A study of construing the experience of rage in english and vietnamese novels from functional grammar perspective

Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vol 5, No (2019) 225-241 A Study of Construing the Experience of Rage in English and Vietnamese Novels from Functional Grammar Perspective Nguyen Thi Tu Trinh* Abstract: Among basic human emotions, rage or anger is probably the most common experience of human life in the real world The aims of this paper are twofold: to explore how rage as a part of daily human experience is construed in English and Vietnamese novels within the framework of functional grammar elaborated by Halliday and Matthiessen (2014) and to compare functional realization of rage in the two languages on lexico-grammar and ideational metafunction ground In other words, based primarily on the collected data of 15 English and Vietnamese novels, this study focuses on analyzing how the lexico-grammatical resources constitute emotional experience of rage congruently and metaphorically in English and Vietnamese Keywords: Functional Grammar; Rage; Lexico-Grammar; Metafunction; Functional realization Received 13th August 2018; Revised 17th January 2019; Accepted 15th April 2019 DOI: https://doi.org/10.33100/jossh5.2.NguyenThiTuTrinh Introduction universality of emotion via the non-verbal channel Another interesting debate arises from the question of whether or not emotions are universal Ekman (1993) showed that the expressions of the six „basic‟ emotions are cross-culturally universal In addition to body language, actions and reactions to show rage or anger, this kind of emotion can be construed via verbal channels The non-verbal channel of rage or physical signs of rage include feeling hot or flushed, a clenched jaw, staring or baring teeth while the verbal channel of rage can be realized by a wide variety of linguistic expressions such as he is filled with rage and scorn, he flies into a rage, or he stormed out of the room in a rage Linguists have worked with emotional construal from various perspectives and The language of emotion is a vital part of the experience of emotion Some basic human emotions such as happiness, sadness, rage, disgust, anger, and fear - seen from psychology - are considered universality among different countries (see Figure 1) The experience of emotion, particularly rage, a feeling of intense, violent, or growing anger, sometimes associated with the fight-or-flight response has caught the attention of many psychologists and linguists Numerous psychological researchers namely Darwin (1872), Ekman (1984) and Plutchik (2003) focused on the  Southern Connecticut State University, the USA; email: nguyent34@southernct.edu 225 226 Nguyen Thi Tu Trinh / Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vol 5, No (2019) 225-241 frameworks Lakoff (1987) and Kövecses (2000), for instance, looked at emotional construal from conceptual metaphor and cognitive perspective while Halliday & Matthiessen (2014) viewed emotional realization from functional framework Halliday & Matthiessen (2014) discussed that human emotion is construed in mental clauses and the inner experience of an emotion such as people love (hate, want) money is „mental‟ However, less attention has been paid to make a contrastive analysis of the functional realization of the experience of rage in the two languages, English and Vietnamese This study is devoted to three questions: (i) How is rage construed in English? (ii) How is rage construed in Vietnamese? and (iii) What are the similarities and differences in the functional realization of rage in English and Vietnamese? Figure 1: Wheel of emotions (Plutchik 2003) Nguyen Thi Tu Trinh / Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vol 5, No (2019) 225-241 1.1 Theoretical Background Functional grammar is underpinned in this study by the fact that language is a social phenomenon existing within a particular environment Thus, language depends on the context in which it is created However, once it is created, it becomes part of that context This leads to a close relationship between the context and the language Halliday and Matthiessen (2000:586) stated that emotion is seen as a location in vertical space: be up/ down, be high/ low, depress somebody, lift somebody's spirits, spirits soar; fall in love, love deeply, abhor/ detest/ dislike deeply Emotion as liquid/ gas (contained in a