❉■➏◆ ❚➑❈❍ ▲❯❾◆ ❱❿◆ ❚❍❸❈ ❙➒ ❚❖⑩◆ ❍➴❈ ❚❤→✐ ◆❣✉②➯♥ ✲ ◆➠♠ ✷✵✶✹ ✣❸■ ❍➴❈ ❚❍⑩■ ◆●❯❨➊◆ ❚❘×❮◆● ✣❸■ ❍➴❈ ❑❍❖❆ ❍➴❈ ◆●❯❨➍◆ ❚❍➚ ▲❯❨➌◆ P❍×❒◆● P❍⑩P ❉■➏◆ ❚➑❈❍ ❈❤✉②➯♥ ♥❣➔♥❤✿ P❍×❒◆● P❍⑩P ❚❖⑩◆ ❙❒ ❈❻P ▼➣ sè ✿ ✻✵✳✹✻✳✵✶✳✶✸ ▲❯❾◆ ❱❿◆ ❚❍❸❈ ❙➒ ❚❖⑩◆ ữớ ữợ P ◆❣✉②➯♥ ✲ ◆➠♠ ✷✵✶✹ ▼ư❝ ❧ư❝ ▲í✐ ♥â✐ ✤➛✉ ✶ ❑❤→✐ ♥✐➺♠ ❞✐➺♥ t➼❝❤✱ ♣❤÷ì♥❣ ♣❤→♣ t➼♥❤ ❞✐➺♥ t➼❝❤ ✸ ✶✳✶ ❈→❝ t✐➯♥ ✤➲ ✈➲ ❞✐➺♥ t➼❝❤✳ ❈→❝ ❤➻♥❤ ❦❤↔ ❞✐➺♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸ t ỵ tỗ t ❞✉② ♥❤➜t ✳ ✳ ✸ ✶✳✶✳✷ ❈→❝ ✤❛ ❣✐→❝ ✤➥♥❣ ❞✐➺♥ ✈➔ ❝→❝ ✤❛ ❣✐→❝ ✤➥♥❣ ❤ñ♣ ✳ ✳ ✾ ợ ữủ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶ ✶✳✷ ✶✳✸ ✷ ✶ ❈→❝ ❝æ♥❣ t❤ù❝ t➼♥❤ ❞✐➺♥ t➼❝❤ tr♦♥❣ ❤➻♥❤ ❤å❝ ♣❤➥♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹ ✶✳✷✳✶ ❉✐➺♥ t➼❝❤ t❛♠ ❣✐→❝ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹ ✶✳✷✳✷ ❈→❝ ❝ỉ♥❣ t❤ù❝ ❝ì ❜↔♥ ❝õ❛ ❞✐➺♥ t➼❝❤ tù ❣✐→❝ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼ ✶✳✷✳✸ ❈→❝ ❝æ♥❣ t❤ù❝ ❞✐➺♥ t➼❝❤ ❤➻♥❤ trá♥✱ ❤➻♥❤ q✉↕t trá♥ ✶✽ ❚➼♥❤ ❞✐➺♥ t➼❝❤ ✤❛ ❣✐→❝✱ ❤➻♥❤ trá♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾ ✶✳✸✳✶ ❚➼♥❤ ❞✐➺♥ t➼❝❤ t❛♠ ❣✐→❝✳ ✶✳✸✳✷ ❚➼♥❤ ❞✐➺♥ t➼❝❤ tù ❣✐→❝✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶ ✶✳✸✳✸ ❚➼♥❤ ❞✐➺♥ t➼❝❤ ❤➻♥❤ trá♥✱ ❤➻♥❤ ❝♦♥❣✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷ ✶✳✹ ❚➼♥❤ ❞✐➺♥ t➼❝❤ tr♦♥❣ ♠➦t ♣❤➥♥❣ tå❛ ✤ë✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹ ✶✳✺ ❉✐➺♥ t➼❝❤ ❤➻♥❤ ♣❤➥♥❣ ✈➔ ❝ỉ♥❣ ❝ư t➼❝❤ ♣❤➙♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ P❤÷ì♥❣ ♣❤→♣ ❞✐➺♥ t➼❝❤ tr♦♥❣ ❤➻♥❤ ❤å❝ ♣❤➥♥❣ ✸✵ ✷✳✶ ✸✵ ✷✳✷ ▼ð ✤➛✉ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ❙û ❞ö♥❣ ❞✐➺♥ t➼❝❤ tr♦♥❣ ❜➔✐ t♦→♥ ❝❤ù♥❣ ♠✐♥❤✳ ✷✳✷✳✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ❈❤ù♥❣ ♠✐♥❤ ♠ët ✤➥♥❣ t❤ù❝ ✈➲ ✤ë ❞➔✐ ❤♦➦❝ ❣â❝ ✐ ✳ ✸✷ ✸✸ ✷✳✸ ự t ỗ q t s s ✸✻ ✷✳✷✳✸ ❙û ❞ö♥❣ ❞✐➺♥ t➼❝❤ ✤➸ ❝❤ù♥❣ ♠✐♥❤ ❝→❝ ❜➜t ✤➥♥❣ t❤ù❝ ✹✶ ❙û ❞ö♥❣ ❞✐➺♥ t➼❝❤ ❣✐↔✐ ❝→❝ ❜➔✐ t♦→♥ ✈➲ t➼♥❤ t♦→♥✱ ✈➲ ❝ü❝ trà✱ ✈➲ ❞ü♥❣ ❤➻♥❤ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✷✳✸✳✶ ❙û ❞ö♥❣ ❞✐➺♥ t➼❝❤ tr♦♥❣ ♥❤ú♥❣ ❜➔✐ t♦→♥ t➼♥❤ t♦→♥ ✹✹ ✷✳✸✳✷ ❙û ❞ö♥❣ ❞✐➺♥ t➼❝❤ t➻♠ ❝ü❝ trà ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ❙û ❞ö♥❣ ❞✐➺♥ t➼❝❤ tr♦♥❣ ❝→❝ ❜➔✐ t♦→♥ ❞ü♥❣ ❤➻♥❤ ✳ ✺✸ ✷✳✹ ❙û ❞ư♥❣ ❞✐➺♥ t➼❝❤ ✤➲ t➻♠ t➟♣ ❤đ♣ ✤✐➸♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✷✳✺ ❉ò♥❣ ②➳✉ tè ❞✐➺♥ t➼❝❤ tr♦♥❣ ❜➔✐ t➟♣ ✤↕✐ sè ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾ ❚➔✐ ❧✐➺✉ t❤❛♠ ❦❤↔♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✷✳✸✳✸ ✐✐ ▲í✐ ♥â✐ ✤➛✉ ❉✐➺♥ t➼❝❤ ❧➔ ♠ët tr♦♥❣ ♥❤ú♥❣ ♥ë✐ ❞✉♥❣ q✉❛♥ trå♥❣ tr♦♥❣ ❍➻♥❤ ❤å❝ ♣❤ê t❤æ♥❣✱ ❝→❝ ❜➔✐ t♦→♥ t➼♥❤ ❞✐➺♥ t➼❝❤✱ ❝❤ù♥❣ ♠✐♥❤ ❞✐➺♥ t➼❝❤ ❝→❝ ❤➻♥❤ ❧✉æ♥ ❧➔ ❝→❝ ❜➔✐ t♦→♥ ❝â ♠➦t tr♦♥❣ ❝→❝ ❦➻ t❤✐ ❤å❝ s✐♥❤ ❣✐ä✐ ❝→❝ ❝➜♣✳ ◆❤✐➲✉ ❜➔✐ t♦→♥ ❍➻♥❤ ❤å❝ ❜➲ ♥❣♦➔✐ ❦❤ỉ♥❣ ❝❤ù❛ ②➳✉ tè ❞✐➺♥ t➼❝❤ ♥❤÷♥❣ ♥➳✉ ♥❣÷í✐ ❧➔♠ t♦→♥ ❜✐➳t ❦❤➨♦ ❧➨♦ ❞ị♥❣ ②➳✉ tè ❞✐➺♥ t➼❝❤ t❤➻ s➩ ♥❤➟♥ ✤÷đ❝ ♠ët ❧í✐ ❣✐↔✐ ❤❛②✱ ❜➜t ♥❣í✱ ❝â ♥❤ú♥❣ tr÷í♥❣ ❤đ♣ ♥➳✉ ❦❤ỉ♥❣ sû ❞ư♥❣ ❞✐➺♥ t➼❝❤ t❤➻ ❦❤ỉ♥❣ t❤➸ ❣✐↔✐ ✤÷đ❝✳ ✣➙② ❧➔ ❝ì sð ❦❤♦❛ ❤å❝ ✤➸ t→❝ ❣✐↔ ❧ü❛ ❝❤å♥ ✤➲ t➔✐ ❝❤♦ Pữỡ t ữợ t ✤➲ tr➯♥ t→❝ ❣✐↔ ✤➣ t➻♠ r❛ ♠ët ♣❤÷ì♥❣ ♣❤→♣ ❤❛② ✤➸ ❣✐↔✐ q✉②➳t ❝→❝ ❜➔✐ t♦→♥ ❍➻♥❤ ❤å❝ ♣❤➥♥❣✿ ❚➼♥❤ ❞✐➺♥ t➼❝❤ ❝→❝ ❤➻♥❤ ✈➔ ❞ị♥❣ ❞✐➺♥ t➼❝❤ ♥❤÷ ♠ët ❝ỉ♥❣ ❝ư ❤é trđ ✤➸ ❣✐↔✐ ❝→❝ ❜➔✐ t♦→♥ ỗ õ ❝❤÷ì♥❣✱ ❑➳t ❧✉➟♥ ✈➔ ❞❛♥❤ ♠ư❝ t➔✐ ❧✐➺✉ t❤❛♠ ❦❤↔♦✳ ❈❤÷ì♥❣ ✶✳ ❑❤→✐ ♥✐➺♠ ❞✐➺♥ t➼❝❤✱ ♣❤÷ì♥❣ ♣❤→♣ t➼♥❤ ❞✐➺♥ t➼❝❤✳ ❈❤÷ì♥❣ ♥➔② ♥❤➡♠ ①➙② ❞ü♥❣ ❧↕✐ ❦❤→✐ ♥✐➺♠ ❞✐➺♥ t➼❝❤ ❝õ❛ ♠ët ❤➻♥❤✳ ❇➢t ✤➛✉ tø ❞✐➺♥ t➼❝❤ ✤❛ ❣✐→❝ ✤÷đ❝ ①➙② ❞ü♥❣ ❜➡♥❣ ♣❤÷ì♥❣ ♣❤→♣ t✐➯♥ ✤➲✱ ✤➙② ❧➔ ♥❤ú♥❣ ②➳✉ tè ❝ì sð ✤➸ ❝â ❦❤→✐ ♥✐➺♠ ỗ tớ ổ tự ỡ ❣✐↔♥ ♥❤➜t✱ ❝ì ❜↔♥ ♥❤➜t ✤➸ t➼♥❤ ❞✐➺♥ t➼❝❤ ❝→❝ ❤➻♥❤✳ ◆❣♦➔✐ ❝→❝❤ t➼♥❤ ❞✐➺♥ t➼❝❤ ❜➡♥❣ ❝→❝❤ →♣ ❞ö♥❣ trü❝ t✐➳♣ ❝→❝ ❝ỉ♥❣ t❤ù❝✱ t❛ ❝á♥ →♣ ❞ư♥❣ ✤÷đ❝ ♣❤÷ì♥❣ ♣❤→♣ tå❛ ✤ë ✈➔ t➼❝❤ ♣❤➙♥ ①→❝ ✤à♥❤✳ ▼é✐ ♣❤÷ì♥❣ ♣❤→♣ ✤÷đ❝ ❧➔♠ rã ❜ð✐ ❝→❝ ❦ÿ t❤✉➟t ✈➔ ♠✐♥❤ ❤å❛ ❜➡♥❣ ❝→❝ ❜➔✐ t♦→♥ ✤✐➸♥ ❤➻♥❤✳ ◆ë✐ ❞✉♥❣ ữỡ ỗ t t➼❝❤✳ ✶ ✲ ❚➼♥❤ ❞✐➺♥ t➼❝❤ ❜➡♥❣ ❝→❝❤ →♣ ❞ö♥❣ ❝→❝ ❝ỉ♥❣ t❤ù❝✳ ✲ ❚➼♥❤ ❞✐➺♥ t➼❝❤ ❜➡♥❣ ❝ỉ♥❣ ❝ư t➼❝❤ ♣❤➙♥✳ ❈❤÷ì♥❣ ✷✳ P❤÷ì♥❣ ♣❤→♣ ❞✐➺♥ t➼❝❤ tr♦♥❣ ❤➻♥❤ ❤å❝ ♣❤➥♥❣✳ ❈❤÷ì♥❣ ♥➔② t→❝ ❣✐↔ ✤÷❛ r❛ ♠ët ♣❤÷ì♥❣ ♣❤→♣ ♠ỵ✐ ❣å✐ ❧➔ ❦ÿ t❤✉➟t ✏ ❞ư♥❣ ❞✐➺♥ t➼❝❤ ♥❤÷ ❝❤➜t ①ó❝ t→❝ ✑✳ ❑ÿ t❤✉➟t ♥➔② ✤÷đ❝ ❞ị♥❣ ✤➸✿ sû ✲ ●✐↔✐ ❝→❝ ❜➔✐ t♦→♥ ❝❤ù♥❣ ♠✐♥❤ ❤➻♥❤ ❤å❝ ✭❝❤ù♥❣ ♠✐♥❤ ❤❛✐ ✤♦↕♥ t❤➥♥❣ ❜➡♥❣ ♥❤❛✉✱ ❝❤ù♥❣ ♠✐♥❤ tự ự t s s t ỗ q ❝õ❛ ❝→❝ ✤÷í♥❣ t❤➥♥❣✱ t➼♥❤ t❤➥♥❣ ❤➔♥❣ ❝õ❛ ❝→❝ ✤✐➸♠✱ ❝❤ù♥❣ ♠✐♥❤ ❝→❝ ❜➜t ✤➥♥❣ t❤ù❝ ❤➻♥❤ ❤å❝✳✳✳✮✳ ✲ ●✐↔✐ ❝→❝ ❜➔✐ t♦→♥ ✈➲ t➻♠ ❝ü❝ trà ❤➻♥❤ ❤å❝✱ ❝→❝ ❜➔✐ t♦→♥ t➼♥❤ t♦→♥✳ ✲ ●✐↔✐ ❝→❝ ❜➔✐ t♦→♥ ✈➲ ❞ü♥❣ ❤➻♥❤✳ ✲ ●✐↔✐ ❝→❝ ❜➔✐ t♦→♥ t➼♥❤ t➟♣ ❤ñ♣ ✤✐➸♠ ✭q✉ÿ t➼❝❤✮✳ ❈❤➼♥❤ ❦ÿ t❤✉➟t ✏ ❞ò♥❣ ❞✐➺♥ t➼❝❤ ữ t ú t ỵ tữ ỡ ❝õ❛ ♣❤÷ì♥❣ ♣❤→♣ ❞✐➺♥ t➼❝❤ ♠➔ ❝❤ó♥❣ tỉ✐ ♥❣❤✐➯♥ ❝ù✉ tr t t ỗ ❞❛♥❤ ♠ư❝✳ ❚→❝ ❣✐↔ ✤➣ ♥❤➟♥ ✤÷đ❝ sü ❣✐ó♣ ✤ï t t t ữợ P t tr♦♥❣ ✈✐➺❝ t➻♠ ❤✐➸✉ ❝→❝ ✈➜♥ ✤➲ ❝õ❛ ❜↔♥ ❧✉➟♥ ✈➠♥ ✈➔ tr➻♥❤ ❜➔② t❤❡♦ ♠ët tr➻♥❤ tü ❧♦❣✐❝✳ ❚→❝ ❣✐↔ ①✐♥ ❜➔② tä ❧á♥❣ ❜✐➳t ì♥ ❝❤➙♥ t❤➔♥❤ tỵ✐ t➟♣ t❤➸ ❝→❝ t❤➔②✱ ❝æ ❝õ❛ ❑❤♦❛ ❚♦→♥✲ ❚✐♥✱ ✣↕✐ ❤å❝ ❑❤♦❛ ❤å❝✲ ✣↕✐ ❤å❝ ❚❤→✐ ◆❣✉②➯♥❀ ❝→❝ t❤➔②✱ ❝æ ❝õ❛ ❱✐➺♥ ❚♦→♥ ❤å❝✲ ❱✐➺♥ ❑❤♦❛ ❤å❝ ❱✐➺t ◆❛♠ ✈➔ t ữợ ỳ ữớ t t ❣✐ó♣ ✤ï t→❝ ❣✐↔ tr♦♥❣ s✉èt ❦❤â❛ ❤å❝ ❝❛♦ ❤å❝ t↕✐ ✣↕✐ ❤å❝ ❚❤→✐ ◆❣✉②➯♥ ✈➔ ❤♦➔♥ t❤➔♥❤ ❜↔♥ ❧✉➟♥ ✈➠♥ ♥➔②✳ ❚❤→✐ ◆❣✉②➯♥✱ ♥❣➔② ✶✾ t❤→♥❣ ✾ ♥➠♠ ✷✵✶✹ ❚→❝ ❣✐↔ ◆❣✉②➵♥ ❚❤à ▲✉②➳♥ ✷ ❈❤÷ì♥❣ ✶ ❑❤→✐ ♥✐➺♠ ❞✐➺♥ t➼❝❤✱ ♣❤÷ì♥❣ ♣❤→♣ t➼♥❤ ❞✐➺♥ t➼❝❤ ✶✳✶ ❈→❝ t✐➯♥ ✤➲ ✈➲ ❞✐➺♥ t➼❝❤✳ ❈→❝ ❤➻♥❤ ❦❤↔ ❞✐➺♥ ✶✳✶✳✶ ❉✐➺♥ t ỵ tỗ t t ▲➜② tr➯♥ ♠➦t ♣❤➥♥❣ ❊✉❝❧✐❞❡ ❣➜♣ ❦❤ó❝ E2 ♠ët ❤➻♥❤ ❋ ♥➔♦ ✤â ✈➔ ❣✐↔ sû ✤÷í♥❣ L ⊂ F ❝❤✐❛ ❤➻♥❤ F\L t❤➔♥❤ ✷ ♣❤➛♥ F1 ,F2 ❝❤✐❛ t❤➔♥❤ ❝→❝ ❤➻♥❤ tê♥❣ ❝õ❛ ❝→❝ ❤➻♥❤ F1 ❂ F1 , F2 F1 ∪ ▲❀ ✈➔ ✈✐➳t F2 ❂ F2 ∪ ✳ ❚❛ ♥â✐ ❤➻♥❤ ❋ ✤÷đ❝ ▲ ❝á♥ ❤➻♥❤ ❋ ✤÷đ❝ ❣å✐ ❧➔ F = F1 ✰ F2 ✳ ❍➻♥❤ ✶✳✶✿ ◆❤ỵ ❧↕✐ r➡♥❣ ✤❛ ❣✐→❝ ❧➔ ♠ët ❤➻♥❤ ♣❤➥♥❣ ♠➔ ❝â t❤➸ ❝❤✐❛ ✤÷đ❝ t❤➔♥❤ ♠ët sè ❤ú✉ ❤↕♥ ❝→❝ t❛♠ ❣✐→❝✳ ✣❛ ❣✐→❝ ✤÷đ❝ ❣å✐ ❧➔ ✤❛ ❣✐→❝ ✤ì♥ ♥➳✉ ❜✐➯♥ ❝õ❛ ♥â ♥â ❧➔ ✤÷í♥❣ ❣➜♣ ❦❤ó❝ ổ õ ý ỵ ▼ ❧➔ t➟♣ ❤ñ♣ ❝→❝ ✤❛ ❣✐→❝ tr➯♥ ♠➦t ♣❤➥♥❣ ❊✉❝❧✐❞❡ ✸ E2 ✳ ❚❛ ♥â✐ r➡♥❣ ❞✐➺♥ t➼❝❤ ✤❛ ❣✐→❝ ✤÷đ❝ ①→❝ ✤à♥❤ ♥➳✉ →♥❤ ①↕ S : M → R∗+ t❤ä❛ ♠➣♥ ❝→❝ t✐➯♥ ✤➲ s❛✉✿ ✭❜➜t ❜✐➳♥ q✉❛ ♣❤➨♣ ❞í✐ ❤➻♥❤✮✳ ✐✐✳ ❋ ❂ ● ✰ ❍ ⇒ ❙✭❋✮ ❂ ❙✭●✮ ✰ ❙✭❍✮ ✭❚➼♥❤ ❝❤➜t ❝ë♥❣ t➼♥❤ ❝õ❛ ❙✮✳ ✐✐✐✳ S(F0 ) = ✈ỵ✐ F0 ❧➔ ❤➻♥❤ ✈✉ỉ♥❣ ❝â ❝↕♥❤ ❜➡♥❣ ✶ ✳ ❙è ❞÷ì♥❣ ❙✭❋✮ ✤÷đ❝ ❣å✐ ❧➔ ✤ë ✤♦ ❤❛② ❞✐➺♥ t➼❝❤ ❝õ❛ ✤❛ ỵ tỗ t t ✤è✐ ✈ỵ✐ ❤➻♥❤ ❝❤ú ♥❤➟t P ❝↕♥❤ ❝â ✤ë ❞➔✐ ①✱ ② ❤➔♠ ❙ ❝â ❞↕♥❣ ❙✭P✮❂①②✳ ✐✳ ❋ ∼ = ❋✬ ⇒ ❙✭❋✮ ❂ ❙✭❋✬✮ ❈❤ù♥❣ ♠✐♥❤✳ ●✐↔ sû tỗ t t t õ tr t ❤ñ♣ M0 t➜t ❝↔ ❝→❝ ❤➻♥❤ ❝❤ú ♥❤➟t✳ ❑❤✐ ✤â ❙✭P✮ ❧➔ ❤➔♠ ❝õ❛ ① ✈➔ ② ①→❝ ✤à♥❤ ✈ỵ✐ ♠å✐ x, y ∈ R∗+ ✈➔ ❝❤➾ ♥❤➟♥ ❣✐→ trà ❞÷ì♥❣✿ ❙✭P✮❂❢✭①✱②✮✳ ❍➔♠ ♥➔② ❝â ❝→❝ t➼♥❤ ❝❤➜t s❛✉✿ ✭❛✮ ❢✭①✱②✮ ❂ ❢✭②✱①✮✳ ✭❜✮ f (x1 +x2 , y) = f (x1 , y) + f (x2 , y)✳ ❚➼♥❤ ❝❤➜t ✭❛✮ s✉② r❛ tø ✤✐➲✉ ❦✐➺♥ ✐✳ ❱ỵ✐ ❝❤ó þ r➡♥❣ ❤❛✐ ✤❛ ❣✐→❝ ❝â ❝↕♥❤ ①✱ ② ✈➔ ❝↕♥❤ ❧➔ ②✱ ① ❧➔ ❤❛✐ ✤❛ ❣✐→❝ ❜➡♥❣ ♥❤❛✉✳ ❚➼♥❤ ❝❤➜t ✭❜✮ s✉② r❛ tø ✤✐➲✉ ❦✐➺♥ ✐✐✳ ❚❛ ỵ ứ t t s r f(x, y) |y=const = g(x)✳ g(x1 +x2 ) = g(x1 ) + g(x2 ),∀x1 , x2 ∈ R∗+ ✳ ❚❤❡♦ ❦➳t q✉↔ ❝õ❛ ❣✐↔✐ t➼❝❤✱ ❤➔♠ ❣✭①✮ ❝â t➼♥❤ ❝❤➜t ♥➔②✱ ①→❝ ✤à♥❤ tr➯♥ t➟♣ ❍➻♥❤ ✶✳✷✿ ❤ñ♣ R∗+ ✈➔ ❝❤➾ ♥❤➟♥ ❣✐→ trà ❞÷ì♥❣✱ ✤÷đ❝ ❜✐➸✉ ❞✐➵♥ ❜ð✐ ❣✭①✮ ❂ ❦✳①✱ tr♦♥❣ ✤â ❦ ❂ ❝♦♥st✳ ◆❣❤➽❛ ❧➔ f(x, y) |y=const = k.x✳ ✹ ❱ỵ✐ ❝→❝ ❣✐→ trà ② ❂ ❝♦♥st ❦❤→❝ ♥❤❛✉ t❤➻ ❣✐→ trà ❦ ❝ô♥❣ ❦❤→❝ ♥❤❛✉✱ ❜ð✐ ✈➟② t❛ ♣❤↔✐ ❝♦✐ ❦ ❂ ❦✭②✮✳ ◆❤÷ t❤➳ t❛ ♥❤➟♥ ✤÷đ❝ ❢✭①✱②✮ ❂ ❦✭②✮✳①✳ ✣➦t ① ❂ ✶ t❛ ✤÷đ❝ ❢✭✶✱②✮ ❂ ❦✭②✮✳ ❇ð✐ ✈➟② t❛ ❝â t➼♥❤ ❝❤➜t ✭❝✮✿ ❢✭①✱②✮ ❂ ❢✭✶✱②✮✳①✳❚ø ✭❛✮ ✈➔ ✭❝✮ s✉② r❛✿ ❢✭✶✱②✮ ❂ ❢✭②✱ ✶✮ ❂ ❢✭✶✱✶✮✳② ✈➔ ✭❜✮ ❝â ❞↕♥❣ ❢✭①✱②✮ ❂ ❢✭✶✱✶✮✳①✳②✳ ◆❤÷♥❣ t❤❡♦ t✐➯♥ ✤➲ ✐✐✐✳ ❢✭✶✱✶✮ ❂ ✶✳ ❉♦ ✤â✱ ❙✭P✮ ❂ ①✳②✳✭✤♣❝♠✮ ❍➻♥❤ ✈✉æ♥❣ F0 s❛♦ ❝❤♦ S(F0 ) = ✤÷đ❝ ❣å✐ ❧➔ ❤➻♥❤ ✈✉ỉ♥❣ ✤ì♥ ✈à✳ ❘ã r➔♥❣ ❤➻♥❤ ✈✉æ♥❣ ♥➔② ①→❝ ✤à♥❤ ♥➳✉ ❝❤å♥ ✤÷đ❝ ✤♦↕♥ t❤➥♥❣ ✤ì♥ ✈à✳ ✣✐➲✉ ❦✐➺♥ t➼❝❤ ❝õ❛ ❤❛✐ ✤♦↕♥ t❤➥♥❣ ✤÷đ❝ ❤✐➸✉ ❧➔ t➼❝❤ ❤❛✐ ✤ë ❞➔✐ ❝õ❛ ú tỗ t t ợ ❤➻♥❤ ❝❤ú ♥❤➟t P✱ sè ❙✭P✮ ❜➡♥❣ t➼❝❤ ❝õ❛ ✤→② ữớ ợ t tũ ỵ sè ❙✭❚✮ ❜➡♥❣ t➼❝❤ ✤÷í♥❣ tr✉♥❣ ❜➻♥❤ ✈➔ ✤→②✳ ✐✐✐✳ ợ t tũ ỵ số ỷ ởt ợ ữớ tữỡ ự ✐✈✳ ❱ỵ✐ ❤➻♥❤ ❜➻♥❤ ❤➔♥❤ ❜➜t ❦ý ❇✱ sè ❙✭❇✮ t ởt ợ ữớ tữỡ ự q✉↔ ✶✳ ❈❤ù♥❣ ♠✐♥❤✳ ❑➳t q✉↔ ✐ ✤➣ ❝â ð tr➯♥✳ ❑➳t q✉↔ ✐✐ ❤✐➸♥ ♥❤✐➯♥ tr➯♥ ❤➻♥❤ ✈➩ ✶✳✸✳ ❳➨t ✐✐✐✳ ❍➻♥❤ ✶✳✸✿ ✺ SABC = SAFNB + SFNC = SBNMA = EF.AH = BC.AH ❈✉è✐ ❝ò♥❣ ①➨t ✐✈✳ SABCD = SABD + SBCD = 12 AB.DH+ 12 CD.BH1 = AB.DH ❍➺ q✉↔ ✤÷đ❝ ❝❤ù♥❣ ♠✐♥❤✳ ◆❤÷ ỏ tỗ t ổ ❤➔♠ ❙✭❋✮❄ ●å✐ ❆❇ ❧➔ ♠ët ❝↕♥❤ ❝õ❛ ✤❛ ❣✐→❝ ❋✱ ♥➳✉ ❍ ❧➔ ✤✐➸♠ ❦❤æ♥❣ ❦ý ❞à tr➯♥ ❝↕♥❤ t tỗ t trỏ s ❤➻♥❤ F1 = F ∩ B(H, ε) ❧➔ ♠ët ♥û❛ trỏ ỗ t t tọ s ổ õ ợ ữớ t ✰ [HN) ∩ B(H, ε)\F1 = ∅ → − ❱➨❝ tỡ ỡ n õ ữợ ũ ữợ ợ t✐❛ ❬❍◆✮ ✤÷đ❝ ❣å✐ ❧➔ ♣❤→♣ ✈➨❝ tì ✤ì♥ ✈à ữ ợ ộ ❝õ❛ ✤❛ ❣✐→❝ ❋ t❛ ✤➲✉ ①→❝ ✤à♥❤ ✤÷đ❝ ♣❤→♣ ✈➨❝ tì ✤ì♥ ✈à ♥❣♦➔✐✳ ●✐↔ sû ✤❛ ❣✐→❝ ❋ õ ỵ li ❝↕♥❤ t❤ù ✐❀ ù♥❣ ✈ỵ✐ ❝↕♥❤ ♥➔②❀ Hi → − ni ❧➔ ♣❤→♣ ✈➨❝ tì ✤ì♥ ✈à ♥❣♦➔✐ ❧➔ ✤✐➸♠ ♥➔♦ ✤â tr➯♥ ✤÷í♥❣ t❤➥♥❣ ❝❤ù❛ ❝↕♥❤ t❤ù ✐✳ ▲➜② ✤✐➸♠ ❖ tr➯♥ ♠➦t ♣❤➥♥❣ ❝õ❛ ✤❛ ❣✐→❝ ❋ ✈➔ ❧➟♣ tê♥❣ k −−→ → li OHi − ni ✭✶✳✶✮ i=1 ❚ê♥❣ ♥➔② ❦❤ỉ♥❣ ♣❤ư t❤✉ë❝ ✈➔♦ ✈✐➺❝ ❝❤å♥ ✤✐➸♠ ❖✱ ❦❤ỉ♥❣ ♣❤ư t❤✉ë❝ ✈➔♦ ✈✐➺❝ ❝❤å♥ ✤✐➸♠ Hi tr➯♥ ✤÷í♥❣ t❤➥♥❣ ❝❤ù❛ ❝↕♥❤ t❤ù ✐ ❝õ❛ ✤❛ ❣✐→❝✳ ❍➻♥❤ ✶✳✹✿ ✻ tø ❇ ✈➔ ❈ ✤➳♥ ✤÷í♥❣ t❤➥♥❣ ❆▼ ❧➔✿ ❛✳ ◆❤ä ♥❤➜t ❜✳ ▲ỵ♥ ♥❤➜t ❍➻♥❤ ✷✳✷✸✿ ▲í✐ ❣✐↔✐✿ ❑➫ ❍❛② AH⊥BC; BE⊥AM; CF⊥AM AM (BE + CF) = 2SABC ❛✳ ❇❊ ✰ ❈❋ ♥❤ä ♥❤➜t ⇔ ❦❤ỉ♥❣ ✤ê✐ ♥➯♥✿ ❆▼ ❧ỵ♥ ♥❤➜t ♥➯♥ ❝â ✷ ❦❤↔ ♥➠♥❣ ①↔② r❛✿ SABC = SAMB + SAMC = AM.