Ideational metaphor in english and vietnamese behavioral clauses

Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vol 4, No (2018) 237-254 Ideational Metaphor in English and Vietnamese Behavioral Clauses Nguyen Thi Tu Trinh*, Phan Van Hoa**, Tran Huu Phuc*** Abstract: The concepts of ideational and interpersonal metaphor are introduced in Halliday‟s An Introduction into Functional Grammar (1985) in which he differentiates his newly-identified grammatical metaphor from “figures of speech” metaphor This article is devoted to interpreting the three major types of typical patterns of the ideational grammar of behavioral clauses in English and Vietnamese within the framework elaborated by Halliday and Matthiessen (2000, 2004); Martin et al (1997) as well as making comparisons of these patterns in the two languages Attention has been paid to describing a wide range of constructions and shift patterns of ideational metaphor (transitivity metaphor) and the grammatical variants between congruent and incongruent forms applying to transitivity configurations in English and Vietnamese behavioral clauses The analysis of characteristics of ideational metaphor in behavioral clauses is conducted on five English and five Vietnamese novels and short stories from the 19th century to present The conclusion points out some new results and suggests some practical applications Keywords: Ideational metaphor; Behavioral clauses; Functional grammar Received 3rd November 2017; Revised 27th March 2018; Accepted 30th April 2018 Introduction* Traditionally, metaphor is viewed as variation in the use of words; i.e.: variation in meaning: “a word is said to be used with a transfer meaning” (Halliday 1985: 321) In this sense, literal and metaphorical meanings are adopted in traditional metaphor In the area of ideational metaphor, Halliday (1985) introduces two new terms namely “congruent” and “incongruent” forms applying to transitivity configurations and can be analyzed in terms of the functional structure of these configurations The variation between the different expressions of the same meaning is defined in terms of * Department of English, College of Transport II, Viet Nam,trinhtoeic@gmail.com ** University of Foreign Language Studies *** University of Da Nang, Viet Nam “markedness”: certain forms can be recognized as unmarked expressions of the given meaning It is obvious that there is a shift in perspective from a focus of lexical variants to a focus on grammatical variants The concept of ideational metaphor is still quite new to the studies of the Vietnamese language In this paper, we address and interpret the constructions or structures and patterns of ideational metaphor as well as illustrate the grammatical variation between congruent and incongruent forms in behavioral clauses in English and Vietnamese We carefully examine the data selected in order to figure out the typical patterns of ideational metaphor and their congruent and incongruent modes in behavioral clauses in English and Vietnamese as well as its functional effects on readers Furthermore, we make a 238 Nguyen Thi Tu Trinh et al / Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vol 4, No (2018) 237-254 comparison of main types and shift patterns of ideational metaphor in English behavioral clauses with those of ideational metaphor in Vietnamese behavioral clauses It is hoped that these findings will enable us to better understand ideational metaphor as well as set a more standard form of behavioral clauses analysis in English and Vietnamese cases 1.1 Theoretical Background Ideational grammatical metaphor, which is the main topic of this paper, is also called metaphor of transitivity Matthiessen and Halliday (1997) give the following definition: “The ideational metafunction is concerned with „ideation‟ that is grammatical resources for construing our experience of the world around us and inside us One of its major grammatical systems is TRANSITIVITY, the resource for construing our experience the flux of „goings-on‟, as structural configurations; each consisting of a process, the participants involved in the process, and circumstances attendant on it.” (Matthiessen and Halliday, 1997: 11) According to Halliday and Matthiessen (2004), unlike interpersonal metaphor, ideational metaphor is learned by children at the upper level and is not a part of daily life conversations In fact, it is associated with discourses of science The functional analysis of the two expressions is combined into a single diagram with a congruent and incongruent mode Let us take an example of functional analysis of transitivity metaphor with congruent and incongruent variants offered by Halliday and Matthiessen (2004:639): Congruent People most strongly believe that there is no Senser Circumstance: manner Mental process Clause: projected Incongruent The strongest belief of all is that there is no Value Relational process Token It can be seen that the nominal group the strongest belief of all can be interpreted as a metaphorical variant of a mental clause with the mental process believe In the incongruent mode, the mental process is nominalized as Thing and labeled as Value What has occurred here is that the process of believing has been realized metaphorically as an entity serving as the Thing in a nominal group It is worth pointing out that the most common form of ideational grammatical metaphor is nominalization, which