Các yếu tố ảnh hưởng đến việc áp dụng hệ thống kế toán chi phí ở một số công ty du lịch được lựa chọn tại hà nội việt nam

ThAi nguyen University Southern Luzon STATE University Socialist Republic of Vietnam Republic of Philippines THE FACTORS AFFECTING THE ADOPTION OF COST ACCOUNTING SYSTEM OF SELECTED TRAVEL AGENCIES IN HANOI, VIETNAM A RESEARCH PRESENTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE SCHOOL SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY LUCBAN, QUEZON, PHILIPPINES THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY S.R VIETNAM IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE DOCTORAL IN BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION Name of Student English Name Date of Birth Course : DOAN THI QUYNH ANH : ANGEL : 05/01/1981 : SLSU-DBA1 Hanoi November, 2013 Page ACKNOWLEDGMENT During the conduct of my thesis, I would like to give my sincere thank to advisors: Prof Dr Pete Ooi; Dr Edwin Bernal The advisors help me with detailed guidance and instruction so that I can complete my research Representatives from Southern Luzon State University, ThaiNguyen University, ICT and academic affairs together with teachers and staffs in ICT office has encouraged and helped from all the members in the class When conducting the research, I receive the enthusiastic support and participation of directors and staffs of all enterprises that I have research Beside that, I always receive the encouragement and support form my family I would like to express my sincere thanks to the advisors, staffs participating in the research and my family for supporting me a lot Doan Thi Quynh Anh - Angel Page CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENT TABLE CONTENT LIST OF TABLE LIST OF FIGURES CHAPTER INTRODUCTION CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES 15 CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY 39 CHAPTER IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 45 CHAPTER V FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS 75 REFERENCES 79 Page TABLE OF CONTENTS Table 3.1 Factors affecting the adoption of the cost accounting system 40 Table 4.1 Respondents’ Age and Gender 46 Table 4.2 Respondents’ Position and Field of Specialization 47 Table 4.3 Perceived Level of Awareness and Understanding of Cost Accounting System 49 Table 4.4 Perceived Ease of Use of Cost Accounting System 52 Table 4.5 Perceived Usefulness of Cost Accounting System 54 Table 4.6 Attitude Toward Adherence to Cost Accounting System inCost Management 57 Table 4.7 Summary Table on Respondents’ Perception and Attitude Towards Adoption of Cost Accounting System 59 Table 4.8 The relationship between the accountants’ and the managers’ perception of their level of awareness and understanding of the cost accounting system in travel agencies Crosstabulation 60 Table 4.9 Chi-Square Tests 62 Table 4.10 The relationship between the accountants’ and the managers’ perception on the ease of use of the cost accounting system in travel agencies Crosstabulation 63 Table 4.11 Chi-Square Tests 64 Page Table 4.12 The relationship between the accountants’ and the managers’ perception on the usefulness of the cost accounting system in travel agencies Crosstabulation 65 Table 4.13 Chi-Square Tests 66 Table 4.14 The relationship between the accountants’ and the managers’ attitude toward use of the cost accounting system in travel agencies Crosstabulation 67 Table 4.15 Chi-Square Tests 68 Table 4.16 Independent Samples Test 70 Table 4.17 Independent Samples Test 71 Table 4.18 Independent Samples Test 72 Table 4.19 Independent Samples Test 73 Page LIST OF FIGURES Fig Classification of cost in travel agencies 31 Fig Conceptual framwork 39 Page CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 1.1 Research Background As Vietnam rides in the development of world economy, its hospitality/tourism industry had gained remarkable leap Demand in a wide-range of hospitality-related products and services increased as people's living standard improved This included products and services in travel services which is one sector in the multi billion-dollar world-wide hospitality industry Products and service in a travel agency are designed to satisfy special needs of consumers such as understanding the culture, tradition and the historical treasures of one locality, appreciating natural beauty of the place, experiencing the climate, foods, events and festivities of the area, and a lot of activities simply designed for sightseeing and for rest and recreation The demand for travel products and services is not very stable as it easily changes due to instability of the climatic condition, and the economic and political situation of the particular tourism destination It therefore requires that players in the travel business to be more creative and innovative to anticipate changes in the business landscape in order to cushion the impact of slack time in the business On one hand, it also requires that industry players fully grasp the characteristics of tourism and travel products to be able to organize business activities that optimally meet the needs of clients and ensure enhanced business performance on the basis of strict cost control It also requires strong organizational skills as well as Page understanding of the upstream and downstream links and costs which are, more often than not, not too easy to quantify as transfers of values take place with the transfer of intangible subject of business transactions While application of sound managerial accounting techniques and concepts is inevitably necessary, all must start from the solid understanding and appreciation of cost accounting and the adoption of appropriate cost accounting system Summarily, determining the cost of products and services in a travel agency poses a great challenge for the firm’s accountants and managers in as much as the business’ price offerings depend largely on the relevant costs Doubly challenging is the implementation of a firm’s policy on cost allocations because this requires a deal of rationalization so as not to overburden one product/service while others overburdened with unnecessary costs This therefore requires the identification and the use of appropriate cost driver to achieved full rationalization of the system Further, to achieve comparative and competitive advantages, it is necessary that, costs associated with the implementation of activities in major business functions along the value chains should be analyzed as to whether these are value-adding or non-value adding costs Obviously, only value adding activities are client-focused activities and therefore add to the achievement of the value expectations of the clients While cost accounting is a necessary requirement to achieve more in the travel business in Hanoi, less has been benefiting fully from it To determine the factors that drive the sector to adopt cost accounting system is the major reason why this research was conducted Page 1.2 Statement of the Problem This research focused on determining the factors which affect the adoption of the cost accounting system of selected travel enterprises in Hanoi Specifically, it tried to find answers to the following research questions: What is the profile of the respondents in terms of gender, age, position and field of specialization? What is the accountants’ and the managers’ perception of their level of awareness and understanding, ease of use, and usefulness of cost accounting system? What factors are significantly affecting the attitude of the accountants and the managers of travel agencies in adopting a cost accounting system? Is there any difference in the accountants’ and the managers’ perception of their level of awareness and understanding, ease of use, and usefulness of cost accounting system? Is there any difference between the accountants’ and the managers’ attitude towards adherence to the cost accounting system in the management of costs in travel agencies? 1.3 Statement of Objectives The general objective of this research was to determine the significant factors affecting the adoption of cost accounting system for Hanoi-based travel agencies It seek to meet the requirements of the following specific objectives: To determine the profile of the respondents in terms of gender, age, position and field of specialization Page To describe the accountants’ and the managers’ perception of their level of awareness and understanding, ease of use, and usefulness of cost accounting system To identify the factors which significantly affect the attitude of the accountants and the managers of travel agencies in adopting a cost accounting system To statistically test the difference in the accountants’ and the managers’ perception of their level of awareness and understanding, ease of use, and usefulness of cost accounting system To statistically test the difference between the accountants’ and the managers’ attitude towards adherence to the cost accounting system in the management of costs in travel agencies? 1.4 Hypotheses The following hypotheses were tested using inferential statistical tools: Hypothesis 1: There is no relationship between the accountants’ and the managers’ perception of their level of awareness and understanding, ease of use, and usefulness of cost accounting system and their attitude towards adoption of the same cost accounting system in travel agencies Hypothesis 2: There is no difference in the accountants’ and the managers’ perception of their level of awareness and understanding, ease of use, and usefulness of cost accounting system Hypothesis 3: There is no difference between the accountants’ and the managers’ attitude towards adherence to the cost accounting system in the management of costs in travel agencies Page 10 Table 4.18 Independent Samples Test t-test for Equality of Means Sig (2t mahoa_puc Equal variances assumed Equal variances not assumed df tailed) Mean Difference Std Error Difference -3.175 102 002 -.30940 09746 -3.016 64.022 004 -.30940 10259 According to the T- test analysis result, the value of assumption < 0.05 (Sig = 002) that there is a difference between the accountants’ and the managers’ perception usefulness of the cost accounting system in travel agencies The usefulness the cost accounting system is one of the most important factors to determine adoption the the cost accounting system in travel agencies The usefulness of the cost accounting system that is served for each work will have an effect difference on themselve perception For accountants’ perception, the cost accounting system helps in the ascertainment of cost of each product, process, job, contract, activity by using different methods of costing, it helps in measurements of efficiency of operations through establishment of standards and variance analysis; it helps in inventory by using various techniques such as ABC analysis, Economic Order Quantity, Stock levels, Perpetual Inventory system and Continuous Stock Taking, Inventory Turnover Ratio etc…With the detail effect on the accountants work, the accountants’ perception of usefulness of cost accounting sytem is indicated more detail on their work For managers’ perception, the cost accounting system helps the management in making various decisions; it helps in the control of material costs, labour costs and Page 72 overheads by using different techniques of control such as Standard Costing and Table 4.19 Independent Samples Test Budgetary Control; giving the answer of cost in many case need to have dicision With the macroscopic effect on the work, the managers’ perception of usefulness of cost accounting sytem is relate to the result of cost accounting system From that reasons, the usefulness of cost accounting system is being understand difference