lesson 6, ctu, miss Hong
Adverbs Adverbs Adverbs • Definition • Classification • Function • Position • Adverb Order • Comparison • Formation • Use of some confused adverbs I. Definition: An adverb is a word which modifies the meaning of a Verb, an Adjective, another Adverb, a Phrase, a Clause, or the whole Sentence. II. Classification Types Examples 1. Adverbs of Time: to show when the action happens - I have heard this before. - Today he arrived late. - Mr Brown formerly lived here. 2. Adverbs of Frequency: to show how often the action happens - ever, always, usually = normally/ generally, often = frequently, occasionally, sometimes, rarely, seldom, hardly ever, never, … - I have told you twice about that. - He often makes mistakes. - They seldom come here. - She always tries to do her best. - Wasted time never returns. 3. Adverbs of Place: to show where the action happens - Please wait for me right here. - The horses galloped away. - Walk backward. 4. Adverbs of Manner: to show how the action happens - The teacher reads the text clearly. - The beef steak is well prepared. - They are working hard in the garden. - You should not do so. 5. Adverbs of Degree or Quantity: to show how much, in what degree, or to what extent the action happens - little, much, extremely, very much, just, enough, quite, only, merely, too, rather, nearly, almost, hardly, scarcely,… - He was too careless in his speech. - These durians are almost ripe. - I am fully prepared. - He is good enough for my purpose. - You are partly right. - She speaks English pretty well. 6. Adverbs of Affirmation: certainly, naturally, surely, of course, very well, - Surely you are mistaken about that. - I’ve definitely decided to go to California. 7. Adverbs of Negation: never, neither, nor, nowhere, at not time, by no means, in no cases, in no way, under no circumstances, on no account, in no occasion, not only, no sooner…than, seldom, rarely, hardly, scarcely, little - Food is scarcely found in this region. - We never go out for dinner. 8. Adverbs of Possibility: maybe, perhaps, possibly, probably - The weather possibly turned cold. - Maybe, they will be late again. 9. Interrogative Adverbs: to make questions - Where is he from? - Why are they so late? - When will they come? 10. Relative Adverbs: to introduce an Adjective Clause - We have visited the village where Nguyễn Du was born. 1 Adverbs Notes: 1. Several words are used sometimes as Adverbs and sometimes as Prepositions. A word is a Preposition when it governs a noun or pronoun. It is an Adverb when it does not. Adverb Preposition - Go and run about. - Has he come in? - The wheel came off. - Don’t loiter about the street. - Is he in his room? - The driver jumped off the car. 2. Two adverbs sometimes go together, joined by the conjunction And Adverbs Meanings again and again Repeatedly by and by before long (ngay bây giờ), presently (chẳng mấy chốc, ngay sau đó, hiện thời), after a time far and near/ far and wide in all directions, everywhere (khắp nơi, rộng khắp) far and away/ out and away by a great deal, decidedly, beyond all comparison (bỏ xa, hơn hẳn, không thể ss được) first and foremost first of all (trước tiên) now and then from time to time, occasionally (thỉnh thoảng) off and on not regularly, intermittently (chốc chốc, chập chờn lúc có lúc có không) once (and) again on more than one occasion (thêm một lần nữa) out and out decidedly (hoàn toàn, triệt để, dứt khoát) over and above in addition to, besides, as well as (đã thế lại còn…, lại còn…nữa) through and through thoroughly, completely (hoàn toàn; trở đi trở lại) to and pro backwards and forwards, up and down (tới lui) III. Function To modify Example 1. A Verb - Tom runs quickly out of the house. 2. An Adjective - Those students are quite lazy. 3. Another Adverb - Our friends study very hard during the exam. 4. An Adverbial Phrase - I see a plane flying exactly over my house. 5. An Adverbial Clause - I like this house simply because it is near a supermarket. 6. A whole Sentence - Maybe, I’ll go with you. IV. Position 1. right before the Adjective Adverb Preposition Conjunction Exception : ENOUGH - This shirt is too small. - He speaks very slowly. - They stand exactly behind me. - I like an orange only when it is ripe. - My coffee is not sweet enough. - He didn’t drive fast enough. 2. Right after the Intransitive Verb - He sleeps soundly. 3. Before a Transitive Verb or After its Object - The father severely punished his son. - The father punished his son severely. 4. Between auxiliary and main Verb - The wind had suddenly risen. - He can surely do it. - He is still living with his old parents. 5. Before or After an Infinitive - He seems really to understand. 6. At the beginning of the Sentence - To modify a whole sentence - To emphasize the Adverb itself - To make an Exclamation (*Inversion if S is a N) - Interrogative Adverb - Fortunately, the injured man didn’t die. - Never had I seen anything so dreadful. - Here she comes!