Một số xu hướng chủ yếu hướng tới nền kinh tế xanh và hàm ý tiếp cận chính sách cho việt nam

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES THE FACULTY OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHER EDUCATION - - GRADUATION PAPER SOME MAJOR TRENDS TOWARDS A GREEN ECONOMY AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS FOR VIETNAM Supervisor: Assoc Prof Dr Kim Ngoc Student: Do Thi Mai Phuong Year of enrolment: QH.2009 HANOI, 2013 ĐẠI HỌC QUỐC GIA HÀ NỘI TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC NGOẠI NGỮ KHOA SƯ PHẠM TIẾNG ANH - - KHOÁ LUẬN TỐT NGHIỆP MỘT SỐ XU HƯỚNG CHỦ YẾU HƯỚNG TỚI NỀN KINH TẾ XANH VÀ HÀM Ý TIẾP CẬN CHÍNH SÁCH CHO VIỆT NAM Giáo viên hướng dẫn: PGS.TS Kim Ngọc Sinh viên: Đỗ Thị Mai Phương Khoá: QH.2009 HÀ NỘI, 2013 RETENTION I hereby state that I: Đỗ Thị Mai Phương, class QH.2009.F1.E17, being a candidate for the degree of Bachelor of Arts (TEFL) accept the requirements of the College relating to the retention and use of Bachelor‘s Graduation Paper deposited in the library In terms of these conditions, I agree that the origin of my paper deposited in the library should be accessible for the purposes of study and research, in accordance with the normal conditions established by the librarian for the care, loan or reproduction of the paper Signature……………………………………………………… Date…………………………………………………………… ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Associate Professor Dr Kim Ngoc, Lecturer in the Faculty of International Economics, University of Economics and Business, Vietnam National University, Hanoi for his helpful ideas Without his valuable guidance, comments and suggestions, this graduation paper would not be fulfilled I also wish to thank all other teachers who have provided me with the knowledge and information for this graduation paper I would like to acknowledge my gratitude to all my friends who have encouraged me and help me with this work Finally, my sincere gratitude goes to my family who is always besides me during my study at the University i ABSTRACT Nowadays, the international community is looking for long-term alternatives to improve the quality of life and eliminate poverty population as much as pos sible A solution to adapt the economy and its development to new global challenges can be the transition to "Green Economy", especially by integrating the environment in sustainable development paradigm The transition to a "Green Economy" means practicing a certain type of economy based on policies and investment that should be able to create a connection between economic development, biodiversity, ecosystem, climate change, health and welfare on the medium and long term These premises must be connected together to achieve sustainable development – which is considered the resumption of economic growth at global scale This study aims to analyze some recent major trends towards a green economy On that basis, it recommends implications for the design of policies for Vietnam to approach a green economy To make sustainable economic development requires a transition with multiple implications for both the government and the private sector In other words, Vietnam needs a joint effort between public and private, in order to separate economic growth from excessive use of resources; the main objective should be considered the quality of life along with reducing the environmental and social deficit ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS i ABSTRACT ii LIST OF ABREVIATIONS v LIST OF FIGURES vii INTRODUCTION Chapter I: THE SCIENTIFIC BASE OF GREEN ECONOMY 1.1 Theoretical base of green economy 1.1.1 Definitions and differentiation of key concepts 1.1.2 Criteria for evaluating green economic development 10 1.2 The empirical base of green economy 14 1.3 Roles of green economy 17 1.3.1 Stimulating economic growth for the long-term 17 1.3.2 Addressing environmental challenges 19 1.3.3 Eradicating poverty 20 1.3.4 Creating jobs and enhancing social equity 22 Chapter II: SOME MAJOR TRENDS TOWARDS A GREEN ECONOMY 24 2.1 The policy framework of green economic development 24 2.1.1 Establish sound regulatory frameworks 24 2.1.2 Prioritize government investment and spending in areas that stimulate the greening of economic sectors 25 2.1.3 Limit government spending in areas that deplete natural capital 26 2.1.4 Employ taxes and market-based instruments to promote green investment and innovation 27 2.1.5 Invest in capacity building, training and education 28 2.1.6 Strengthen international governance 28 2.2 2.2.1 Some major trends towards a green economy 30 The trend towards a green economy in developing countries and developed countries 30 2.2.2 The trend towards green production 41 iii 2.2.3 The trend towards green consumption 47 2.2.4 The trend towards green jobs and sustainable urban living 50 2.3 Overall assessment 52 2.3.1 Achievements 52 2.3.2 Challenges 54 Chapter