between accountants and managers But the last target that improves the standard working in travel agencies 4.5 The Accountants’ and the Managers’ Attitude Towards Adherence to the Cost Accounting System in the Management of Costs in Travel Agencies? From the difference of awareness of cost accounting system, the difference of perception of usefulness of cost accounting system, that lead to have doubts about the accountants’ and the managers’ attitude towards adherence to the cost accounting system in the management of costs in travel agencies A asumption is tested Hypothesis 3: There is no difference between the accountants’ and the managers’ attitude towards adherence to the cost accounting system in the management of costs in travel agencies H0: There is no difference between the accountants’ and the managers’ attitude toward use of the cost accounting system in travel agencies H1: There is a difference between the accountants’ and the managers’ attitude toward use of the cost accounting system in travel agencies Page 73 t-test for Equality of Means t mahoa_ Equal variances assumed atu df -2.973 102 Sig (2tailed) Std Error Mean Differe Difference nce 004 -.26745 08995 Equal variances not assumed -2.736 58.543 008 -.26745 09774 According to the T- test analysis result, the value of assumption < 0.05 (Sig = 004) in table 4.18 that there is a difference between the accountants’ and the managers’ perceived attitude toward use of the cost accounting system in travel agencies The cost accounting system is implemented in accordance with accounting principles, everyone must comply with the accounting principles measure Accountants must to be strict implementation of the rules of the system For managers, they usually use of the results of the cost accounting system so that they not concentrate on cost accounting principles The accountants’ attitude toward use of the cost accounting system in their travel agencies is difference with managers’ Page 74 Page 74 CHAPTER V FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS Accounting management is a value continuous improvement process of planning, designing, measuring and operating both non-financial information systems and financial information systems that guides management action, motivates behavior and supports and creates the cultural values necessary to achieve an organization’s strategic, tactical, and operating objectives(Institute of management Accountants) In order to achieve the organization’s goal, accounting management systems need to be created distinctly, and special correspond with its real conditions And the behavioral aspects are one area of budget kind that is very important in the entire process of budgeting Nowadays, budgeting is strongly required activities in most of companies in the world Because it is very active way that Enterprises use to anticipate outcomes in future and have proper reaction to meet it’s targets Therefore budgeting is taking very important role in cycle life of enterprises It is decisive factor to widen or shut down enterprise’s future The cost information is analyzed by many different criteria to help administrators better overview on the different angles of the target as a basis for any decision management When gathering information carried administrators collect information past and future, from the information collected, and based on the requirements of business managers to make decisions necessary to carry out analyze the information and content analysis methods and organizational analysis 5.1 Findings As the result of previous chapter researcher has already focused on investigating the factors that’s affect to the adoption the cost accounting system in Page 75 selected travel agencies in Ha noi, Viet Nam The objectives on research topic of this study are concluded as follows the thesis type: The facstors affecting the adoption of the cost accounting system in selected travel agencies in Hanoi, Vietnam The study was conducted with the four particular objectives: To determine the profile of the respondents in terms of gender, age, position and field of specialization To describe the accountants’ and the managers’ perception of their level of awareness and understanding, ease of use, and usefulness of cost accounting system To identify the factors which significantly affect the attitude of the accountants and the managers of travel agencies in adopting a cost accounting system To statistically test the difference in the accountants’ and the managers’ perception of their level of awareness and understanding, ease of use, and usefulness of cost accounting system To statistically test the difference between the accountants’ and the managers’ attitude towards adherence to the cost accounting system in the management of costs in travel agencies? To achieve these objectives, research data were gathered and analyzed to find the answers for corresponding research questions and testing associated hypotheses The research has been identified factors affecting the adoption of the cost accounting system in some of travel enterprises in Hanoi, Vietnam This research purposed to explore the adoption of the cost accounting management in some of travel enterprises in Hanoi in management tasks, the questionees whom were participated the Questionnaire is the staffs, managers, Page 76 accountants, and tourist guide in these travel agencies Being based on the early stated research questions, their associated hypotheses and the data analysis presented in chapter four, this section shows corresponding findings of the data analysis result; yields associated conclusions, does discussions and finally, makes some suggestions In summary, the purpose of this study was to determine these factors affect the application of accounting management costs in cost management in tourism enterprises in Vietnam With desired, this application