(BE + CF)✳ ❆❇ ≥ ❆❈ t❤➻ ❆▼ ❧ỵ♥ ♥❤➜t ❜➡♥❣ ❆❇ ✈➔ M ≡ B ❚❛ ❝â✿ ✲ ◆➳✉ ❦❤✐ ✤â tê♥❣ ❇❊ ✰ ❈❋ ❜➡♥❣ ✤ë ❞➔✐ ✤÷í♥❣ ❝❛♦ ❤↕ tø ✤➾♥❤ ❈ ①✉è♥❣ ❝↕♥❤ ❆❇✳ ✲ ◆➳✉ ❆❈ ≥ ❆❇ t❤➻ ❆▼ ❧ỵ♥ ♥❤➜t ❜➡♥❣ ❆❈ ✈➔ M≡C ✱ ❦❤✐ ✤â tê♥❣ ✤ë ❞➔✐ ❇❊ ✰ ❈❋ ❜➡♥❣ ✤ë ❞➔✐ ✤÷í♥❣ ❝❛♦ ❤↕ tø ✤➾♥❤ ❇ ①✉è♥❣ ❝↕♥❤ ❆❈✳ ❜✳ ❇❊ ✰ ❈❋ ❧ỵ♥ ♥❤➜t ❱➻ ❆▼ ≥ ❆❍ ♥➯♥ ⇔ ❆▼ ♥❤ä ♥❤➜t✳ AMmin ⇔ ❆▼ ❂ ❆❍ ⇔ M ≡ H✳ ❑❤✐ ✤â ❊ ✈➔ ❋ ❝ơ♥❣ trị♥❣ ✈ỵ✐ ❍✳ ◆➯♥ tê♥❣ ❇❊ ✰ ❈❋ ♥❤➟♥ ❣✐→ trà ❧ỵ♥ ♥❤➜t ❜➡♥❣ ❇❈✳ ❇➔✐ t♦→♥ ✷✳✷✺✳ ❈❤♦ t❛♠ ❣✐→❝ ❆❇❈ ✈➔ ✤✐➸♠ ▼ ♥➡♠ ð tr♦♥❣ t❛♠ ❣✐→❝✳ ❳→❝ ✤à♥❤ ✈à tr➼ ❝õ❛ ▼ ✤➸ ❝❤♦ ❜✐➸✉ t❤ù❝ ❢ s❛✉ ✤↕t ❣✐→ trà ❝ü❝ t✐➸✉✳ ❢ ❂ ▼❆✳❇❈ ✰ ▼❇✳❈❆ ✰ ▼❈✳❆❇✳ ▲í✐ ❣✐↔✐ ●å✐ ❆✬✱ ❇✬✱ ❈✬ ❧➔ ❣✐❛♦ ❝õ❛ ▼❆✱ ▼❇✱ ▼❈ ✈ỵ✐ ❝→❝ ❝↕♥❤ ❇❈✱ ❈❆✱ ❆❇✳ ✺✶ ❍➻♥❤ ✷✳✷✹✿ ⇒ MA.BA ≥ MA.BE ⇒ MA.BC ≥ 2SMAB + 2SMAC (∗) MA.BC ≥ MA.CF ✭❚r♦♥❣ ✤â ❊✱ ❋ ❧➔ ❤➻♥❤ ❝❤✐➳✉ ❝õ❛ ❇ ✈➔ ❈ tr➯♥ ▼❆✮ ❚÷ì♥❣ tü✿ MB.CA ≥ 2SCAM + 2SABM ; MC.AB ≥ 2SMAB + 2SMCB ❚ø tr➯♥ s✉② r❛ S ≥ 4SABC ❉➜✉ ✤➥♥❣ t❤ù❝ tr♦♥❣ ✭✯✮ ①↔② r❛ ❦❤✐✿ E≡F≡A ⇔A ≡D⇒M t❤✉ë❝ ✤÷í♥❣ ữỡ tỹ trũ ợ trỹ t t ❣✐→❝ ❆❇❈ t❤➻ ❢ ✤↕t ❣✐→ trà ❝ü❝ t✐➸✉✳ ❇➔✐ t♦→♥ ✷✳✷✻✳ ❈❤♦ ▼ ❧➔ ✤✐➸♠ ♥➡♠ tr♦♥❣ t❛♠ ❣✐→❝ ❆❇❈ ❝â ❇❈ ❂ ❛❀ ❆❈ ❂ ❜❀ ❆❇ ❂ ❝✳ ❚ø ▼ ❦➫ ❈❆✱ ❆❇✳ ❚➻♠ ✈à tr➼ ❝õ❛ ▼ MA1 ; MB1 ; MC1 ❧➛♥ ❧÷đt ✈✉ỉ♥❣ ❣â❝ ✈ỵ✐ ❇❈✱ b c a ✤➸ + + ❝â ❣✐→ trà ♥❤ä ♥❤➜t✳ MA1 MB1 MC1 ▲í✐ ❣✐↔✐✿ ✣➦t MA1 = x; MB1 = y; MC1 = z✱ 2SABC = ax + by + cz❀ ♠➔ a b c + + x y z x y y z x z = a2 + b2 + c2 + ab + + bc + + ca + y x z y z x ≥ a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2ac + 2bc = (a + b + c)2 (ax + by + cz) ✈➻ ✈ỵ✐ ♠ ❃ ✵ t❤➻ m+ ≥ 2✱ m ❝❤♦ ♥➯♥✿ ✺✷ ❍➻♥❤ ✷✳✷✺✿ a a+b+c b c (a + b + c)2 = + + ≥ MA1 MB1 MC1 2S r ✈➻ ✷❙ ❂ r✭❛✰❜✰❝✮❀ ✭r ❧➔ ❜→♥ ❦➼♥❤ ❝õ❛ ✤÷í♥❣ trá♥ ♥ë✐ t✐➳♣ t❛♠ ❣✐→❝ ❆❇❈✮✳ b c a+b+c a + + ✤↕t ❣✐→ trà ♥❤ä ♥❤➜t ❜➡♥❣ ✤↕t ✤÷đ❝ MA1 MB1 MC1 r ❦❤✐ ✈➔ ❝❤➾ ❦❤✐ MA1 = MB1 = MC1 r trũ ợ t ữớ trá♥ ❱➟② ♥ë✐ t✐➳♣ t❛♠ ❣✐→❝ ❆❇❈✳ ✷✳✸✳✸ ❙û ❞ö♥❣ t tr t ỹ ỵ t❤✉②➳t ❞ü♥❣ ❤➻♥❤✱ ❣✐↔✐ ♠ët ❜➔✐ t♦→♥ ❞ü♥❣ ❤➻♥❤ ❧➔ ❝❤➾ r❛ ♠ët sè ❤ú✉ ❤↕♥ ❝→❝ ♣❤➨♣ ❞ü♥❣ ❤➻♥❤ ❝ì ❜↔♥ ❝➛♥ t✐➳♥ ❤➔♥❤ t❤❡♦ ♠ët t❤ù tü ♥➔♦ ✤â ✤➸ ❝â t❤➸ ✤÷đ❝ ❤➻♥❤ t❤ä❛ ♠➣♥ ❝→❝ ✤✐➲✉ ❦✐➺♥ ✤➣ ❝❤♦✳ ❚r♦♥❣ t❤ü❝ ❤➔♥❤✱ ♥❣÷í✐ t❛ t❤ü❝ ❤✐➺♥ t ố ữợ P t ỹ ự ❧✉➟♥✳ ❚✉② ♥❤✐➯♥ tr♦♥❣ q✉→ tr➻♥❤ t❤ü❝ ❤➔♥❤ ❦❤æ♥❣ ♥❤➜t tt ữợ tr t tự ỗ ❤➣② ❞ü♥❣ ♠ët ✤÷í♥❣ t❤➥♥❣ ❝❤✐❛ tù ❣✐→❝ ✤â t❤➔♥❤ ❤❛✐ ✤❛ ❣✐→❝ ❝â ❞✐➺♥ t➼❝❤ ❜➡♥❣ ♥❤❛✉✳ ▲í✐ ❣✐↔✐✿ ●å✐ ❑ ❧➔ ❣✐❛♦ ✤✐➸♠ ❤❛✐ ✤÷í♥❣ ❝❤➨♦✳ ●✐↔ sû ❚ø ✤â✿ KD SACD = ≥1 SACB BK BK ≤ KD✳ ♥➯♥ ✤÷í♥❣ t❤➥♥❣ q✉❛ ❆ ❝➛♥ ❞ü♥❣ ♣❤↔✐ ❝➢t ❝↕♥❤ ❈❉✳ ❑❤✐ ❇❑ ❂ ❑❉ t❤➻ SACD = SACB ✺✸ ♥➯♥ ❆❈ ❧➔ ✤÷í♥❣ t❤➥♥❣ ❝➛♥ ❍➻♥❤ ✷✳✷✻✿ ❞ü♥❣✳ ❚❛ ①➨t ❇❑❁ ❈❉ ✭ ♥➳✉ ❇❑ ❃ ❈❉ t❤➻ t❛ ❧➔♠ t÷ì♥❣ tü✮✳ ❚ø ❇ ❦➫ SACF = SACB ♥➯♥✿ DC DK SADF =SADC +SACF =SADC +SABC =SABCD ✳ ❱➻ = > ♥➯♥ tr✉♥❣ CF KB 1 ✤✐➸♠ ❊ ❝õ❛ ❉❋ ♣❤↔✐ t❤✉ë❝ ✤♦↕♥ t❤➥♥❣ ❉❈✳ ❚❛ ❝â✿ SADE = SADF = SABCD ✳ 2 ❇❋ ❆❈ ✈➔ ❝➢t ❈❉ ❦➨♦ ❞➔✐ ð ❋✳ ❚❛ ❝â ❱➟② ❆❊ ❧➔ ✤÷í♥❣ t❤➥♥❣ ❝➛♥ ❞ü♥❣✳ ❇➔✐ t♦→♥ ✷✳✷✽ tự ỗ ❤➣② ❞ü♥❣ ❤❛✐ ✤÷í♥❣ t❤➥♥❣ ❝❤✐❛ tù ❣✐→❝ ✤â t❤➔♥❤ ❜❛ ✤❛ ❣✐→❝ ❝â ❞✐➺♥ t➼❝❤ ❜➡♥❣ ♥❤❛✉✳ ❍➻♥❤ ✷✳✷✼✿ ▲í✐ ❣✐↔✐✿ ●✐↔ sû ❤❛✐ ✤÷í♥❣ ❝❤➨♦ ❆❈ ✈➔ ❇❉ ❝➢t ♥❤❛✉ t↕✐ ❑ ✈ỵ✐ ❉♦✿ SACD KD = ≥1 SACB BK ♥➯♥ SACD ≥ SABCD BK ≤ KD ♥❣❤➽❛ ❧➔ ♠ët ✤÷í♥❣ t❤➥♥❣ ✤✐ q✉❛ ❆ ❝➛♥ ❞ü♥❣ ✭♠➔ ❝❤✐❛ tù ❣✐→❝ t❤➔♥❤ ❜❛ ✤❛ ❣✐→❝ ❝â ❞✐➺♥ t➼❝❤ ❜➡♥❣ ♥❤❛✉✮ ♣❤↔✐ ❝➢t ❝↕♥❤ ❉❈ t↕✐ ❋ ✤➸ ❝â✿ ❆❋✳ ❚ø ❇ ❦➫ ❇● SADF = SABCD

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