Full container load fcl shipment at sotrans logistics situation assessment and recommendations

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS - - GRADUATION THESIS Supervisor Student Class : Dr Tran Viet Dung : Le Danh Lam : K59-KTQT-CLC FULL CONTAINER LOAD (FCL) SHIPMENT AT SOTRANS LOGISTICS: SITUATION ASSESSMENT AND RECOMMENDATIONS Hà Nội, 05/2020 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS After an intensive period of three months, it is my opportunity to show gratitude to all those people who contribute, support and encourage me to complete my graduation thesis I will cherish forever First of all, I would like to express my sincere thanks to Dr Tran Viet Dung who guides me in thesis in period of time During the study time, she has helped me in finding materials, repairs and guiding me to find out the best way for me to fulfill all my thesis Moreover, she has encouraged and given me motivation when I met some difficulties A deep understanding of international trade and her experience is a prerequisite to help me gain valuable achievements I could not have imagined having a better advisor and mentor for my thesis Secondly, I would like to say thank you with my family: my parents My family is a spiritual solid fulcrum, I can desire to fulfill my thesis I wonder how I could without my family Hanoi, 20th April 2020 Author Le Danh Lam Contents INTRODUCTION Rationales Research purpose Research objectives Research scope of the thesis Literature review Research methodology 10 Research structure 11 CHAPTER 1: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ON FCL TRANSPORTATION 12 1.1 Definition of freight container 12 1.2 Definition and modes of container shipping in regard of freight forwarding activity 14 1.3 Advantages and disadvantages of container shipping 15 1.4 Participants related to FCL shipping method process 17 1.5 Factors that have impact on full container load shipping method 18 CHAPTER 2: THE ASSESSMENT ON FCL SHIPMENT IN SOTRANS LOGISTICS 23 2.1 Overview on Sotrans Logistics 23 2.2 Overview on Sotrans Logistics’s Full container shipping 25 2.3 Factors that have impact on FCL shipping of Sotrans Logistics 30 2.3.1 External factors 30 2.3.2 Internal factors 35 CHAPTER 3: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 46 3.1 Opportunities and challenges for full container load shipping at Sotrans Logistics 46 3.2 Recommendations to improve the FCL shipping at Sotrans Logistics 48 CONCLUSION 51 REFERENCES 52 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS No Abbreviations Meaning B/L Bill of lading C/O Certificate of Origin Carrier A specific organization that the CFS transportation of goods commodity Container freightand station CIF Cost, Insurance and Freight CY Container Yard ECUS Customs declaration system of Vietnam EU European Union FCL Full container load 10 FDI Foreign Direct Investment 11 FOB Free On Board 12 FTA Free Trade Agreement 13 HS Code Harmonized System code 14 ICC International Chamber of Commerce 15 ICD Inland Container Depot 16 ILO International Labor Organization 17 LCL Less than container load 18 OOCL, NYK, MCC, Name of Shipping lines 19 MSK,SOTRANS COSCO, Hapag Sotrans Logistics One Member Limited 20 Lloyd LOGISTICS VNACCS Company Vietnam Automated Cargo Clearance System 21 WTO World Trade Organization 22 GDP Gross Domestic Product LIST OF FIGURES No Name Content Page Chart 2.1 Milestone points of Sotrans Logistics since 1975 24 Figure 2.2 Sotrans Logistics FCL revenue 2008 - 2019 25 Figure 2.3 Sotrans Logistics FCL profit 2008 - 2019 26 Figure 2.4 Average revenue segment rate (%) among export 27 values of FCL, LCL, Air Freight at Sotrans Logistics Figure 2.5 Major export markets for FCL shipments of Sotrans 28 Logistics 2008 to 2019 (%) Figure 2.6 Segment of Freehand and Nominated shipment at 29 Sotrans Logistics Figure 2.7 Product category of FCL export shipment at Sotrans Logistics 2008 – 2019 30 INTRODUCTION Rationales Trade liberalization has become a strong tendency in the world and Vietnam has joined the trend for about 34 years After the period of renovation (“Doi moi” in Vietnamese) in 1986 and attendance of World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2007, Vietnam economy has witnessed a number of achievements Vietnam’s GDP has jumped tenth times from about 26 billion USD in 1986 to about 261 billion USD in 2019 (World Bank, 2019) In regard of that impressive growth, international trading activities have always been considered to be an evitable part Total import-export turnover has increased 170th times since Renovation in 1986, increased 37th times since the participation of ASEAN, increased 5th times since WTO joinning and eventually reached approximately 514 billion USD in 2019 (Vietnam Customs Department, 2019) Those crucial turning points have been always strongly supported by logistics system According to Vietnam Logistics Association, the logistics sector has always played an important role in the opening economy scenerio and accounted for approximately 20 percent of total GDP (World Bank, 2018) And FCL transportation method has been proved to made up for about 75 percent of domestic and international commodity traffic (Hai Phong Port Authority’s Report, 2019) Thanks to the significant investment in terms of finance, development policy, human resources, recently FCL shipping has advanced in many ways including quantity, quality and helped Vietnam gain a more remarkable position in the global economy A great number of Vietnamese logistics enterprises currently face difficulties in gaining market share in their home market and various fierce competition