in companies much less travel expenses incurred during continuous and diverse Cost accounting system is essential The identification of factors that influence will help enterprises to quickly adopt a system of management accounting in business costs, improve the efficiency of operations 5.2 Limitation This research has several limitations With a limited any sample size Therefore, the results may not be generalized to most of the adoption of the cost accouting mangement in all travel agecies in VietNam Second, the survey was sent to an email group that contained all the email addresses of one department’s employees without prior consent, except from the manager, where some users consider this survey as unsolicited In this paper, the use of questionnaires for the measurement of model variables may have introduced common-method variance According to the limitations of this study, there are many opportunities for further research The research with a large sample size should be conducted A large size of sample will allow the more accuracy of the research results and perhaps more variety Future researches should strive to empirically investigate these issues in order Page 77 to better clarify the roles of factors and showed the barriers, the difficulties meeting in this research in the research model 5.3 Conclusion In the corporate business travel services now, organizational aspects of management accounting and business cost price tour travel services to provide complete information for managers to make decisions Operating, cost control and serve as a basis for considering the relationship between the cost price of services is essential With a range of research topics, subjects were presented following the basic contents: - An overview of the basic theory of cost accounting system in the tourism business - Survey and analysis of the current status of cost accounting system and the cost of business travel services in travel tour tourism enterprises in Hanoi - From the data collected, the thesis has used the analysis tools to determine the factors that affect the application of accounting model management costs in the tourism business in Hanoi Thesis stated objectives, the development of Vietnam's tourism as well as the necessary requirements and the basic principles of the organization completed cost accounting management business and its cost tour tourism tourism enterprises in Hanoi, and also highlighted the thematic content needs improvement and performance measures With the above issues, subjects had to meet the basic requirements set out research However, with the continuous development of Vietnam's economy as well as the qualifications and experience of the author is limited, so not avoid thematic shortcomings, the author wishes to receive comments Your contribution teachers, researchers and colleagues to be more complete thematic Page 78 REFERENCES Nguyen Van Cong (2007), Business Accounting, Publishing House National Economic University, Hanoi Phan Duc Dung (2007), American Accounting, Statistical Publishing House, Hanoi Pham Huy Guess (2006), A Practical Guide Business Accounting, Finance Publishing House, Hanoi Giang Nguyen Phu (2009), International Accounting, Finance Publishing House, Hanoi Nguyen Phuong Lien (2006), Guide to the regime of corporate accounting, Finance Publishing House, Hanoi Accounting Law (2003) World Bank (2002), The International Accounting Standards, National Political Publishing House, Hanoi Vo Van Nhi (2005), A Practical Guide to current accounting regime, Finance Publishing House, Hanoi Thach Ha Xuan (2002), A Practical Guide accounting and business services, Statistical Publishing House, Hanoi 10 Internal documents JSC Vietnam Tourism, Long Duong Co., investment companies, and commercial services Thang Loi Nguyen Co., Ltd The Page 79 11 School of Accounting and Finance University of Hanoi (1999), Financial Accounting, Finance Publishing House, Hanoi 12 Ray.H.Garrisin (1993), Management Accounting, University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City 13 Dang Van Thanh, Xuan Tien Doan (1998), Corporate Governance Accounting, Finance Publishing House, Hanoi 14 Vo Thi Thang (2000), "Creating positive change, sustainable tourism in Vietnam to step into the 21st century," Vietnam Tourism, (1), L 15 Nguyen Tan Binh (2004), Analysis of Financial Management, Statistical Publishing House, Hanoi 16 "Information and data", Journal of Travel Vietnam (2012), (1), p 16th 17 "Yearbook Conference deployment of culture, sports and tourism in 2008 ', Statistical Publishing House, Hanoi 18 Administration of Tourism (2012), Report on tour in 2012, Hanoi 19 Phạm Thị Kim Vân(2002) , Organization of cost accounting management and business results in the travel business, Economics doctoral dissertation, Acedemy of financial 20 Website: http://www.tapchiketoan.com http://www.tapchikiemtoan.com Page 80 21 Davis and Hamilton, 1993 G.B Davis and S Hamilton, Managing information: How information systems impact organizational strategy, Business One Irwin, Homewood, IL (1993) 22 T Yu-Hui, C Chia-Ping, C Chia-Ren (2007) Unmet adoption expectation as the key to e-market place failure: a case of Taiwan's steel industry, Industrial Marketing Management 36 (8) (2007) 23 Davis, F.D., 1989 Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology MIS Quarterly 13 (3), 319–342 24 Fishbein, M., and Ajzen, L., 1975, Belief, Attitude, Intention, and Behavior: An Introduction to Theory and Research, Addison-Wesley, Massachusetts 25 Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M., 1980, Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall 26 Ajzen, I., 1991, “The Theory of Planned Behavior, Organizational Behavior and Human,” Decision Processes, vol 50, pp 179-211 27 Ahmed Riahi-Bekaoui(2002), Behavioral management accounting, Wiley Publishing, Inc 28 Garrison& Noreen(2008), Solutions