will also be elaborated on later The semantic model suggests 13 types of ideational metaphor based on elemental semantic categories Halliday and Matthiessen (2000) theorize grammatical metaphor using the concept of the semantic Nguyen Thi Tu Trinh et al / Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vol 4, No (2018) 237-254 239 junction, which allows them to base their categorization of grammatical metaphor in relation to metaphorical shifts of elemental classes The highest in rank order in semantics is a sequence, followed by figure and elements of figures The elements of figures are participant, process, circumstance, and relator The above explanation states that sequence is realized congruently by clause complex, and process (as a semantic category) is realized congruently by a verb in grammar Thus, according to the semantic model, if sequence is realized by a clause or if a noun realizes a process in grammar, then the linguistic structure is called an ideational metaphor instance Figure 1: Congruent mode of realization and metaphorical mode involving „downgrading‟ semantics sequence figure figure element lexicogrammar nexus clause clause group word (Halliday and Matthiessen 2004: 647) Halliday's definition is taken up by Ravelli (1985), in a thesis which explores the role of grammatical metaphor in written discourse, and which provides one of the first attempts at categorizing types of grammatical metaphor (Ravelli 1988) At the heart of Ravelli's definitions are the following: "[ ] one choice in the semantics may have two (or more) lexico-grammatical realizations" (1985: 3) and grammatical metaphor is "an alternative lexicogrammatical realization of a semantic choice" (1985: 55) 240 Nguyen Thi Tu Trinh et al / Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vol 4, No (2018) 237-254 Figure 2: Grammatical metaphor interpreted as realization choice s - semantic choice c - congruent form m - metaphorical form (Ravelli 1985:104) 1.2 Some Previous Studies Many researchers are keen on analyzing functional grammar and the transitivity metaphor in literary discourses Halliday (1985) introduces transitivity metaphor and classifies some complex types of these metaphors The variation between the different expressions of the same meaning is defined in terms of markedness: certain forms can be recognized as unmarked expressions of the given meaning, conforming to the "typical ways of saying things" (Halliday 1985: 321) these forms are the non-metaphorical variants, which are called 'congruent' realizations In "Grammatical metaphor: An initial analysis", Ravelli (1988) presents a framework for the study of ideational metaphor She focuses on three main aspects: general models explaining the phenomenon of grammatical metaphor; different types of ideational grammatical metaphor and how they can be recognized It is noted that a framework with a systemicfunctional representation of grammatical metaphor taking into account a 'semantic' and lexicogrammatical level is proposed in this work Especially, it is suggested that a recognition of such textual effects is essential to an understanding of grammatical metaphor since it provides a functional explanation of the phenomenon Derewianka (2003) discusses the ontogenetical development of the occurrence of grammatical metaphor from childhood to adolescence To track the development, the researcher analyses his sons‟ use of grammatical metaphor in written texts from the age of to 13 drawing on Halliday and Matthiessen (2000) The texts produced by the children were categorized according to the genre and complemented by observations, field notes, interviews and recordings of oral interaction during the production of written texts Painter (2003) conducts a study to find out how native-English-speaking children develop their use of metaphorical meaningmaking, based on Halliday‟s account Painter reached a conclusion that the first Nguyen Thi Tu Trinh et al / Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vol 4, No (2018) 237-254 241 important construction “Process^Range” structures are commonly used in everyday speech such as have a bath, have a cuddle, etc Although these structures lose their metaphorical meaning and are referred to as „dead‟ or „faded‟ metaphor, they are still important leading to the use of „living‟ or „bright‟ metaphor The children went on to use embedded clauses following dead metaphor The embedded clauses pave the pathways to nominalization There is a considerable number of works exploring ideational metaphor, analyzing and listing types and shift patterns of ideational metaphor in English These above studies focus on analyzing English ideational metaphor on a large scale while this study is devoted to an in-depth analysis of ideational metaphor in English behavior clauses Moreover, less attempt has been made to find out and analyze types and shift patterns of ideational metaphor in Vietnamese behavioral clauses as well as compare these types and shift patterns in the two languages Therefore, this study is fairly distinct from the previous works Method Qualitative and contrastive method were adopted in this study because the attention was paid to interpret types and shift patterns of ideational metaphor in English and Vietnamese behavioral clauses and compare the types and shift patterns of ideational metaphor between the two languages In other words, we focus on analyzing and making