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VNU Journal of Science, Earth Sciences 23 (2007) 177‐186 Some results of discovering old vestiges in the vicinity of Kinh Thien Temple Vu Duc Minh1*, Nguyen Ba Duan2 College of Science, VNU Institute of Geophysics, VAST Received 14 June 2007 Abstract. After reporting the results on the old road foundations around Doan Mon vestige, apart from investigating to discover old vestiges in the vicinity of Kinh Thien Temple, the authors try to determine whether these old discovered road foundations still exist and direct from inside Doan Mon to Kinh Thien Temple or not? The results show that it can be imagined that whole investigated area can locate on the flat hill, with indications of the culture of the Le Dynasty and of the Tran Dynasty at the depth of about 1 m and 2 m. The indications of old road foundations and old roads are clearly seen. These road foundations and roads have a direction extended from Doan Mon Gate to Kinh Thien Temple. In addition, small noticeable abnormal objects have been discovered in the investigated area. The results are reported in this paper. Keywords: GPR; MRI; Profile; Antennae; Wave patterns. the ground. Among those, the Multi‐electrode Resistivity Imaging (MRI) method [1, 3] and the Ground‐Penetrating Radar (GPR) [2, 3] method are near earth surface ones, which are considered as the main methods. In Vietnam, geophysicists start to pay attention to this problem, especially leaders and managers have been allowed to use geophysical methods in the work to discover old vestiges in order not to destroy the scene as well as the vestiges, to help the archaeologists to see overall picture of the area under investigation, and hence to dig only necessary vestiges. This paper presents some results of discovering old vestiges in the vicinity of Kinh Thien Temple using above‐mentioned methods. 1. Introduction* A difficult problem of archaeological work is that in order to discover old vestiges one has first to rely on signs on the ground surface and then do excavations by hand digging. This does not always lead to a positive result, and sometimes partly destroys the vestige. On the other hand, if a vestige has been found after digging, its preservation is very difficult, expensive, and low effective. Nowadays, geophysical archaeological methods have been successfully used in the world for the purpose of discovering, locating and mapping archaeological objects buried in _ Corresponding author. Tel.: 84‐4‐8587781. E‐mail: minhvd@vnu.edu.vn * 177 Vu Duc Minh, Nguyen Ba Duan / VNU Journal of Science, Earth Sciences 23 (2007) 177‐186 2. Features of the area under investigation and field methods At present, the Kinh Thien Temple area and its vicinity (Fig. 1) have many houses in use. Apart from these houses, internal roads are concreted or asphalted. There are no any sign of the old vestiges on the ground surface. However, above Kinh Thien Temple, according to historical data, there is a house which was built a long time ago and has been restored. Below the King’s yard, there are two stone dragons with heads along the north‐south direction. Behind the houses N6 and N18 to the south is Doan Mon vestige. The Archaeological Institute and Department of Culture and Information of Hanoi have made archaeological excavations inside Doan Mon vestige. They have found a yard covered by the brick, stone jetty of the Le Dynasty at the depth of 1‐1.2m, a 1.3m‐wide road of the Tran Dynasty covered by the lemon flower‐color brick at the depth of 1.9‐2m, below it the road foundations of the Ly Dynasty have been found. In previous research on the area around Doan Mon [3], we have discovered these old road foundations behind Doan Mon vestige. Therefore, apart from our investigation in order to discover old vestiges in the Kinh Thien Temple area, we want to determine whether these old road foundations still exist and direct from inside the Doan Mon to the Kinh Thien Temple or not? We used two geophysical methods: GPR and MRI. The measuring profiles have been arranged so that they are coinciding with or perpendicular to the directions of old road foundations found inside Doan Mon vestige, from Doan Mon gate to the King’s yard of Kinh Thien Temple, with two areas: area 1 between Kinh Thien Temple and house N15, area 2 between houses N16, N17, N6 and N18. In these profiles, the MRI measuring profile with 178 distance of 1 m between the electrodes is profile DIEN‐2 just in front of house N15 and the King’s yard and a plenty of the GPR measuring profiles with antennae of 80 MHz (denoted as 80, for example 80D11), 200 MHz (denoted as 2, for example 2D4) and 400 MHz (denoted as 4, for example 4TEST1). These profiles are presented in Fig. 1. 