III: POLICY IMPLICATIONS FOR VIETNAM TO APPROACH A GREEN ECONOMY 56 3.1 Vietnam’s awareness of green economy 56 3.2 Overview of green economic development in Vietnam 58 3.2.1 Green economic development in Vietnam 58 3.2.2 Opportunities and challenges of Vietnam in green economic development 60 3.3 Policy implications for Vietnam 63 3.3.1 Vietnam‘s orientations 63 3.3.2 Key recommendations on national policy 67 CONCLUSION 75 LIST OF REFERENCES 77 iv LIST OF ABREVIATIONS No Abbreviation Annotation APEC Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation ASEAN The Association of Southeast Asian Nations BNEF Bloomberg New Energy Finance COD Chemical oxygen demand CSP Concentrating solar power ESCWA Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia EU European Union FAO Food and Agriculture Organization GDP Gross Domestic Product 10 GHG Greenhouse Gas 11 GPP Green Public Procurement 12 HDI Human Development Index 13 IFAD The International Fund for Agricultural Development 14 ILO The International Labour Organization 15 ITU International Telecommunication Union 16 LNG Liquefied natural gas 17 MCED Ministerial Conference on Environment and Development 18 MDGs Millennium Development Goals 19 MEAs Multilateral Environmental Agreements 20 NGOs Non-governmental organizations 21 NREGA National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 22 ODA Official Development Assistance 23 OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development 24 PES Payments for ecosystem services v 25 R&D Research and Development 26 SGP The Singapore Green Plan 27 SMEs Small and medium enterprises 28 SWF The Sovereign Wealth Funds 29 UN The United Nations 30 UNCSD The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Nations Conference on Trade Development 31 UNCTAD The United and Development 32 UNEP The United Nations Environment Programme 33 UNFCCC The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 34 UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization 35 U.S United States 36 WWEA World Wind Energy Association vi LIST OF FIGURES No Figure Title Page Figure 1.1 Measuring Transition 12 Figure 1.2 Impacts of the green investment scenario relative to 14 business-as-usual for selected variables Figure 1.3 Global Employment Trends, 1998-2008 16 Figure 1.4 Projected trends in annual GDP growth rate 18 Figure 1.5 Energy-related CO2 emissions – breakdown of 20 reductions achieved in a 2% green investment scenario relative to baseline business as usual projections Figure 2.1 Republic of Korea‘s Green Stimulus Spending per 34 Sector Figure 2.2 Strategic framework of China‘s green development 36 Figure 2.3 World Electricity Generation 45 Figure 2.4 New Electricity Capacity (World) 46 vii  Improving people‘s living standards through job generation from green industry, agriculture, services and improving quality of life through the development of green infrastructure and environment-friendly lifestyle Tasks for implementation of green growth in Vietnam: To achieve the above mentioned objectives, green growth activities in the time to come will focus on the following three strategic tasks: Greening production with the following solutions:  Greening production through master-plans and restructuring the economy, particularly limiting the development of sectors that create large amounts of waste, causing high levels of pollution and environmental degradation;  Utilize natural resources economically and efficiently, especially water, land and mineral resources;  To accelerate the development of green industries to enrich the natural capital, create jobs and improve quality of life of the people;  Development of sustainable infrastructure;  Innovate technologies and roll out cleaner production Reduce the intensity of greenhouse gas emissions per unit GDP and increasing renewable energy use with the following solutions:  Improving energy performance and efficiency, reducing energy consumption in production, transportation and trade  Changing fuel structure in the industries and transportation  Promoting the effective exploitation of renewable and new energy sources to gradually increase the proportion of clean energy production and energy consumption of the country, reducing the dependence on fossil energy, strengthening energy security, environmental protection and sustainable development  Reducing greenhouse gas emissions through the development of sustainable and resource efficient agriculture, improve the competitiveness of agricultural production Greening lifestyle and sustainable consumption with the following solutions: 65  Sustainable Urbanization: To improve competitiveness, harmonious development and to improve the quality of life for people, the urban planning and development and management need to meet the criteria for eco-efficiency and social security as cities are the driving force for green economic growth Hence these criteria