sense of English and Vietnamese clauses rather than dealing with figures within a population It is suggestive that the qualitative method best suits our requirements since in general, qualitative study is inclined to the description of phenomena Denzin and Lincoln (2000: 2) state that qualitative research involves studying „things in their natural settings, attempting to make sense of, or interpret, phenomena in terms of the meanings people bring to them‟ This qualitative study is linked to in-depth exploration and analysis of the ideational metaphor in behavioral clauses in English and Vietnamese Alongside with qualitative approach, contrastive analysis is used In other words, descriptive and comparative methods are exploited to make descriptions and comparisons of ideational metaphor in behavioral clauses in the two languages in order to determine the similarities and differences and find out the implications of such similarities and differences for language-related activities 2.1 Data collection In this study, sampling is a crucial step and we make decision to adapt random sampling technique The selection of behavioral processes began with selecting verbs that realize behavioral processes offered by Halliday and Matthiessen (2004), Martin et al (1997), Thompson (2013), Eggins (1994) and Vietnamese behavioral processes offered by Lê Thị Hằng (2007), Tôn Nữ Bảo Khoa (2009) Hồng Văn Vân (2012), and Phan Văn Hịa & Nguyễn Thị Tú Trinh (2015) as well as from Oxford online English dictionary and Vietnamese dictionary (Hoàng Phê et al 2003) After building up our English and Vietnamese behavioral raw lists, we adopt bottom-up approach to recognize behavioral clauses in English and Vietnamese Wordsmith 5.0 and Navigation pane in Word documents and PDF are used as powerful tools to select the behavioral clauses Concord function in Wordsmith 5.0 is exploited to collect the English (behavioral) clauses while Search engine is 242 Nguyen Thi Tu Trinh et al / Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vol 4, No (2018) 237-254 used to pick up the Vietnamese (behavioral) clauses since Wordsmith 5.0 is not applicable to Vietnamese texts There are two main reasons for choosing Wordsmith 5.0 and Navigation pane First, the above novels and short stories are already available in electronic documents so it is advantageous and time-saving for us to process them Second, after the data processing, 165 behavioral clauses in short stories and novels in English and Vietnamese from the 19th century to present are collected We make decision to carry out the research in stories and novels but not in other genres since stories and novels reflect the reality through different lens of writers and behavioral processes are commonly used in narrative texts Therefore, they are rich in examples of behavioral clauses and we can explore more problematic cases of behavioral clauses via verbal channel 2.2 Data analysis In this paper, the collected data is examined in the light of Halliday's general view 'from above', with 'one meaning different realizations', as the underlying framework of this paper Attention has been paid to congruent forms with which the incongruent or metaphorical forms can be paired in agnation In addition, our interpretation of ideational grammatical metaphor is based on both structurally according to rank with groups or phrases and semantically according to ideational metafunction with figures namely participants, processes and circumstances However, Ravelli (1999: 99) concludes that “it is extremely difficult to capture any descriptive generalizations about grammatical metaphor at the level of lexicogrammar", therefore we pay more attention to the analysis of ideational semantic In other words, the data is interpreted and classified in terms of typical patterns and rank shifts of ideational metaphor Last but not least, a functional explanation of the effects of ideational metaphor in texts is discussed and a contrastive analysis of ideational metaphor in English and Vietnamese behavioral clauses is made Findings and Discussion 3.1 Types of ideational metaphor in English and Vietnamese behavioral clauses According to Halliday and Matthiessen (2000), the types of metaphor will be organized in terms of the metafunctional effect of the metaphor There are thus four major groups of experiential metaphor: - Shift to thing - Shift to quality - Shift to process - Shift to circumstance The three following patterns are frequent in ideational grammar of behavioral clauses in English and Vietnamese 3.1.1 A shift of behavior process to thing range PROCESS + RANGE construction: perhaps the most widespread use of a faded metaphor (Derewianka: 2003) is the Process + Range construction where what would be represented congruently as a process (e.g look) is represented metaphorically as the Range (e.g have a look) together with a lexical empty verb For example: (1) She sighed a sigh of ineffable satisfaction, as if her cup of happiness were now full (Bronte 1847) Nguyen Thi Tu Trinh et al / Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vol 4, No (2018) 237-254 243 Table 1: English Process + Range constructions Congruent wording (Verbs) Grimace Moan Shudder Breathe Smile Shiver Grin Look Stare Groan Sob Sneeze Kiss Hug Yell yawn Scream View Sigh Cry Embrace Frown Gasp Metaphorical wording (Verbal expressions) Make/ give a grimace Make a moan Give a shudder Take