body): explode, vent one's anger, blow one's 227 top, to boil over, to smoulder, to cool down, and to keep the lid on Human emotion in the Hallidayan approach What is an emotion? Different researchers from a wide range of approaches define it differently; have different opinions as to what should be included under the label, and also how “emotions” differ from other related notions Halliday and Matthiessen (2014) divided mental process into four sub-types: perceptive, cognitive, desiderative and emotive The examples of the four subtypes of the mental process are illustrated as follows: (2.6) He saw the car Senser Process: mental-perceptive Phenomenon (Halliday and Matthiessen 2014: 256) (2.7) He knows the car Senser Process: mental-cognitive Phenomenon (Halliday and Matthiessen 2014: 256) (2.8) He wants the car Senser Process: mental-desiderative Phenomenon (Halliday and Matthiessen 2014: 256) (2.9) He likes the car Senser Process: mental-emotive Phenomenon (Halliday and Matthiessen 2014: 256) Halliday & Matthiessen (2014: 83) stated: “a configuration is referred as a structure in functional grammar” A clause represents a pattern of experience, conceptualized as a configuration (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2000: 11) Experientially, a 228 Nguyen Thi Tu Trinh / Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vol 5, No (2019) 225-241 configuration consists of three elements: Process, Participant and Circumstance In other words, these three elements are organized in configurations that provide the models or schemata for construing our experience of what goes on For example, (2.9) construes emotion “joy” and can represent a configuration of „Senser + Mental process + Phenomenon‟ 1.2 Previous Studies Language and thought are two faces of the same coin Emotions are integral parts of thought and beliefs The study of emotion has a very long history Darwin‟s The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (1872) showed his evidence of the universality of basic emotion Darwin stated that “it follows, from the information thus acquired, that the same state of mind is expressed throughout the world with remarkable uniformity” In the 20th century, Ekman (1984) conducted research studies of the universality of basic emotion However, the language used to express these basic emotion, and the norms of each society and culture could have dialects that differ subtly from each other Language plays a crucial role in emotion because language enables us to construe our experience of emotion and makes meaning of sensations from the body and the world in a given context Lakoff and Kövecses argue the more current approaches viewing emotion from a cognitive perspective Lakoff (1987) viewed anger from conceptual metaphor He offered some mappings of anger such as ANGER IS INSANITY: The man was insane with rage, ANGER IS AN OPPONENT IN A STRUGGLE: I was struggling with my anger, ANGER IS A CAPTIVE ANIMAL: He unleashed his anger, ANGER IS A BURDEN: He carries his anger around with him, and ANGRY BEHAVIOR IS AGGRESSIVE ANIMAL BEHAVIOR: Don't snarl at me! Kövecses (2000) studied how human emotions are "constructed" from individuals' embodied experiences in different cultural settings The view proposed here demonstrates how cultural aspects of emotions, metaphorical language about the emotions, and human physiology in emotion are all part of an integrated system and shows how this system points to the reconciliation of the seemingly contradictory views of biological reductionism and social constructionism in contemporary debates about human emotions Halliday (2000) and Halliday & Matthiessen (2014) suggested a paradigm of English emotional expressions viewed from the Transitivity system For example, “I was fascinated by it” is a „mental‟ clause Halliday and Matthiessen (2014) argued that the domain of emotion could be realized by both as a Process in a mental clause (e.g she liked it; it pleased her) and as an Attributive in a „relational‟ one There has been an increasing interest in the study of the language of emotion in English in general However, few attempts have been made to offer in-depth analysis of rage itself Particularly, the absence of linguistic studies on the language of rage in Vietnamese as well as a contrastive analysis of the language of rage in English and Vietnamese is striking The relation between language and emotion has