/ Here comes the bride! - Away it flew!/ Away flew my hat! - Where does it happen? Inversion of S & V with Front-position Adverbs 2 Adverbs Adv of Negation + Be + S Auxiliary Modal V - Never have I heard such a sweet song. - Seldom is she absent from school. Adv of Place + V + S - By his side sat his faithful dog. (His faithful dog sat by his side.) - In the heart of Hanoi City lies the ‘Lake of Restored Sword’. - In front of the museum stands a memorial monument. Only + Adv + Be + S Auxiliary Modal V - Only then did they fully understand what he had meant. - Only with the full agreement of everyone can we hope to succeed. - Only by shouting was he able to make himself heard. - Only when all attempts at negociation had failed, did the workers decide to go on strike. So + Adj/Adv + Be + S Auxiliary Modal V - So deafening was the noise that I could hardly hear myself speak. The noise was so deafening that … - So seriously was he injured that he was taken to the hospital. He was injured so seriously that … When other Adverbs begin a sentence for Emphasis, Inversion is NOT obligatory. - My great news comes now. Now my great new comes. Now comes my great news. - He has given me presents many times. Many times he has given me presents. Many times has he given me presents. - We would rather die than live under foreign domination. Rather we would die than live under foreign domination. Rather would we die than live under foreign domination. - World wars have taken place twice within my life time. Twice within my life time world wars have taken place. Twice within my life time have world wars taken place. V. Order of Adverbs 1. Pattern One: ORDINARY VERB Sentence Degree Manner Place Time - He spoke to us very rudely right here this morning. - He has been working rather Hard downstairs all the day. - She looked at me very Tenderly in the park last night. 2. Pattern Two: VERBS OF MOVEMENT Sentence Place Degree Manner Frequency Time - She went there very Quickly at 5 o’clock. - They drove downtown a little Slowly this morning. - We rode to school very Carefully yesterday. - He is going to Japan by ship twice during Dec. - John went to the library by bicycle every night last week. - The king left here Secretly three times on Sunday. VI. Comparison of Adverbs Monosyllable Adverbs: - Comparative: Adv + ER - Superlative: Adv + EST - He will arrive sooner next time. - He worked hardest. Long Adverbs: - Comparative: MORE + Adv - Superlative: MOST + Adv - He drive more carefully than my friend. - She sings most melodiously. Note: THE is usually omitted in Superlative Degree of Adverb. VII. Formation of Adverbs 3 Adverbs Root + Suffix Example N + ward eastwards, westward(s), skyward(s) N + wise clockwise, Adj + ly poorly, cheaply, shortly, easily Prefix + Root Example A + N away, aback (lùi lại), abed (ở trên giường), aboard, afire (cháy bừng bừng) In + N indeed, indoors, inside Out + N outside (ở phía ngoài), outdoors (ở ngoài trời), outwards (hướng ra ngoài, ở phía ngoài) Al + Adj already, almost, altogether (nói chung, hoàn toàn, cả thảy) Adv + Adv whenever (khi nào – trong câu ?chỉ sự ngạc nhiên), wherever (ở đâu – trong câu ? chỉ sự ngạc nhiên), whereupon (và rồi thì, và thế là) Adv + Prep. therein (trong đó, về mặt ấy), hereupon (ngay sau đây, nhân thể, do đó), hereby (bằng cách này, nhờ đó), herein (ở đây, ở điểm này, trong tài liệu này) Some/Any/No + how somehow (0 hiểu sao; bằng cách này hay cách khác), anyhow (cẩu thả; dù sao đi nữa), nohow (0 có cách nào, hẳn 0) Some/Any/No + where somewhere, anywhere, nowhere VIII. Use of some confused Adverbs Adverb Meaning Example TOO ENOUGH negative meaning positive meaning - The tea is too hot to drink. (Trà quá nóng đến nỗi không thể uống được) - He is old enough to drive a motorbike. (Anh ấy đủ tuổi để lái xe) RARELY SCARCELY not often not quite - He rarely comes to see me. - I scarcely finished my exercises. OFTEN USUALLY ALWAYS happens many times more often without exception - Bill is often late to class. (3 times a week) - Doris is usually late to class. (Today she is early.) - Tom is always late to class. (He never comes early.) EVER NEVER questions or affirmative statement (= always) negative statement - Have you ever seen a tiger before? - He is ever a generous man. - I have never seen one. VERY TOO acceptable not acceptable - He arrived very late. (We waited for him.) - He arrived too late. (We couldn’t wait.) HARD HARDLY attentively nearly not - He works very hard. - It’s too dark here. I can hardly see you. CERTAINLY SURELY I know for a fact. It is definite. I firmly believe/ I very much hope this to be true./ It’s not certain, but I feel confident it will probably happen - I’m certainly not going out in this rain. - You’re surely not going out in this rain. - I’m certainly going to see it. - It’s worth going to see, surely. FAIRLY RATHER to affirm some positive or pleasant idea the idea is negative or unpleasant - Your homework was fairly good this week. - Your hands look rather dirty. 4