a breath Give a smile Give a shiver Give a grin Have a look Give a stare Let out a groan Give a sob/ have a sob Give a sneeze Give a kiss Give a hug Give a yell Give a yawn Let out a scream/ utter a scream Have a view Utter a sigh Utter a cry/ utter a cry Give an embrace Make a frown Give a gasp Let us consider the following examples: (2) Yet her mouth gave a little grimace at the words (Lawrence 1920) (3) He caught little, short breath (Lawrence 1920) Congruently, (2) and (3) could be rewritten something like: (2a) Yet she grimaced slightly at the words (3a) He breathed hard (2) chooses the Process + Range construction of “give + a little grimace” where the process “grimace” has now become nouns accompanied by the lexically empty verb “give” (2) and (3) are agnated with (2a) and (3a) According to (Ravelli 1999: 77), “any metaphorical expression has an agnate form which shows its congruent realization The rewording of a metaphorical expression into a congruent one is referred to as unpacking "the grammatical metaphor” These examples could be regarded as cases of ideational grammatical metaphor Let us consider the following examples: 244 Nguyen Thi Tu Trinh et al / Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vol 4, No (2018) 237-254 (4) Congruent wording He Behaver is smiling Process: behavioral cheerfully Circumstance: Manner is putting on Process: behavioral (Lawrence 1920) a cheerful smile Range- Behavior Metaphorical wording (4a) He Behaver In (4a) process “smile” is nominalized and functioned as Range – Behavior and the lexically empty verb “put on” is chosen in the metaphorical version In other words, the behavioral process (to smile) are formulated as Things (a smile) and the consequential relationship between them is construed by the use of the word “put on” in (4a) Particularly, in these cases, there is a shift from behavioral processes to Participant - Range in behavioral clauses Table 2: Rank of semantic shifts of the ideational metaphor of type Ideational semantic shift Behavioral process Range Rank shift Verb Noun The keynote motif in the studies of ideational metaphor is linked to the motif of incongruence Generally speaking, there is variation among types of expressions, some realizations are congruent while others are incongruent The concept of congruence is often associated with the notion of “markedness” (Halliday 1985) Congruent expressions are typical and unmarked ways of realizing a feature In other words, the conception of ideational metaphor is Examples Groan  a groan Grimace  a grimace Sob a sob Sneezea sneeze Yell a yell Kiss a kiss Hug a hug Scream a scream involved in the choice of wording Let us consider the following examples (5) Mr Peggotty uttered no cry, and shed no tear (Dickens 1849) (6) Miss Spenlow immediately put her hand to her frock, gave a sudden cry, and ran to the dog (Dickens 1849) (7) Then she made a frown and a gesture to my mother (Dickens 1849) Nguyen Thi Tu Trinh et al / Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vol 4, No (2018) 237-254 245 Arguably, we have to recognize and identify whether ideational metaphor occurs in these examples First, we make a congruent wording of (5) where the verb is the process “utter” (5) can be rewritten “Mr Peggotty didn‟t cry and shed any tear” The fundamental feature of this construction as a grammatical metaphor, in this case, is Process → Range-Behavior However, it is really difficult for us to clarify how far ideational metaphor is treated as conventional by the community in which it occurs Thus, a discussion as to whether something is metaphorical or not must finally be the somewhat fruitless debate about whether a given language community holds it to be Other examples of PROCESS + RANGE construction (8) And it is not so much the embrace she gave me, that lives in my mind (Dickens 1849) (9) Peggotty gave a gasp, as if she were swallowing something that was very hard, and, putting out her hand (Dickens 1849) In Vietnamese, when the nominalization of Process appears, it tends to occur in PROCESS + RANGE construction, too In the data we find instances such as the following: (10) Congruent wording Ông Behaver Circumstance: Time đứng Process: behavioral nhìn phía chúng tơi Circumstance: Process: Circumstance: Location behavioral Location (10a) Metaphorical wording Ông Behaver Circumstance: Time đứng Process: behavioral dõi Circumstance: Process: Location behavioral (Nguyễn Thế Sơn 2015) ánh nhìn Range phía chúng tơi Circumstance: Location (11) Congruent wording Tôi Behaver cười Process: behavioral gượng gạo Circumstance: Manner nhìn Process: behavioral quanh Circumstance: Location 246 Nguyen Thi Tu Trinh et al / Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vol 4, No (2018) 237-254 (11a) Metaphorical wording Tơi nở Behaver Process: behavioral nhìn nụ cười gượng gạo Process: behavioral Range (Cẩm thương 2011) “Nở nụ cười” and “dõi ánh nhìn” are worthy of mention since they are tremendously found in everyday spoken language Here we consider them as examples of faded ideational metaphor in Vietnamese with the nominalization of the behavioral processes “cười” and “nhìn” According to Ravelli (1999), ideational metaphor does not occur at the entire clause but only parts of clauses Therefore, ideational metaphor appears to be a feature quanh Circumstance: Location of the rank of group/phrase As to the recognition of ideational metaphor in (10) and (11), the critical difference between congruent and metaphorical ones is the choice of Process and Range It is the case when process meanings are metaphorically construed as Things and labeled as Range, this creates new possibilities for the ideational metaphor Table illustrates some common metaphorical forms of behavioral clauses in Vietnamese Table 3: Vietnamese Process + Range constructions Congruent wording (Verbs) Cười (v) Nhìn (v) Hơn (v) Ơm (v) Nhảy (v) Mơ Thở Uất ức Metaphorical wording (Verbal expressions) Nở nụ cười Ném nhìn/ trao nhìn/ dõi ánh nhìn Trao nụ hôn Trao ôm Nhảy điệu nhảy Mơ giấc mơ Thở thở/ trút thở Trút nỗi uất ức It is argued that a recognition of such communication effects is essential to an understanding of grammatical metaphor, since it provides a functional explanation of the phenomenon Let us consider the following example (12) Ðó tơi, anh tơi, đứa em út học lớp ba Tôi tay tận mặt người đàn bà: - Bà đừng làm xáo trộn sống gia đình tơi Nếu khơng tơi khơng để yên cho bà Tôi giết bà! Người đàn bà khơng nói gì, ném lại tơi nhìn sắc lẹm (Nguyễn Thế Sơn 2015) There appears a link between the use of ideational metaphor and humans‟ behavior in a given context Looking at (12), “cái nhìn sắc lẹm”- human‟s behavior is metaphorically turned into a concrete thing Nguyen Thi Tu Trinh et al / Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vol 4, No (2018) 237-254 247 going with process “ném” In this case, ideational metaphor has its own power to turn a behavior into an entity which can be physically thrown away This expression provides us with experience of nominalized language in daily conversation and shows the emotional impacts on listeners The writer has his own intention of turning the behavior “stare” into a concrete entity to depict the outrage of a woman who is threatened by an 18-year-old girl since the strange woman dares to lure her father and ruin her happy family 3.1.2 A shift of behavior process to thingbehavior Figure 2: Congruent realization of the ideational domain of discourse semantics (Devrim 2013; 37) As shown in figure 2, the ideational semantic units process, participant, quality and circumstance, and logical relations are congruently realized in grammar by verb, noun, adjective, preposition, and adverbials, and conjunction respectively In our collected data, there is also a shift from behavioral processes to Participant Behavior in behavioral clauses 248 Nguyen Thi Tu Trinh et al / Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vol 4, No (2018) 237-254 Table 4: Rank of semantic shifts of ideational metaphor of type Ideational semantic shift Behavioral process Behavior Rank shift Verb Noun Examples Frown  a frown Shudder  shuddering Grimace  a grimace Breathe  Breath (13) Congruent wording He was frowning Behaver Process: behavioral (13a) Metaphorical wording A frown came on his face Behaver Process: behavioral Circumstance: Location (Lawrence 1919) “A frown came on his face” can congruently be written some like “He was frowning” In this instance, the process “to frown” has become noun “a frown” accompanied by the general verb “come” It is argued that the writer uses ideational metaphor as a comprehensive strategy to build up the nominal group which is crucial in written language Here are other examples of the shift from process to Participant Behavior (14) Her shuddering became less (Lawrence 1919) (15) The sweat fell from Morel‟s face on its boards (Lawrence 1919) It is noted that the effect of ideational metaphor opens up a wide range of choices of wording or lexico-grammatical realization These are two instances of ideational metaphor with verbs “shudder” and “sweat” Needless to say, these are typical cases of nominalization - verbs are turned into nouns In terms of ideational analysis, behavioral processes are turned into behaviors and ideational metaphor occurs when the semantic of behavioral process is realized by a noun instead of a verb in congruent forms Figure shows how ideational metaphor is created in behavioral clauses Nguyen Thi Tu Trinh et al / Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vol 4, No (2018) 237-254 249 Figure 3: Metaphorical realization of the ideational metaphor in behavioral clauses with a shift of behavior process to behavior (Source?) Discourse semantics Quality Circumstance Participant -Behavior ( Adjective Noun Adverb Process s Logical relations Preposition Verb Conjunction Lexicogrammar In Vietnamese, let us consider the following examples (16) Một nụ cười khô đét nở cặp môi héo hắt Lan (Nguyễn Công Hoan 1993) (17) Nỗi sợ hãi bao trùm lên người (Nguyên Nguyên 2014) (17) can have a possible congruent alternative: “Tôi sợ hãi vô cùng” There is an evidence of the use of ideational metaphor involved in turning the process “sợ hãi” into an abstract thing “nỗi sợ hãi” This keynote motif is tremendously available in Vietnamese such as “nỗi sầu”, “nỗi lo lắng”, “niềm vui”, “tiếng cười” and others 3.1.3 A shift of behavioral process to circumstance – manner This pattern falls into the fourth subtypes of shift suggested by Halliday and Matthiessen (2000) - a shift to circumstance The shift from behavioral process to circumstance is abundant in English behavioral clauses 250 Nguyen Thi Tu Trinh et al / Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vol 4, No (2018) 237-254 Table 5: Rank of semantic shifts of ideational metaphor of type Ideational semantic