been the object of linguistic analysis from various perspectives and languages used to construe universal emotions like love, disgust and rage is distinct from each other It is hoped that this article will make some contributions to the study of rage within linguistics Nguyen Thi Tu Trinh / Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vol 5, No (2019) 225-241 229 gained much popularity with readers” (Eikrem 1999: 21) Novels are considered to be trusted research instruments used in studies in such areas as contrastive linguistics, translation, and sociolinguistics In addition, novels reflect reality via the lens and skillful wording of talented writers Methods With the aim of interpreting English and Vietnamese clauses construing the experience of rage, collecting them in English and Vietnamese novels plays a crucial role Qualitative and quantitative methods were adopted in this study to complement the main goal of the study The study was carried out in novels but not in other genres because “they are examples of authentic materials that were published and Table and Table show two lists of seven English novels and eight Vietnamese novels used in this study Table 1: A list of eight English novels No Titles of the novels Authors Year publication Pride and prejudice Jane Austen 1813 David Copperfield Charles Dickens 1850 Wuthering Heights Emily Bronte 1847 Vanity fair William Makepeace Thackeray 1848 Crime and punishment Fyodor Dostoevsky 1867 Sons and lovers David Herbert Lawrence 1919 To the lighthouse Virginia Woolf 1927 of Table 2: A list of eight Vietnamese novels No Titles of the novels Authors Tắt đèn (When the light is out) Ngô Tất Tố 1937 Đôi bạn (Two friends) Nhất Linh 1936 Nguyễn Huy Tưởng 1942 Phùng Quán 1988 Đêm hội Long Trì (Long Tri festival night) Tuổi thơ dội (The fierce childhood) Year of publication Hồn bướm mơ tiên (Heart of a butterfly in a dream of immortality) Khải Hưng 1933 Bến không chồng (River watering place of unmarried women) Dương Hướng 1991 Cánh đồng bất tận (Endless fields) Nguyễn Ngọc Tư 2005 Thời xa vắng (A time far past) Lê Lựu 1986 230 Nguyen Thi Tu Trinh / Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vol 5, No (2019) 225-241 The initial step involves recognizing English and Vietnamese clauses construing experience of rage The selection of these clauses began with selecting expressions that realize rage experience presented by an Oxford Dictionary of English (Stevenson 2010) and Vietnamese rage experience suggested by a Vietnamese dictionary (Phê et al 2003) Table and illustrate the example lists of English and Vietnamese expressions construing rage Table 3: Examples of English expressions construing rage English expressions construing rage anger, angrily, angry, annoyance, annoyed, browned off, cross, detest, enrage, furious, fly into a rage, fly into a temper, frustrated, grumpy, hatred, irate, irritable, lament, mad, madden, outrage, rage, resent, resentment, savage, savagely, snappy, sore, spunky, sulk, surly, throw a tantrum, wrathful, writhe, wroth and others Table 4: Examples of Vietnamese expressions construing rage Vietnamese expressions construing rage bực (to get annoyed), bực bội (to get irritated), bực dọc (to get annoyed), bực (to get irritated), bực tức (to resent), căm (to bear resentment), căm giận (to get outrage), căm phẫn (to get outrage), căm thù (to bear deep resentment), căm tức (to fret with resentment), cáu (to get furious), cáu kỉnh (to get surly), uất ức (rage), điều căm tức (rage), giận (to get furious), giận cá chém thớt (do not cut off your nose to spite your face), giận dỗi (to rage), giận (to get angry), giận hờn (to get angry), hờn dỗi (to sulk), hờn giận (to sulk), mối giận (anger), cáu (to get mad at), đóa (to get mad at), giận (to get furious), khùng (to get mad at), nóng (to get angry), sung (to get mad), tam bành (to fly into a rage), trận lơi đình (to throw a tantrum), nỗi uất ức (writhe), oán (to resent), oán ghét (to resent), oán giận (to resent), oán hận (to resent), oán hờn (to resent), oán trách (to lament), phát cáu (to get furious), căm giận (hatred), phẫn nộ (hatred), tức (to grow angry), tức (to get furious), tức điên người (to fly into a temper), tức giận (to get annoyed), tức khí (to get angry), tức (to get irritated), tức tối (to get furious), tức tưởi (to get annoyed), tưng tức (to get annoyed), uất (to anger), uất hận (to anger), uất nghẹn (to