should aim at: - Enhance the green economic growth and competitiveness; - Increase employment opportunities; - Contribute to poverty eradication; - Improve quality of life; - Increase energy security; - Rehabilitate the environment; - Avoid future costs and risks  Developing new rural area with lifestyle in harmony with environment: Implementation of the national target program of building new countryside in the period 2010-2020 and in subsequent years, integrating economic growth with environmental protection and development of education, health, and cultural progress and social justice in rural areas should be given special attention to ensure sustainable rural development  Promoting sustainable consumption and building green lifestyle: change the consumption pattern and behaviour towards sustainability of all three sectors, namely state sector, business sector and community Also, according to the draft "Green Growth Strategy in Vietnam" period 2011 2020 and Vision 2050: For the year 2020: • GDP per capita is doubled compared to 2010 • Reduce energy consumption per unit of GDP by 1.5 to 2% per year • Reduce intensity of greenhouse gas emissions per unit of GDP by 810% or double the target with international support 66 For the year 2030: • Reduce total GHG emissions by at least 1% per year without and 2% with international support • Environmental degradation is addressed and natural capital stocks have been improved while the access and use of clean and green technology is significantly enhanced In 2050, Viet Nam has mainstreamed Green Economic Development Thus it can be clearly seen that Vietnam‘s orientations are as follows: - Promoting economic sectors based on the ecosystem; - Innovating manufacturing technologies in the direction of low-carbon production; - Greening lifestyle and promoting sustainable consumption; - Developing environmental services and recycling industry 3.3.2 Key recommendations on national policy On the basis of an assessment of the challenges that Vietnam has to face in the process towards a green economy, along with the lessons on green economic development from some countries in the world, policy recomme ndations for Vietnam are suggested as follows: 3.3.2.1 Investment and spending policies Government should take advantage of the economic stimulus package to invest in green economic sectors and to restructure the economy Besides, the Government should take appropriate measures and implement effective policies to attract investment from the private sector, foreign sector, as well as to mobilize technical and financial supports from the international community for green economic sectors In addition to establishing policies to support and encourage private sectors to invest in green economic sectors, Vietnam has a duty to take more drastic measures to protect the environment, and to estimate expenditure to protect and restore the environment in balance as making investment decisions At the same time, Vietnam should plan or approve development and investment projects Also, it is essential to 67 check and step by step improve technological and environmental standards, and enhance management in transferring and importing technology, especially when some countries take advantage of opportunities for economic restructuring to move outdated technologies causing environmental environment (steel, cement, chemicals, etc.) On the other hand, Vietnam needs to focus on economic sectors that can bring into play comparative advantages of Vietnam (ecological agriculture; diversifying and developing clean energy sources which are capable of regenerating from nature; developing tourism, eco resorts, especially paying attention to res earch and develop culture industry - this is a typical green economic sector, which South Korea and China are focusing on and developing as one of the pillars in the green economy) Besides, Vietnam needs to increase investment in research and development (R & D), especially research in the fields of biotechnology, technology biomass, and alternative energy Government plays an important role in fostering green innovation It can lend support by funding relevant research, supplying finance tailored to differing stages of technology development and using demand-side instruments such as standards, regulations and public procurement Ensuring wide diffusion and international transfer of green technologies and practices is important This requires reducing barriers to trade and foreign direct investment, effective protection and enforcement of intellectual property rights, and efforts aimed at the least developed countries • Infrastructure investment programmes in sectors such as water, energy, and transport Well-planned programmes can help drive development, reduce water and air pollution, curb unsustainable land use change, and enable the deployment of next generation technologies Finance these programmes