shift Behavioral processCircumstance – Manner Rank shift Verb Prepositional phrases Behavioral processes disappear and turn into Circumstance – Manner as in the following examples: (18) A convulsed shiver ran through her, once, twice, at his touch (sons) (19) He looked around, half furtively, with a sort of cunning grin (rain) Examples Grinwith a sort of grin Smile with a smile Stare with a stare If we examine the ideationally metaphorical expressions from the point of view of their relations to the congruent counterparts, it can be seen how complex the shifts are It is suggested that functional analysts take lexico-grammatical metaphor into consideration when working on functional analysis Let us consider the following examples: (20) Congruent wording He Behaver looks Process: behavioral and Conjunctive adjunct smiles at Process: behavioral me Range- Phenomenon (20a) Metaphorical wording He Behaver looks at Process: behavioral me Range- Phenomenon (Lawrence 1920) It can be seen that (20a) is agnate with an elliptical clause link to she looks at me in a clause complex The phrase “with a smile” is labeled as Circumstance with the domain of a clause whilst the elliptical clause “smiles at me” expands the clause, building up a clause complex At semantic clause level, they are synonymous but they are distinctive in terms of syntactical layer The circumstantial prepositional phrase “with a smile” and the elliptical clause “smiles at me” are fairly synonymous but only the latter has the grammatical potential of a clause to open up a clause complex In this with a smile Circumstance – Manner study, we consider (20a) as metaphorical wording and (20) as a congruent version There are many examples of ideational metaphor with the patterns of the shift from behavioral process to circumstance manner It is suggestive that in a given situation, the coding process itself is very significant In the related type with a typical motif of shift of behavioral process to circumstance, no instances are found in our Vietnamese collected data The following are the only instances of behavioral clauses in the data with two separated processes instead of a Nguyen Thi Tu Trinh et al / Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vol 4, No (2018) 237-254 251 process and a circumstance-manner found in English behavioral clauses (21) Anh nhìn tơi cười (Nguyễn Thế Sơn 2015) (22) Tơi cúi mặt khóc (Nguyễn Thế Sơn 2015) (23) Nàng mỉm cười, ngẩng lên nhìn phụ vương (Hoàng Giá 2017) 3.2 Interpretation of similarities and differences in terms of types of ideational metaphor in English and Vietnamese behavioral clauses The analysis of collected data revealed some similarities and distinctive differences in terms of ideational metaphor between English and Vietnamese behavioral clauses as illustrated in table Table 6: Similarities and differences in terms of the major types and shifts of ideational metaphor in English and Vietnamese behavioral clauses Rank shift TYPE TYPE TYPE ENGLISH Semantic shift Verb  Noun Process Range Verb  Noun ProcessBehavior Verb  Preposition phrase ProcessCircumstance-Manner Ideational metaphor in behavioral clauses are recognized, interpreted and generalized in the English and Vietnamese data involved In addition, through our contrastive analysis of the types of ideational metaphor and their rank and semantic shifts in English and Vietnamese clauses, both languages share the same common type and with a rank shift from verb to noun and a semantic shift from Process to Range and from Process to Behavior Finally, there is a functional impact of the ideal metaphor in a given context However, our comparison shows one distinctive feature in English and Vietnamese That is Type with a rank shift from verb to Preposition phrase and a semantic shift from Process to Circumstance – Manner respectively Type is not found VIETNAMESE Rank Semantic shift shift Verb  Process Range Noun Verb  ProcessBehavior Noun X X in our Vietnamese collected data while it is commonly available in English behavioral clauses It is safe to say that Vietnamese writers tend to use clause complexes with two or more processes rather than prepositional phrases functioned as Circumstance within the domain of simple clause Therefore, the interpreter should take this distinctive feature into consideration when translating the kind of English agnation clauses into Vietnamese 3.3 From theory to practice: teaching and translating of ideational metaphor It is crucial to point out that this newlyintroduced term – ideational metaphor not only makes some contributions to linguistic theory but also serve some practical application such as language teaching and translation From our perspective, theory 252 Nguyen Thi Tu Trinh et al / Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vol 4, No (2018) 237-254 and application are simply two sides of a coin Firstly, one of the applications of ideational metaphors is closely linked to language teaching to develop student‟s literacy processes In our own practice, we teach undergraduate students essay writing and teach graduate students ideational metaphors These students have strong desire to see further improvement of their writing by applying ideational metaphors to have more highly ideationally metaphorical texts Let us consider the two examples of student writing that would benefit from the further metaphorical process (1) Although Vietnamese farmers