resent), uất ức (to writhe) and others The bottom-up approach was adopted to recognize clauses construing rage in seven English and eight Vietnamese novels Wordsmith 5.0 (Scott 1998) and Navigation pane (Word office 2010) in Word documents and PDF were used as powerful tools to select clauses construing rage The Concord function in Wordsmith 5.0 was exploited to collect English clauses construing rage while the Search engine was used to pick up Vietnamese clauses construing, because Wordsmith 5.0 was not applicable to Vietnamese texts There are two main reasons for choosing Wordsmith 5.0 software (Scott 1998) and Navigation pane (Word office 2010); because the above novels are already available in electronic formats, so it is advantageous and timesaving for us to process them In addition, the study can work on and store a huge amount of collected data effectively After processing the English and Vietnamese expressions construing rage in Table and Table in Wordsmith 5.0 and Navigation Nguyen Thi Tu Trinh / Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vol 5, No (2019) 225-241 pane, 740 English and 720 Vietnamese clauses were stored, labeled and analyzed within the system of TRANSITIVITY developed by Halliday & Matthiessen (2000, 2004, 2014) and Matthiessen et al (2010) The interpretation of the collected clauses construing rage was demonstrated at both lexico-grammatical and ideational metafunction levels The lexico-grammar analysis involves identifying nominal groups, verbal groups, adverbial groups, pronouns and prepositional phrases at each rank level while ideational metafunction involves analyzing and determining typical configuration or functional realization of rage in the English and Vietnamese data on Halliday‟s functional grammar account Then, the study investigated the types and frequencies of functional realization of rage and presented similar and distinctive characteristics of these terms between the two collected data 231 Findings and discussion 3.1 The functional realization of rage in English This section is devoted to identifying how rage is realized in English on lexicogrammatical and ideational metafunction ground and showing the frequencies of functional realization of rage in English to highlight the choices of wording in the collected data The experience of rage can be construed in English in numerous ways Rage is construed by Process, Phenomenon, Attributive or Circumstance Rage: Mental process Human experience of rage is often realized by mental process encoded by verbs such as anger, rage, detest, enrage, madden, and storm For example: (3.1) Amalia Ivanovna raged about the room, shrieking, lamenting Senser Mental process Phenomenon (Dostoevsky 1867) (3.2) He stormed at her Senser Mental process Phenomenon (Lawrence 1919) The „Senser‟, “Amalia Ivanovna” and “He” in (3.1) and (3.2) are conscious entities who experience a feeling of violent rage that is difficult to control The second participants “the room, shrieking, lamenting” and “her” labeled Phenomenon may be animate or inanimate objects Rage: Phenomenon Experience of rage is nominalized and encoded by such nouns as rage, annoy, storm, fury and is labeled Phenomenon For example: 232 Nguyen Thi Tu Trinh / Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vol 5, No (2019) 225-241 (3.3) His sudden rages rather amused her Phenomenon Circumstance Mental process Target (Lawrence 1919) The study reveals that most of the experience of rage is construed as “things” and these “things” can be seen as not only emotions but also physical entities which can be blown or watched as in the following examples: (3.4) Its first fury was blown over (Thackeray 1848) (3.5) He waited until the children were silent, watching with children’s rage (Lawrence 1919) (3.6) Her anger was turned against herself (Austen 1813) Process + Range construction: Perhaps the most widespread use of a faded metaphor (Derewianka: 2003) is the Process + Phenomenon construction where what would be represented congruently as a Process (e.g look) is represented metaphorically as the Range (e.g have a look) together with a lexical empty verb There are some examples of an ideational metaphor of rage in our collected data Let us consider the following examples: (3.7) You flew into a rage about it (Dostoevsky 1867) Congruently, (3.7) could be rewritten something like: (3.7a) You raged at it (3.7) chooses the Process + Phenomenon construction of “fly into + a rage” where the Process “rage” has now become a noun accompanied by the lexical verb “fly” (3.7) is agnate with (3.7a) According to (Ravelli 1999:77), “any metaphorical expression has an agnate form which shows its congruent realization The rewording of a metaphorical expression into a congruent one is referred to as unpacking "the grammatical metaphor” These examples could be regarded as cases of an ideational grammatical metaphor of rage Rage: Attributive Halliday and Matthiessen (2014) stated that in the Attributive mode, an entity has some class ascribed or attributed to it Structurally, we label this class the Attributive, and the entity to which it is ascribed is the Carrier – the „Carrier‟ of the „Attributive‟ It is a central grammatical strategy for assessing by assigning an evaluative Attributive to the Carrier For example: (3.8) We are still angry after yesterday Carrier Process: intensive Circumstance Attributive Circumstance (Dostoevsky 1867) Nguyen Thi Tu Trinh / Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vol 5, No (2019) 225-241 233 (3.9) She was fiery and furious Carrier Process: intensive Attributive (Lawrence 1919) (3.8) and (3.9) have Attributive “angry” and “fiery and furious” and Carrier of the attribution “We” and “She” The relational processes are realized by “are” and “was” It can be seen that the experience of rage often realized by an adjective is construed a qualitative Attributive of an entity in relational clauses (e.g angry/ fiery/ furious/ mad) The lexical verbs in the verbal groups realizing relational processes could be grow/ look/ feel/ get/ go/ seem/ drive/ turn into as in: (3.10) He grew grievously irritable (Bronte 1847) (3.11) Then the play went fast and furious (Lawrence 1919) (3.12) He seemed quite angry at being spoken to (Austen 1813) It is noticed that relation clauses falling into Attributive ones are not reversible such as he was furious  furious was he and the interrogative probe for such clauses is how? or what like? E.g How you feel? What is he like? Rage: Circumstance Experience of rage realized by either prepositional phrases (e.g in a fury, with rage) or adverbial groups (e.g angrily, furiously, and savagely) as in: (3.13) Rawdon Crawley fumed with rage and mortification Behavior Process: Behavioral Circumstance (Thackeray 1848) (3.14) He Behavior looked angrily Circumstance at him Phenomenon Process: Behavioral (Dostoevsky 1867) Particularly, 238 in 246 Circumstances in our collected data are realized by prepositional phrases A prepositional phrase construing rage functioning as Circumstance can be replaced by a verb or and an adjective serving as Process or Attributive For example: (3.15) Glorvina cried with rage at the failure = Glorvina cried and raged at the failure (Process) (Thackeray 1848) (3.16) You were in such a fury = You were furious (Attributive) (Thackeray 1848) Table and Figure demonstrate the frequencies of functional realization of rage in the English collected data 234 Nguyen Thi Tu Trinh / Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vol 5, No (2019) 225-241 Table 5: Types and frequencies of functional realization of rage in investigated English novels Functional Realization of Rage - English Types Frequencies Process 75 10% Phenomenon 208 28% Attributive 196 27% Circumstance 261 35% Total 740 100% Figure 2: Types and frequencies of functional realization of rage in investigated English novels Functional realization of rage in English Process 10% Circumstance 35% Phenomenon 28% Attributive 27% The functional realization of rage could serve as a Process in mental clauses, as a Phenomenon in mental or behavioral ones, as an Attributive in relational ones and as Circumstance in kinds of clauses (Mental, Material, Verbal, Behavioral, Relational and Existential) A close look at Figure reveals that Circumstance (35%) accounted for over onethird of the percentage of functional realization of rage, Attributive came second with 27% while Process and metaphorical expressions make the smallest percentage 10% and 5% respectively 3.2 The functional realization of rage in Vietnamese This section explores how rage is construed in Vietnamese at lexico-grammatical and ideational metafunction level Types and frequencies of functional realization of rage in Vietnamese are discussed in the following sub-sections Rage: Mental process Rage