needs to focus on leveraging private sector investment • Institutional and governance capacity to implement wide-ranging policy reform is an essential condition for greening growth Governments need to integrate 68 green growth objectives into broader economic policymaking, development planning and poverty reduction strategies On the other hand, the government should design policies to encourage international co-operation in research and development, receiving modern technologies of the countries in the world Vietnam should focus on training human resources to meet the demand for labor, both in quantity and quality, in the economic sectors that are being expanded and new economic sectors of the green economy that are being developed More importantly, it is essential to invest more capital in research and development in the field of renewable energy, resourcesaving technologies, and technologies reducing greenhouse gas emissions Reforming the tax system is one way to encourage saving resources and efficient use of resources, especially scarce resources, environmental protection Based on international criteria as estimated by the United Nations Environment Programme for global investment of 2% of GDP for green economic development, it is necessary to have an assessment of the level of investment in environment in Vietnam to orient towards fiscal policy in the near future 3.3.2.2 Tax policy For Vietnam, it is necessary to carry out a comprehensive greening of the fiscal policy and tax system Generally, the market force alone cannot solve issues related to resource use and environment Therefore, the role of the government in guiding the economic reforms through various public supports, taxes and pricing mechanisms should be strengthened Comprehensive fiscal policy reforms should have a strong focus on improving the incentive structures – to encourage green investment, green business and production practices, and entrepreneurship as key drivers in accelerating the green transformation (1) Establish support mechanisms that secure a stable increase in financial support for green development And establish a multi-tier and coordinated cofinance/co-funding mechanism with joint efforts by the national, regional and local 69 government Coordination mechanisms for various policy instruments, such as taxes, finance and prices should be established (2) Deepen tax reforms and further strengthen resource-related price reforms that are favorable to green economic development, such as:  Accelerate the reform of resource taxes;  Adjust the consumption tax in line with polices related to energy-saving and emissions reduction; introduce environmental taxes or environmental protection taxes, including carbon tax;  Reform and reduce some of the business taxes to promote the development of emerging and strategic industries, a modern service sector and entrepreneurship as key drivers in accelerating the green transformation;  Remove environmentally harmful subsidies, with removing subsidies for fertilizer production as one of the priority areas;  Deepen the pricing reform for key resources, e.g water, electricity, oil and gas so that prices can better reflect resource scarcity as well as the polluter pays principle, etc (3) Promote the development of green finance which has a particular strategic focus and importance for the development of S&T and innovation-based SMEs Support enterprises‘ energy-saving and emissions reduction actions, as well as reduce environmental and financial risks of enterprises and financial institutions through green credits and other innovative financial instruments Vietnam needs to closely supervise the implementation of environmental protection under the Law Environmental Protection Tax 2010 (validated since January 1, 2012); at the same time, Vietnam continues to prepare and issue detailed documents referring to guidance on the implementation of the Law Environmental Protection Tax (including environmental tax on plastic bags) to achieve consensus in society Tax is a market-based tool and is an effective method to stimulate green investment; currently, due to distorted prices, the government cannot encourage 70 enterprises to invest in green economic sectors One solution to this problem is to "internalize the cost of peripheral impact" on the prices of goods / services through tax adjustment, charge, or other market-based instruments such as permit trading system Tax is the most effective tool to help the government manage enterprises, reduce emissions, use resources efficiently and stimulate innovation Taxes related to the environment can be roughly divided into two types: (1) Tax applies the polluter – pays principle, directly taxing manufacturers or consumers because they cause pollution; (2) Tax follows the beneficiary – pays principle, focusing on the mining tax, use of natural resources and ecosystem services However, the