3. Results of analysis 3.1. Area between houses N16, N17, N6, and N18 In this area, we have made seven GPR measuring profiles with antennae of 80, 200 and 400 MHz. Among these profiles, five profiles directed from East to West (profiles 80N30 and 4TEST1, which coincide with each other) and two profiles directed from the south to the north, which coincide with each other but have different depths. Due to technical reason, MRI measurements have not been carried out (Fig. 1). Fig. 2 shows the results of analysis for three GPR profiles measured by 80 MHz antenna. In the wave pattern of these profiles, a sign of foundation layers is not seen because wavelength of the 80 MHz antenna is large (about 1.25 m) and, consequently, many objects of smaller size are neglected. However, from 2D joined picture and wave patterns we observe rather clearly the geological structure of this area (probably it is a broad and not high hill). Comparing the results of the GPR sections of two coinciding GPR profiles 80D9N and 80D9N2 having different depths (Fig. 3), one can see that geological structure signs along these profiles coincide with each other and are at small depth (about 2.5 m) in the beginning of the profiles. Fig. 4 presents the results of the GPR sections with 200 MHz and 400 MHz antennae. All three GPR sections show similar characteristics, namely many abnormal objects and strong 179 Vu Duc Minh, Nguyen Ba Duan / VNU Journal of Science, Earth Sciences 23 (2007) 177‐186 reflecting borders. A sign of foundation layer at 1m depth exist but not clearly; foundation layer at 2m depth is rather clearly seen on the profile 2TEST1 but not clearly on other profiles due to distance is not deep enough. In the ending part of the profiles (closed to house N17 in the scheme), there are strong reflecting geological borders at small depth (only about 1.5 m) sloping to the beginning of the profiles. This can be a vestige of a hill area. It is covered by a filled land affected by human activities. Especially, on two GPR sections 4TEST2 and 4TEST1 there is a sign of a road of the Le Dynasty, on both sides of which there are two stone jetties, in particular clear on the GPR section 4TEST2, in the middle of which we observe multiple reflections since radar waves beat at strong reflecting objects (brick, stone etc.). This sign is clearly seen in Fig. 5. However, these two profiles are about 10 m apart but distance between two stone jetties is changed? On the GPR section 4TEST2 it is from distance at 5.5 to 10 m (4.5 m), on the GPR section 4TEST1 from distance at 6.5 to 9.5 m (3 m). This problem should be clarified in the next investigation. Fig. 1. Position scheme of geophysical investigation profiles. Vu Duc Minh, Nguyen Ba Duan / VNU Journal of Science, Earth Sciences 23 (2007) 177‐186 180 Fig. 2. Wave patterns and 2D joined pictures of 80 MHz‐antenna profiles: two profiles 80N31, 80N30 and one profile 80D9N2. Fig. 3. Comparison of the results of the GPR sections of the profiles 80D9N2 (above) and 80D9N (below) coinciding with each other but with different depths. 181 Vu Duc Minh, Nguyen Ba Duan / VNU Journal of Science, Earth Sciences 23 (2007) 177‐186 Fig. 4. Wave patterns and results of analysis for profiles 2TEST1 (above), 4TEST2 (middle) and 4TEST1 (below) 3.2. Area in the front of the King’s yard of Kinh Thien Temple In this area, we have made 4 GPR measuring profiles with antennae of 80 MHz, 200 MHz and one MRI profile (DIEN‐2). Among those, profiles 80D11 and 2D4 coincide with each other, in front of the King’s yard; the profiles 80D12 and 2D5 coincide with each other, in front of the yard of house N15 and nearly coincide with the profile DIEN‐2. These profiles direct from the east gate to the west gate (Fig. 1), or from the right to the left in wave patterns. In the wave pattern of the GPR measuring profiles with antennae of 200 MHz (Fig. 6), one can see two foundation layers at the depth of about 1 m and 2 m, existing from the beginning to the end of the profiles. Probably these two foundation layers are related to the culture of the Le Dynasty and the Tran Dynasty. On the GPR section 2D5 (in front of house N15) a sign of 2m‐foundation layer is weaker; on the GPR section 2D4 (in front of the King’s yard), this foundation layer is clearer and somewhat sloping to east. On