is often realized by mental processes encoded by verbs such as bực (to get annoyed), bực bội (to get irritated), bực tức (to resent), cáu (to get furious), giận (to get angry), khùng (to get mad at), and others in Vietnamese For examples: Nguyen Thi Tu Trinh / Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vol 5, No (2019) 225-241 235 (3.17) Dũng mỉm cười lắc đầu bực tức Dung smile but shake his head irritated Senser/Behavior Process: Behavioral Phenomenon Behavioral process Process: Mental „Dung smiles but shakes his head and gets irritated‟ (Nhất Linh 1936) (3.18) Quỳnh Hoa Quynh Hoa Senser giận sôi lên rage boil up Mental process Circumstance- Manner „Quynh Hoa flies into a rage" (Nguyễn Huy Tưởng 1942) The Sensers in (3.17) and (3.18) refer to conscious human beings who are capable of angering, raging or storming In Vietnamese, besides non-verbal channels such as intonation, facial expressions or gestures, there are numerous verbs which realize rage and express the degree of rage The degree may be either low “giận” (anger) or high “oán giận”(outrage) Rage: Phenomenon In Vietnamese, experience of rage is nominalized and encoded by such nouns as nỗi bực tức (rage), giận (anger), giận (anger), nỗi uất ức (writhe), nỗi uất giận (hatred) and is labeled Phenomenon For example: (3.19) Sau After trút nỗi uất giận lên đầu thằng ông thấy tủi phận vented anger on head guy he see self-pity Senser Process: mental trai út, thằng Sài, youngest Circumstan ce- Time Process: Behavioral Phenomenon Target Sai „After venting his anger on the youngest son, Sai, a wave of self-pity comes over him‟ (Lê Lựu 1986) “Trút nỗi uất giận” (venting anger) is worthy of mention since it is tremendously found in everyday spoken language Here we consider them as examples of faded ideational metaphor in Vietnamese with the nominalization of the behavioral process “uất giận” (to anger) Let us consider further examples where rage is construed and labeled Phenomenon Nguyen Thi Tu Trinh / Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vol 5, No (2019) 225-241 236 (3.20) Nỗi uất ức đau buồn Writhe sorrow bỏ lại thành phố quê hương cho quân giặc, because near leave city hometown for enemy, also nặng trĩu tim chiến sĩ nhỏ tuổi khơng với chiến sĩ lớn tuổi khác heavy in heart soldiers young this no less than soldiers old different „Writhe and sorrow of young soldiers at leaving the hometown for the enemy is as big as that of old soldiers‟ (Phùng Quán 1988) Rage: Attributive Vietnamese adjectives such as “giận dữ” (anger) are exploited to construe the domain of rage as in: (3.21) Lý trưởng giận Ly-truong still angry Carrier Circumstance Attributive „Ly truong still gets angry‟ (Ngô Tất Tố 1937) In (3.21) we have an Attributive “giận dữ” (angry) and a Carrier of attribution “Lý trưởng” (Ly truong) It is noticed that the relational process is absent in this Attributive relational clause Relational process is often omitted in many Vietnamese Attributive relational clauses Rage: Circumstance In Vietnamese, experience of rage realized by adverbial groups (e.g cáu kỉnh (irritably), cách giận (angrily)) is labeled Circumstance-Manner as in (3.22) Dũng cầm thư vẫy mạnh cái, đứng dậy lẩm bẩm Dung hold letter wave strong few things stand up mutter cách bực tức irritably Actor/ Behav ior Proce ss: Mater ial Scope Proces s: Materi al Cir: Manner Cir: Extent Process: Behavioral Process: Behaviora l Circumstance -Manner „Dung holds the letter, waves it strongly, stands up and mutters irritably‟ (Nhất Linh 1936) Nguyen Thi Tu Trinh / Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vol 5, No (2019) 225-241 237 (3.23) Quận chúa đẩy bàn tay giết Princess push hand and kill người nói out then say person phàm phũ cách giận angrily abominable Actor/ Behavior Pro: Materi al Goal Conj uncti ve adjun ct Proc ess: Mate rial Goal Cir: Conjunc locati tive on adjunct Proces s: Verbal (Circumstan ce-Manner) „The princess pushes his abominable and sinful hands away and says angrily‟ (Nguyễn Huy Tưởng 1942) The Circumstances “một cách bực tức” (irritably) and “một cách giận giữ” (angrily) in (3.22) and (3.23) followed by the processes “lẩm bẩm” (mutter) and “nói” (say) and construe the way in which the processes “lẩm bẩm” (mutter) and “nói” (say) are actualized The Circumstances “một cách bực tức” and “một cách giận giữ” shows us strong feelings about something that one dislikes very much or about an