task of drawing up fiscal policy (taxes and spending) should be appropriate to the national green growth strategy The government should orientate tax policies that encourage the use of less polluting products environment; at the same time, limit subsidies of fossil fuels (such as gasoline, kerosene, fuel oil, etc.) that are not necessary Besides, it is necessary to study the feasibility of alternative fuel sources, such as biofuels However, because production and business activities as well as lives of people in Vietnam depend heavily on fossil fuels, conversion and replacement requires time and effort 3.3.2.3 Planning policy Vietnam needs to apply for renewal of land use planning for urban development, transport development, industrial parks, export processing zones, social welfare projects under the direction of land use for the development of trees, lakes and other environmental infrastructure in accordance with international standards Delivering new major infrastructure requires an enabling planning regime which is rapid, predictable, transparent and democratically accountable Vietnam should adopt a more concentrated approach to its green urbanization In the rapid ongoing process of urbanisation, cities are playing an increasingly critical role in driving economic and environmental impact A plan pushing Vietnam toward a more concentrated approach to urban development can thus 71 deliver the optimal trade-off between benefits and burdens of urbanization Such a policy, however, would require a deliberate shift from the current development pattern of disproportionate growth in middle sized urban areas  Use infrastructure approvals to shape clusters: The central authorities should also encourage infrastructure investments that focus on super-cities or huband-spoke clusters Capital projects such as refineries, ports, and large universities could be placed strategically to spur the growth of the largest cities  Use land conversion processes to spur density: Land conversion rights are governed nationally and central officials have already tightened the quota for land that can be developed for urban use Violations are rampant, however, and current land use policy fragments the urban periphery By recognizing the role of market mechanism in more efficient resource allocation and in managing the national land conversion process, municipalities can be encouraged to seek breakthrough concepts that not reduce agricultural land in total while maximizing its value as urban infill 3.3.2.4 Environmental policy It is essential to design environmental labeling program with the aim to: raise awareness, and provide reliable information and guide consumers to select products that have less impact on the environment, create market incentives to manufacturers so that they provide environmentally-friendly products, reduce negative impacts on the environment due to production activities, improve the environment and encourage sustainable management of natural resources On the other hand, Vietnam should establish a comprehensive environmental risk assessment system - taking into account region- and industry-specific conditions and characteristics The purpose is to set up specific and differentiated objectives and targets for environmental management in the regional green economic development and industrial upgrading and modernization When setting up these targets, regional conditions and industrial characteristics must be taken into account to avoid a ―one-rule-for-all‖ approach 72 3.3.2.5 Policy for international cooperation Vietnam needs to strengthen international cooperation and build a mechanism to share information about the policy in response to climate change, support green growth with governments in the framework of the APEC forum, the ASEAN +3 At the same time, Vietnam should actively attract funding from national and international organizations to finance projects related to green growth in Vietnam in various fields such as renewable energy, information energy; works to adapt to climate change such as sea dikes, roads; cleaner production technologies and low carbon emissions Actively enhancing international cooperation helps Vietnam learn experiences with effort to build a green economy International communities are increasingly interested in green economic development, which provides opportunities for Vietnam to foster international cooperation and enlist support from international friends to restructure the economy and improve capacity to cope with climate change Actively learning experiences from other countries to offer orientations and appropriate policies is necessary for Vietnam In addition, Vietnam needs to remove policy barriers, subsidy mechanism that is bad for the environment, and build regulatory environment to promote environmentally-friendly goods and services Also, it is important to support the development of cutting-edge green