both profiles, abnormal objects are discovered. On the GPR section 2D4, there are several strong reflections at distance of 11‐24 m (in the part in front of the King’s yard) from ground surface to the depth of 1.7 m. This can be due to multiple reflections from terraces in front of the King’s yard under ground. On the GPR section 2D5, there are two regions at distance of 4‐10 m and 15‐20 m, at the Vu Duc Minh, Nguyen Ba Duan / VNU Journal of Science, Earth Sciences 23 (2007) 177‐186 depth of 0.5‐1.2 m in which an indication of inhomogeneous environment exists. Especially, between these two regions (at distance of 10‐15 m) there are very strong reflections at the depth of 1.2 m and below. These may be reflections from a flagstone or from rather thick concrete. Fig. 7 presents a comparison of two wave patterns of the same profile 2D5 but measured by RAMAC equipment with 500 MHz antenna and by SIR 10B equipment with 200 MHz antenna. One can see two inhomogeneous regions on both sides and one strong reflecting anomaly in the middle of which have rather clear and coinciding indications. One can observe indication of this anomaly in the wave pattern of profile 80D12 (Fig. 8) and pseudoresistivity cross‐section (Fig. 9). 182 In the wave pattern of the GPR profiles (80D12 and 80D11) with antennae of 80 MHz (Fig. 8) indications of foundation layers and of some abnormal objects are not clear because the antenna of low frequency (80 MHz) is used and, consequently, many objects with smaller size are neglected. In addition, this type of antenna does not have the curtain that causes the wave patterns to be strongly perturbed. However, in the wave patterns some large objects such as geological borders and terraces in front of the King’s yard on profile 80D11 near the King’s yard are indicated rather clearly. The geological borders start to appear at small depth (about 3 m) indicating non‐flat geological structures. It may be a hill area, which has been leveled or deposited many times. Fig. 5. Wave patterns and 2D joined pictures of profiles 4TEST1 and 4TEST2. Vu Duc Minh, Nguyen Ba Duan / VNU Journal of Science, Earth Sciences 23 (2007) 177‐186 183 Fig. 6. Wave patterns and results of analysis for profiles 2D5 (above), 2D4 (below) and 2D joined picture (middle). Fig. 7. Comparison of two wave patterns of profile 2D5: obtained by RAMAC equipment with 500 MHz antenna (above) and by SIR 10B equipment with 200 MHz antenna (below). 184 Vu Duc Minh, Nguyen Ba Duan / VNU Journal of Science, Earth Sciences 23 (2007) 177‐186 Fig. 8. Wave patterns and results of analysis for profiles 80D12 (above) and 80D11 (below). Fig. 9. Comparison of the GPR section 2D5 (above) and MRI section DIEN‐2 (below). Fig. 9 presents a comparison of GPR section 2D5 (above) and MRI section DIEN‐2 (below). The positions of these two profiles are nearly the same. One can see two inhomogeneous regions on both sides and strong reflecting anomaly in the middle of which described above coincide well with three high‐resistivity regions on the pseudoresistivity cross‐section. Vu Duc Minh, Nguyen Ba Duan / VNU Journal of Science, Earth Sciences 23 (2007) 177‐186 With the resistivity scale, perhaps anomaly in the middle is concrete. Below this anomaly, there is a low‐resistivity, rather symmetrical region. With these indications, it can be a reservoir which is made of concrete. Below it, there is a low‐resistivity region, this is the reason of strong diminishing of radar waves, affecting penetrability of the GPR signals. 4. Concluding remarks ‐ In the area between houses N16, N17, N6 and N18, results of analysis for the profiles by GPR methods, through 2D joined picture and the wave patterns of 80 MHz‐antenna profiles, allow to observe rather clearly the geological structure at old times. It can be a flat hill. When measuring by 200 and 400 MHz antennae, results show indications of many abnormal objects and several strong reflection borders, especially the indications of the road of the Le Dynasty, the stone jetties on both sides, the indications of multiple reflections due to beating of radar waves at strong reflecting objects (brick, stone etc.). The foundation layer at the depth of 2 m is also clearly seen. Close to house N17, there is a geological border of strong reflections at small depth (only about 1.5 m). This can be a vestige of a hill area. It is covered by a filled land affected by human activities. ‐ In the front area of the King’s yard of Kinh Thien Temple, results of analysis for the profiles by the GPR