unfair situation Table and Figure demonstrate the frequencies of functional realization of rage in English collected data Table 6: Types and frequencies of functional realization of rage in investigated Vietnamese novels Functional Realization of Rage - Vietnamese Types Frequencies Process 516 72% Phenomenon 177 24% Attributive 19 3% Circumstance 1% Total 720 100% 238 Nguyen Thi Tu Trinh / Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vol 5, No (2019) 225-241 Figure 3: Types and frequencies of functional realization of rage in investigated Vietnamese novels Circumstance Attributive 1% 3% Phenomenon 24% Process 72% Functional realization of rage in Vietnamese As can be seen from figure 3, rage labeled Process made up the largest proportion of 72% Next comes Phenomenon 27% By comparison, Attributive and Circumstance accounted for the lowest percentage 3% and 1% respectively 3.3 Similarities and differences in the functional realization of rage in English and Vietnamese 3.3.1 Similarities in the functional realization of rage in English and Vietnamese From the analysis above, the experience of rage is realized by four elements namely Process, Phenomenon, Attributive or Circumstance in both English and Vietnamese data English and Vietnamese Process, Phenomenon, Attributive and Circumstance are realized by verbs, nouns, adjectives and adverbs respectively Table compares the functional realization or configuration of rage on the lexico-grammar plane in the English and Vietnamese data Table 7: A contrastive analysis of English and Vietnamese functional realization of rage The functional realization of rage English Vietnamese Process   Phenomenon   Attributive   Circumstance   Nguyen Thi Tu Trinh / Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vol 5, No (2019) 225-241 239 3.3.2 Differences in the functional realization of rage in English and Vietnamese Figure 4: Types and frequencies of functional realization of rage in investigated English and Vietnamese novels 600 500 400 English 300 Vietnamese 200 100 Process Phenomenon Attributive Firstly, the differences in functional realization of rage in English and Vietnamese are less marked but can be identified in the frequencies of the core elements On the whole, the experience of rage construed by Process is the most common in the Vietnamese data while Circumstance gains the most popularity in number It is clearly seen that Process accounts for the largest percentage with 516 cases in the Vietnamese data, but it just makes up a modest percentage with 75 cases in the English data In the second category, there is a small gap in the number of Phenomenon in the English and Vietnamese data However, regarding Attributive and Circumstance, there is a number of significant differences in the frequencies in the English and Vietnamese data Attributive and Circumstance are sometimes found in the Vietnamese collected data with 19 cases and cases respectively Secondly, in addition to the wide discrepancy in the frequencies of elements in the English and Vietnamese data, differences exist in some aspects of rage functional realization Prepositional phrases such as “ construing rage are Circumstance tremendous in English, but it is not found in Vietnamese It is commonly considered an example of a metaphor of emotion construal (see 3.1) Finally, in Vietnamese, there appears a link between the use of ideational metaphor and humans‟ emotional construal “Vợ ôm bực bội nhà” (Wives often bring frustration home), “bực bội” (frustration) human‟s rage is metaphorically turned into a concrete thing going with the process “ôm” (bring/hold) In this case, the ideational metaphor has the power to turn rage into an entity which Scan be physically embraced or held This expression provides us with experience of nominalized language in daily conversation and shows the emotional impacts on the listeners The writer has his intention of turning the emotion “rage” into a concrete entity to depict the outrage efficiently Conclusion In this paper, an attempt has been made to examine functional realization of rage in English and Vietnamese novels on lexicogrammatical and ideational metafunction 240 Nguyen Thi Tu Trinh / Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vol 5, No (2019) 225-241 planes Qualitative and quantitative methods were adopted to interpret them Rage is construed by Process, Phenomenon, Attributive or Circumstance