economic sectors through direct investment to develop the "ability to supply" or stimulate demand for environmentally-friendly goods and services According to the UN Environment Programme (UNEP), public investment in green economic growth requires about percent of global GDP ($ 1,300 billion) Currently, the total investment for the environment in Vietnam is still very limited Vietnam needs to find ways to mobilize resources and support from outside to serve the development of the green economy 3.3.2.6 Some other key recommendations Vietnam needs to raise awareness and implement administrative measures and economic instruments to promote the greening of lifestyle and environmentallyfriendly consumption, to encourage the use and consumption of eco-friendly goods 73 and services In addition, the Government should focus on communication, education and orientation of changing society's perception from brown economy to green economy to create a consensus in society, from leaders to citizens and businesses Moreover, it is essential to establish a comprehensive evaluating system to ensure coherence and effectiveness of green economic development policy and decision- making In order to facilitate the green economic transition, policy coherence and mutual supportiveness are vital, while the creation of new problems in the process of solving existing ones must be avoided Therefore, establishing a comprehensive evaluation system/mechanism for key development initiatives and projects is important In particular, the government should set up expert groups to carry out both ex-ante evaluation and evidence-based ex-post impact assessment on key policy and investment initiatives related to energy, environment and resources, in order to scrutinize their overall economic, environmental and social impact The role of the government and its relation with the market and the private sector need to be modified and balanced, in order to improve economic and resource efficiency A sound policy and regulatory framework, efficient market monitoring and oversight as well as appropriate incentive mechanisms are the keystones of a well-function market, which can make green investment and green business more attractive, viable and profitable Accordingly, the government should accelerate the transformation of its functions Priorities should be given to strengthening the regulatory role of the government and environmental oversight of economic activities, while reducing the government‘s direct interventions in market behavior and operation 74 CONCLUSION As a final point, in this concluding paper, the outcomes of the whole study will be summarized and evaluated by summing up the findings, limitations of the research, pedagogical recommendations and our offering several suggestions for further studies Summary The paper has figured out outstanding features about green economy In this thesis, readers have an overview of green economy A green economy can generate as much growth and employment as a brown economy, and outperforms the latter in the medium and long run, while yielding significantly more environmental and social benefits Of course, there are many risks and challenges along the way Moving towards a green economy will require world leaders, civil society and leading businesses to engage in this transition collaboratively It will require a sustained effort on the part of policy makers and their constituents to rethink and redefine traditional measures of wealth, prosperity and well-being However, the biggest risk of all may be remaining with the status quo The main part of the thesis concentrates on some major trends towards a green economy The author points out four trends: the trend towards a green economy in developing and developed countries, the trend towards green production, the trend towards green consumption and the trend towards green jobs and sustainable urban living Limitations of the study The topic on green economy is a new one; therefore, it is interesting but challenging Despite great efforts of the author in fulfilling the graduation paper, there are some unavoidable shortcomings The research has just studied on advantages of green economy in the long run but has not provided challenges in the short run, especially for developing countries Another weakness of the study is the limited data The idea of developing a green economy was first mooted in the 70s of the last century There is yet no 75 agreed definition, or indeed a generally accepted concept, of what constitutes green economy Therefore, the limited sources of materials related to the topic green economy challenged me a lot Suggestions for further studies With limitations of this study mentioned above, I myself expect next ones will overcome those to have bigger contribution to the study of green economy There is a potential space for further study and analysis to better explore and share more