are committed to growing clean fruits and vegetables, they fail to comply with the GlobalGap farming standards because of their poor product quality (2) Local officials decided to improve hygiene sanitation in rural areas to enable to region to develop These students are stuck in a congruent and simplistic representation, unable to achieve the technicality and abstraction required of their writing Instead, examples (1) and (2) can be rewritten as follows: (1‟) Although Vietnamese farmers make strong commitment to growing clean fruits and vegetables, their failures of complying with the GlobalGap farming standards are closely linked to their poor product quality (2‟) Local officials made a decision to improve hygiene sanitation in rural areas to enable the development of the region In (1) process “commit” and “develop” are nominalized while (2) sees the nominalization of process “decide” and “develop” Nominalization is an effective way to perform ideation metaphors These highly metaphorized styles are in favor of academic writing and students thus need to learn to control a more congruent style The teaching context here is not one of linguistics, but of language, that is, teaching different groups of people about writing In these teaching contexts, I would not foreground the term 'grammatical metaphor', but nevertheless, it is the phenomenon which is being taught As for the translation, a common way of explaining the phenomenon is to adopt another metaphor, that of translation I have certainly done this in my own practice For instance, we selected 10 English ideationally metaphorical texts and asked 50 participating students to translate them into Vietnamese to determine whether ideational metaphor is still available in target texts – Vietnamese and to test the ideational equivalence of the translating texts Consider the following example of translating ideationally metaphorical text Clause 1: I gave him this very cold stare, (Behavioral processes) Context: I gave him this very cold stare, like he'd insulted the hell out of me, and asked him, "Do I look like I'm under twentyone?" He gave me a stare of newlyawakened surprise Translator 1: Tôi ném phía gã nhìn lạnh băng, (Behavioral processes-ideational metaphor) Translator 2: Tơi tráo mắt nhìn gã, (Behavioral clauses) Translator 3: Tơi lạnh l ng nhìn gã, (clause complex with relational and behavioral processes) The congruent variant of clause (1) is “I stare at him coldly” Translator used process “Tơi ném phía gã nhìn lạnh băng” and this causes some troubleshooting in interpreting and classifying this clause since “ném” with its semantic domain “move something Nguyen Thi Tu Trinh et al / Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vol 4, No (2018) 237-254 253 suddenly and with force” belongs to material processes as in “Anh ta ném b ng vào hay ném n cục đá to” but “ném” as in “tôi ném chị nhìn trộm or tơi ném phía lão nhìn lạnh lùng” should be labeled as behavioral processes with the nominalization of the process “nhìn” Translator offered the equivalent translation of clause with ideational metaphor whereas translators and translated non-equivalently in terms of process choices and ideational metaphor Translators and converted the English noun phrase “this very cold stare” into Vietnamese verb “nhìn” It is obvious that the translation of ideational metaphor creates a problem for those students trying to have a correct 'unpacking' of the nominalization at hand Conclusion We aim at investigating ideational metaphor in English and Vietnamese behavioral clauses as well as analyzing and classifying a wide range of types of ideational metaphor and discovering its functional use in a given context In doing so, we provided the interpretation of congruent and incongruent forms of ideational metaphor to address the problem in the light of structural-functional approach The results of this study have confirmed Halliday‟s suggestion that ideational metaphor plays a crucial role in interpreting and tracking the development and diversity of language Particularly, in the collection of ten English and Vietnamese novels and short stories with 165 behavioral clauses, we find out three major types of ideational metaphor found in English and Vietnamese collected data The first and the second type involve a semantic shift from a Process to Range and from a Process to Behavior respectively However, the third type with a semantic shift from Process to Circumstance-Manner is not found in the Vietnamese collected data but it is tremendous in English data The study went further than simply demonstrating and analyzing the types of ideational metaphor but paid a lot of attention to the communication effects of ideational metaphor in readers in given contexts Last but not least, the applications of ideational metaphors in language teaching and translation are discussed References Bloor, T.