methods also show rather clear indications of geological borders, foundation layers on the wave patterns and of terraces in front of the King’s yard on profile 80D11 closed to the King’s yard. The geological borders start to appear at small depth (about 3 m), indicating non‐flat geological structures. It may be a hill area, which has been leveled or deposited many times. In the wave patterns of the 200 MHz antenna profiles, there are two 185 foundation layers at the depth of about 1 m and 2 m. Probably these two foundation layers are related to the culture of the Le Dynasty and the Tran Dynasty. On both GPR sections, some abnormal objects have also discovered. On GPR section 2D4 (in the part in front of the King’s yard), there are several strong reflections at distance of 11‐24 m from ground surface to the depth of 1.7 m. This can be due to multiple reflections from terraces in front of the King’s yard under ground. On GPR section 2D5 (in front of house N15) at the depth of 0.5‐1.2 m, there is an indication of inhomogeneous environment. Especially, at distance of 10‐15 m there are very strong reflections at the depth of 1.2 m and below. These may be reflections from a flagstone or from rather thick concrete. Comparing GPR section 2D5 and MRI section DIEN‐2 having nearly the same position, one can see that results obtained by both methods are very close to each other. It can be expected that anomaly in the middle is concrete. Below this anomaly, there is a low‐resistivity, rather symmetrical region. ‐ Thus, it can be imagined that whole area under investigation can be located on the flat hill, with indications of the culture of the Le Dynasty and of the Tran Dynasty at the depth of about 1 m and 2 m. The indications of old road foundations and old roads are clearly seen. Comparison with our previous results of investigation around Doan Mon vestige shows that these road foundations and roads have a direction extended from Doan Mon Gate to Kinh Thien Temple. In addition, small abnormal objects have been discovered, which are scattered on the profiles. ‐ Once again, it can be stated that the application of GPR and MRI methods to discover old vestiges in the ground in Vietnam is very feasible and effective. However, in order to indicate exactly the position and structure of old vestiges, one has to select relevant antennae, to arrange the system of profiles so 186 Vu Duc Minh, Nguyen Ba Duan / VNU Journal of Science, Earth Sciences 23 (2007) 177‐186 that a 3D picture of the area under investigation can be constructed, to determine exact wave propagation velocity of the environment under investigation, to carry out measurements and investigation in more detail. ‐ We have improved and are continuing to improve the MRI method in the direction of selecting, improving the electrodes, development of ways and procedure of data collection as well as programs for analysis in order to increase the effectiveness of this method in general and of application of combination of the GPR and improved MRI methods in particular to discover old vestiges. Acknowledgements The author would like to thank BSc. Pham Hoai Nam, MSc. Ta Quoc Khanh ‐ the staff members of the Institute for Conservation of Monuments and MSc. Do Anh Chung ‐ the staff of the Centre for Termite Control Research, Institute for Water Resources Research for helping us during measurements in the field. References [1] Geotomo Software, Res2dinv Manual Ver. 3.5.4, Penang, Malaysia, 2004. [2] N. Stewart, H. Griffiths, Ground Penetrating Radar, 2nd Edition, MPG Books Limited, Bodmin, Cornwall, UK, 2004. [3] Vu Duc Minh, Nguyen Ba Duan, Application of methods of Ground Penetrating Radar and of Multi‐electrode Resistivity Imaging to discover old road foundations around Doan Mon vestige, VNU Journal of Science, Earth Sciences 23 (2007) 126. ... by a filled land affected by human activities. ‐? ?In? ?the? ?front area? ?of? ?the? ?King’s yard? ?of? ?Kinh? ? Thien? ? Temple, results? ? of? ? analysis for the? ? profiles by the? ? GPR methods also show rather clear indications of? ? geological ... behind Doan Mon vestige. Therefore, apart from our investigation in? ? order to discover old? ? vestiges? ? in? ? the? ? Kinh? ? Thien? ? Temple? ? area, we want to determine whether these old? ?... structure signs along these profiles coincide with each other and are at small depth (about 2.5 m)? ?in? ?the? ?beginning? ?of? ? the? ?profiles. Fig. 4 presents? ?the? ?results? ?of? ?the? ?GPR sections with 200 MHz and 400 MHz antennae. All three