in both English and Vietnamese The analysis of collected data revealed some similarities and distinctive differences between the functional realization of rage in English and Vietnamese novels Four typical elements of English and Vietnamese lexico-grammatical realization of rage in English and Vietnamese are interpreted and identified: Process, Phenomenon, Attributive or Circumstance Among them, Circumstance is the most available in the English collected data (35%) but the least in Vietnamese ones (1%) After conducting a contrastive analysis between functional realization of rage in English and Vietnamese novels, it can be seen that prepositional phrases construing rage are not found in the Vietnamese data, but this case is relatively common in English data and rage is metaphorically turned into a concrete thing in Vietnamese data Translators should take this metaphorical case of rage into consideration in translation References Darwin, C 1872 The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals London: Stephen Jay Gould Derewianka, B 2003 “Grammatical Metaphor in the Transition to Adolescence” pp 185-220 in Anne-Marie Simon-Vandenbergen, Mirjam Taverniers, Louise Ravelli (eds) Grammatical Metaphor: Views from Systemic Functional Linguistics Amsterdam and Philadelphia: Benjamins Eikrem, B O 1999 L97 and Literature in TEFL: What the Story Has to Offer: background Kristiansand: Høyskoleforlaget Ekman, P 1984 “Expression and the Nature of Emotion.” pp 319-344 in K Scherer and P Ekman (eds) Approaches to Emotion Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum Ekman, P 1993 Facial Expression and Emotion American Psychologist, 48(4): 384392 Kövecses, Z 2000 Metaphor and Emotion: Language, Culture, and Body in Human Feeling Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Halliday M.A.K and Matthiessen, C.M.I.M 2000 Construing Experience through Meaning: A Language-based Approach to Cognition Open linguistics series Continuum International Halliday, M.A.K and Matthiessen, C.M.I.M 2014 An Introduction to Functional Grammar 3rd ed London: Arnold Hoàng Phê et al (2003) Từ điển tiếng Việt Da Nang: Da Nang Publisher Lakoff, G 1987 Women, Fire and Dangerous Things: What Categories Reveal about Mind Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press pp 78-80, 380-485 Plutchik, R 2003 Emotion and Life: Perspective from Psychology, Biology and Evolution Washington, DC: American Psychological Association Ravelli, L J 1988 (Ed.) Grammatical Metaphor: An Initial Analysis London: Pinter Scott, M 1998 WordSmith Tools Version Oxford: Oxford University Press Stevenson, A 2010 Oxford Dictionary of English New York: Oxford University Press Data sources English Austen, J 1813 Pride and Prejudice New York: Modern Library Publisher Bronte, E 1847 Wuthering Heights New York: Harper & Brothers Publisher Dickens, C 1850 David Copperfield New York: Modern Library Publisher Dostoevsky, F 1867 Crime and Punishment New York: Modern Library Publisher Nguyen Thi Tu Trinh / Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vol 5, No (2019) 225-241 Lawrence, D.H 1919 Sons and Lovers New York: Dover publications Thackeray, W M 1848 Vanity fair New York: Modern Library Publisher Woolf, V 1927 To the Lighthouse New York: Modern Library Publisher Vietnamese Khải Hưng 1933 Hồn bướm mơ tiên Ha Noi: Literature Publishing House Dương Hướng 1991 Bến không chồng Ha Noi: Youth Publishing House 241 Nhất Linh 1936 Đôi bạn Ha Noi: Literature Publishing House Lê Lựu 1986 Thời xa vắng Ha Noi: Literature Publishing House Nguyễn Ngọc Tư 2005 Cánh đồng bất tận Ha Noi: Youth Publishing House Phùng Quán 1988 Tuổi thơ dội Ha Noi: Literature Publishing House Ngô Tất Tố 1937 Tắt đèn Ha Noi: Literature Publishing House Nguyễn Huy Tưởng 1942 Đêm hội Long Trì Ha Noi: Thanh Nien Publishing House  ... involves analyzing and determining typical configuration or functional realization of rage in the English and Vietnamese data on Halliday‟s functional grammar account Then, the study investigated the. .. realization or configuration of rage on the lexico -grammar plane in the English and Vietnamese data Table 7: A contrastive analysis of English and Vietnamese functional realization of rage The. .. With the aim of interpreting English and Vietnamese clauses construing the experience of rage, collecting them in English and Vietnamese novels plays a crucial role Qualitative and quantitative