manual Managerial Accounting, Oxford OX2 8DP 29 Hilton(1997), Management Accounting, McGraw-Hill, USA 30 Steven M.Bragg(2009), Management Accouting Best practices, John Wiley&Sons,Inc Page 81 Survey Questionnaire THE FACTORS AFFECTING THE ADOPTION OF COST ACCOUNTING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN SELECTED TRAVEL AGENCIES IN HANOI, VIETNAM Dear Linguistics, I am a 3rd-year graduate student of Southern Luzon State University I am conducting a research entitled: “The Factors Affecting the Adoption of Cost Accounting Management System in Selected Travel Agencies In Hanoi, Vietnam” as a partial fulfillment of the graduation requirements for the degree in Doctor of Business Administration program at Southern Luzon State University, Philippines The purpose of this research is to identify what factors affect the adoption of cost accounting system in selected travel agencies in Hanoi Your responses to the questions below will certainly be valuable contributions to the outcome of this research Kindly spend a little of your time in completing this survey questionnaire All information that you will provide shall be treated with utmost confidentiality and will only be used for purpose of this research Should you have some clarifications, please feel free to contact me via my email address: quynhanh_ulsa@yahoo.com Doan Thi Quynh Anh - Angel Doctoral Business Administration program Southern Luzon State University Page 82 PART I: GENERAL INFORMATION This section covers personal information Please tick the corresponding squares Gender � Male � Female Age � Under 30 � From 30 to 39 � From 40 to 50 � Over 50 � Manager � Tourist guide � Profession � Accountant Other _ Undergraduate Major � Business or related � Travel or related � Accounting or ralated � Other _ How long have you been working in your company? � Less than year � From to � Over to � More than Does your company adopt an established cost accounting system? � Yes � No Does your company have a manual of cost accounting system? � Yes � No Had you, in the past, ever use or complied with the requirements of your company’s cost accounting system? � Never � A few times � Often � Quite a lot Page 83 PART II: ADOPTION OF COST ACCOUNTING SYSTEM This section includes items concerning your attitude towards the application of cost accounting system in your company Please encircle the numbers corresponding to your degree of agreement with each item The rating scale follows: “1”= Strongly agree; “2”= Agree; “3”= Neither Agree nor Disagree; “4”= Disagree; “5” = Strongly disagree Perceived level of awareness and understanding of accounting management system cost I have a personal knowledge of cost accounting system in the enterprise where I am employed 5 5 5 I can easily determine the exact cost due to my consistent application of the accounting management system I have been applying the cost accounting management system in performing my job I feel confident of what I am doing because of my consistent application of the accounting management system in my work Perceived ease of use of cost accounting management system I can easily learn to use the cost accounting management system I can easily access information from support unit whenever these are needed to ensure that cost accounting management system works Page 84 I can easily interact with information support unit for cost management information system I can easily monitor the movements in cost information I think the information support unit is helpful in facilitating the management of cost 5 5 5 5 5 I think access to cost accounting information and the feeding of information to the management come very handily Perceived usefulness of cost accounting management system 10 The cost accounting system affects my work 11 The use of cost accounting system makes me efficient in my work 12 The use of cost accounting system improves my work 13 The use of cost accounting system increases my work productivity 14 The application of the cost accounting system is suitable in travel agencies 15 The application of the cost accounting system reduces the operating cost 16 The application of the cost accounting system ensures that the data are secured Attitude toward use of cost accounting management system in cost management Page 85 17 I like the idea of formally using the cost accounting management system in cost management 18 5 5 5 I think that the formal use of cost accounting management system in travel agencies has some financial and non-monetary benefits 19 I feel confident that cost information are reasonably accurate when using the cost accounting management system for travel agencies 20 I shall always be ready to use a formal cost accounting management system 21 I shall readily recommend to the manager the use of formal cost accounting management system in cost management 22 I shall readily cooperate with other departments in implementing a formal cost accounting management system in cost management PART III: COMMENTS & SUGGESTIONS Kindly state briefly and concisely your suggestions relative to the use and application of formal cost accounting system in travel agencies operating in Hanoi, Vietnam ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… Thank you very much for your help and cooperation! Page 86 ... actually produced during that period of time, creating a total cost of product production Products that were not sold during that period of time produced a "full cost" of those products, recording... capacity of Vietnamese businesses in particular and the economy in general in difficulties economic conditions is a matter of necessity of Vietnam One of the economic sectors is considered Vietnam... necessary to produce a finished product At the same time, marketing protocols can make use of this type of accounting to project if the product will sell enough units to make production a viable