& Bloor, M 1995 The Functional Analysis of English: A Hallidayan Approach London: Edward Arnold Eggins, S 1994 An introduction into Systemic Functional Linguistics London and New York: Continuum Denzin, N K & Lincoln, Y S 2000 Handbook of Qualitative Research, 2nd edn, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Derewianka, B 2003 “Grammatical metaphor in the transition to adolescence” In Anne-Marie Simon-Vandenbergen, Mirjam Taverniers, Louise Ravelli (eds) Grammatical metaphor: views from systemic functional linguistics Benjamins Amsterdam and Philadelphia p 185-220 Devrim, DY 2013.Development of grammatical metaphor in academic literacy through online language support Ph.D dissertation, University of Sydney Halliday, M.A.K 1985 An introduction to Functional Grammar London: Arnold Halliday M.A.K & Matthiessen, C.M.I.M 2000 Construing experience through meaning: a language-based approach to cognition London: Continuum Halliday, M.A.K & Matthiessen, C.M.I.M 2004 An introduction to Functional Grammar 3rd ed London: Arnold 254 Nguyen Thi Tu Trinh et al / Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vol 4, No (2018) 237-254 Hoàng Phê, Bùi Khắc Việt, Chu Bích Thu, Đào Thản, Hồng Tuệ, Hồng Văn Hành, Lê Kim Chi, Nguyễn Minh Châu, Nguyễn Ngọc Trâm, Nguyễn Thanh Nga, Nguyễn Thúy Khanh, Nguyễn Văn Khang, Phạm Hùng Việt, Trần Cẩm Vân, Trần Nghĩa Phương, Vũ Bảo Ngọc, Vương Lộc 2003 Từ điển tiếng Việt Đà Nẵng: Nhà xuất Đà Nẵng Hoàng Văn Vân 2012 An experiential grammar of the Vietnamese clause Ha Noi: Vietnam Education Publishing House Lê Thị Hằng 2007 A study of English verbs denoting behavioral process in contrastive analysis with Vietnamese M.A Thesis, University of Da Nang Martin, J R., Matthiessen, C., and Painter, C 1997 Working with Functional Grammar London: Edward Arnold Matthiessen, C.M.I.M & Halliday, M.A.K 1997 Systemic functional grammar: A first step into the theory Sydney: Higher Education Press Phan Văn Hòa & Nguyễn Thị Tú Trinh 2015 “A Study of Topology of Behavioral Clauses in English and Vietnamese in the Light of Functional Grammar” International Journal of Language and Linguistics No: Volume 3, Issue P 347-352 Painter, C 2003 “The use of a metaphorical mode of meaning in early language development In A-M Simon-Vandenbergen, M Taverniers, and L Ravelli “Grammatical metaphor: Views from systemic functional linguistics”, ed., Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins, 151–167 Ravelli, L J 1985 Metaphor, Mode and Complexity: an exploration of co-varying patterns BA Thesis, University of Sydney Ravelli, L J 1988 Grammatical metaphor: A initial analysis London: Pinter Ravelli, L J 1999 Metaphor, Mode and Complexity: an exploration of co-varying patterns (Monographs in Systemic Linguistics, 12.) Nottingham: Department of English and Media Studies, Nottingham Trent University Thompson, G 2013 Introducing functional grammar London: Routledge Tôn Nữ Bảo Khoa 2009 An investigation into behavioral and metabehavioral verbs denoting verbal processes in English and Vietnamese M.A Thesis, University of Da Nang Data sources Bronte, C 1847 Jane Eyre Smith, Elder & Co of London, England Dickens, C 1849 David Copperfield London: Nick Hern Books Lawrence, D.H 1915 The Rainbow China: Collector‟s Library Lawrence, D.H 1920 Women in love New York: Dover publications, Inc Lawrence, D.H 1919 Sons and Lovers New York: Dover publications, Inc Cẩm Thương (2011, January 2nd) Trong tim sợi nắng vàng Retrieved March 24th 2017 from https://play.google.com/store/books/details/C% E1%BA%A9m_Th%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_Tro ng_tim_m%E1%BB%99t_s%E1%BB%A3i_n %E1%BA%AFng_v%C3%A0ng_C%E1%BA %A9m_Th%C6%B0%C6%A1ng?id=22orDA AAQBAJ Hoàng Giá (2017, July 23rd) Người tạc tượng Phật Bà Retrieved August 4th 2017 from http://vannghequandoi.com.vn/Vanxuoi/nguoi-tac-tuong-phat-ba-10695.html Nguyên Nguyên (2014, September 06th) Xin đừng quên Retrieved March 12th 2017 from https://greenhousenovels.com/truyen-nganforget-me-not/ Nguyễn Cơng Hoan 1993 Tắt Lửa Lịng Hà Nội: Nhà Xuất Văn học Nguyễn Thế Sơn (2015, October 12th) Chiếc Gương soi Retrieved April 05th 2017 from http://baocuuchienbinhvietnam.com.vn/truyenngan-chiec-guong-soi_t221c695n18680.html http://www.eltconcourse.com/training/inservice/ve rbs/verbalprocesses.html Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vol 4, No (2018) 237-254 Ẩn dụ ý niệm câu hành vi tiếng Anh tiếng Việt Nguyễn Thị Tú Trinh, Phan Văn Hịa, Trần Hữu Phúc Tóm tắt: Những khái niệm ẩn dụ ý niệm ẩn dụ liên nhân Halliday giới thiệu Nhập môn Ngữ pháp Chức ông (1985) Qua đ , Halliday phân biệt ẩn dụ ngữ pháp nhận diện ông với ẩn dụ „mang tính hình ảnh ngơn ngữ‟ Bài viết nhằm làm sáng tỏ ba thể loại dạng thức điển hình ẩn dụ ý niệm mệnh đề hành vi tiếng Anh tiếng Việt khung lý thuyết Halliday Matthiessen (2000, 2004), Martin tác giả (1997) gợi Bài viết tập trung mô tả loạt dạng cấu tạo dạng thức chuyển đổi ẩn dụ ý niệm (ẩn dụ chuyển tác) biến tấu ngữ pháp hình thức tương thích khơng tương thích áp dụng để phân tích mơ hình chuyển tác mệnh đề hành vi tiếng Anh tiếng Việt Quá trình phân tích đặc điểm ẩn dụ ý niệm mệnh đề hành vi dựa liệu từ bốn tiểu thuyết tiếng Anh năm tiểu thuyết tiếng Việt số truyện ngắn từ kỷ 19 đến Phần kết luận cho thấy số thành liên quan đề xuất số phướng án ứng dụng Từ khóa: ẩn dụ ý niệm; cú hành vi; ngữ pháp chức  ... effects of ideational metaphor in texts is discussed and a contrastive analysis of ideational metaphor in English and Vietnamese behavioral clauses is made Findings and Discussion 3.1 Types of ideational. .. trying to have a correct 'unpacking' of the nominalization at hand Conclusion We aim at investigating ideational metaphor in English and Vietnamese behavioral clauses as well as analyzing and. .. of works exploring ideational metaphor, analyzing and listing types and shift patterns of ideational metaphor in English These above studies focus on analyzing English ideational metaphor on a