knowledge and experiences on green economy This is also an interesting but challenging topic for students 76 LIST OF REFERENCES English references Bezdek, Roger (2007) Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency: Economic Drivers for the 21 st Century, American Solar Energy Society Christos N.Pitelis, Jack Keenan, Vicky Pryce (2011) Green Business, Green Values, and Sustainability, Routhledge Coady, D., Grosh, M., and Hoddinott, J (2004) The Targeting of Transfers in Developing Countries: a Review of Lessons and Experience , World Bank, Washington, D.C Karen Chapple (2008) Defining the Green Economy: A Primer on Green Economic Development, University of California, Los Angeles Ong, Paul and Varisa Patraporn (2006) The Economic Development Potential of the Green Sector CA: Ralph and Goldy Lewis Center for Regional Policy Studies, University of California, Los Angeles Oxfam America (2010) A fresh look at the green economy Washington DC Tadzio Mueller and Nicola Bullard, 2011 Beyond the “Green Economy”: System Change, Not Climate Change? The United Nations Research Institute for Social Development, Geneva, Switzerland The Danish 92 Group Forum for Sustainable Development (2012) Building an Equitable Green Economy UN (2009) Green jobs for the poor: A public employment approach Discussion paper New York: UNDP 10 UN (2011) Working towards a Balanced and Inclusive Green Economy: A United Nations System-wide Perspective United Nations, Geneva, Switzerland 11 UNEP (2008), Green Jobs: Towards Decent Work in a Sustainable LowCarbon World, September, UNEP, New York 12 UNEP (2009) Global Green New Deal – Policy Brief Nairobi: UNEP 13 UNEP (2010) Green Economy Success Stories from Developing Countries UNEP, Geneva, Switzerland 77 14 UNEP, Bloomberg New Energy Finance (2011) Global Trends in Renewable Energy Investments 2011 Analysis of Trends and Issues in the Financing of Renewable Energy 15 UNDESA, UNEP, UNCTAD (2011) The Transition to a Green Economy: Benefits, Challenges and Risks from a Sustainable Development Perspective 16 UNEP, 2011, Towards a Green Economy: Pathways to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication – A Synthesis for Policy Makers UNEP, Geneva, Switzerland 17 UNEP, 2012, Measuring Progress Towards A Green Economy – draft working paper, UNEP 18 UN Global Compact, UN Environment Programme, Oxfam, World Resource s Institute (2011), Adapting for a Green Economy: Companies, Communities and Climate Chan ge 19 World Bank (2011) Lessons from the implementation of Republic of Korea’s Green Stimulus 20 Xepapadeas, A (2005), ―Economic Growth and the Environment‖, Chapter 23, Handbook of Environmental Economics, Vol 3, Elsevier B.V., Amsterdam 21 Yumkella, K.K (2010) Green Industry: Resource and energy productivity for low carbon industry development Statement by the UNIDO Director‐General at the Third Nevsky International Ecological Congress, St Petersburg, Russian Federation, 14 May 2010 Vietnamese references 22 Chiến lược Tăng trưởng Xanh gợi ý cho Việt Nam, Viện Nghiên cứu Đông Bắc Á 23 Chuyên đề: GDP xanh – thước đo chất lượng tăng trưởng bền vững Trung tâm thông tin dự báo kinh tế-xã hội quốc gia 2006 24 PGS.TS Kim Ngọc (2013) Phát triển kinh tế xanh Trung Quốc hàm ý sách cho Việt Nam, Tạp chí Khoa học xã hội Việt Nam, Số 276 78 25 Nguyễn Hoàng Oanh - Trương Thị Nam Thắng, 2009 Báo cáo nghiên cứu sách Bộ Ngoại giao Việt Nam, Xu phát triển kinh tế xanh sau khủng hoảng kinh tế - tài tồn cầu khuyến nghị sách cho Việt Nam 26 Nguyễn Quang Thuấn - Nguyễn Xuân Trung, 2012 Kinh tế xanh đổi mơ hình tăng trưởng tái cấu trúc kinh tế Việt Nam, Tạp chí Những vấn đề kinh tế trị giới, số 27 Nguyễn Thị Hiền – Đồng Thị Thùy Linh Tái trúc kinh tế theo mơ hình tăng trưởng xanh: Kinh nghiệm quốc tế gợi ý cho Việt Nam, Kỷ yếu hội thảo 2012, NXB Khoa học Xã hội – 2012 28 Nguyễn Quỳnh Hoa, 2011, Bài giảng Kinh tế phát triển, trường Đại học Kinh tế Quốc dân 29 Nguyễn Thế Chinh, 2011 Chuyển đổi phương thức phát triển kinh tế theo hướng kinh tế xanh Việt Nam, Viện Chiến lược Chính sách Tài ngun Mơi trường 30 Phạm Văn Khánh, 2010 Phát triển kinh tế xanh, Báo Nhân dân ngày 10/03 31 Tăng trưởng xanh – Con đường cho Hàn Quốc, Bản tin sách Đại sứ quán Hàn Quốc Websites 32 http://www.cbcc.org.vn 33 http://www.isponre.gov.vn 34 http://www.oecd.org 35 http://www.tapchicongsan.org.vn 36 http://www.unep.org 79 ... PHẠM TIẾNG ANH - - KHOÁ LUẬN TỐT NGHIỆP MỘT SỐ XU HƯỚNG CHỦ YẾU HƯỚNG TỚI NỀN KINH TẾ XANH VÀ HÀM Ý TIẾP CẬN CHÍNH SÁCH CHO VIỆT NAM Giáo viên hướng dẫn: PGS.TS Kim Ngọc Sinh viên: Đỗ Thị... development in Vietnam 58 3.2.2 Opportunities and challenges of Vietnam in green economic development 60 3.3 Policy implications for Vietnam 63 3.3.1 Vietnam‘s orientations... IMPLICATIONS FOR VIETNAM TO APPROACH A GREEN ECONOMY 56 3.1 Vietnam’s awareness of green economy 56 3.2 Overview of green economic development in Vietnam 58 3.2.1 Green