from foreign rivals which own a great deal of global operating experience and finance capability As a staff member of Sotrans Logistics, I have had many chances to witness the competitors’ heat and gained a glance of practical obstacles which can be improved and overcome with right orientation While there are by now many well-establised and extensive papers investigating the FCL shipping method, not many researches have been implemented to analyze and provided an updated perspective in the context of international trade as well an overview on Full load container shipping method of enterprises which have annual turnover more than 20 million USD In light of the discussions and observations above, the purpose of the thesis entitled “Full container load (FCL) shipment at Sotrans Logistics: Situation assessment and recommendations" is to systemize numerous important knowledge on FCL shipping method, analyze the practical situation in terms of advantages, achievements, drawbacks and eventually give recommendations to make progress in container shipping of Sotrans Logistics company (hereby will be called as Sotrans Logistics) Therefore, it can compete more intensively with both domestic and foreign agents in this field and create more long-term values for Vietnamese economy Research purpose Assessing the situation of container shipping process at Sotrans Logistics in order to provide an updated aspects and greater insight, therefore there are some recommendations can be made to give directions and make progress in the shipment procedure, help reduce the cost, increase the productivity Research objectives In this thesis, author focus on answering some key questions which are: What is the current situation of container shipping procedure in Sotrans Logistics? Which factors can have impact on container shipping process of Sotrans Logistics? Which aspects that Sotrans Logistics need to improve to make progress in full container load shipping process? Research scope of the thesis The paper employs the dataset of general logistics sector in Vietnam, in the world and Sotrans Logistics’s business statistic figures The range of data set will be collected in 11 years, from 2008 to 2019 This 11 years period was selected to make the paper more updated and provide an perspective on real recent situation of container shipping process in Sotrans Logistics, due to the fact that Vietnam joined World Trade Organization (WTO) since 2007 Since then, Vietnam economy has witnessed a significant increase in international trading activities including importing, exporting and the government was forced to adapt various policies of opening Logistics service sector, which has visibly created a fierce competition coming from foreign rivals Literature review The report of International Maritime IMO in 2018 pointed out that the container shipping industry, accounts for 80% of the worldwide traded good, which results in a growth of port traffic globally by 3% each year Due to the growth in transport demand and port traffic, the container shipping industry is characterized as being very competitive due to its efficiency and its cost pressure to offer competitive international transportation In 2009 PhD Le Kinh Vinh published “Improvement on international freight forwarding activities of SaFi Logistics company” The research was conducted by collecting and analyzing a years database from 2004 to 2009 in terms of cargo traffic using Full container load method of SaFi Logistics which owned an approximately 15 million USD annual revenue After ananlyzing the collected data, the author gave some recommendations including making changes in freight segment, spending higher investment in transport facilities, redistributing the workload among human resources, implementation of marketing However, the research did not succeed in pointing out a theoretical base of several factors can have impact on container shipping In 2012, PhD Nguyen Ngoc Phung conducted a research entitled “Solutions to improve full container load shipping method of International Freight Bridge Vietnam” After using various practical primary data and secondary data in research methodology, the author gave some recommendations to board of director including developing higher management level and cargo handling experience of the staffs, implementation of more techniques related to quotation activity In 2013, Pham Thi Hong Hanh presented a research on Door-to-door ocean shipping, with title “Recommendations for improving Door to door ocean shipping method of Inter Logistics company” By using various research methodology such as qualitative and quantitative, the author made some conclusions and gave suggestions including: establishment of operating office branches in Vietnam’s potential trade partners, intergration of higher technology in terms of management and operation, implementation of more marketing activity to attract attention of customsers, diversification of customers services and logistics services The author Nguyen Huu Tu, in 2013, conducted a research entitled “Orientation and recommendations for international freight forwarding activity in Me Linh Joint Stock Company” The data was collected by using primary and secondary source, and received analysis including statistic, comparison and classification to gain an overview of business situation and published some valuable recommendations including: organizational structure improvement, marketing plan, diversification of services and increase intergration of technology in operating activities Recently in 2018 the author Vu Thi Hai conducted a research entitled “Efficiency mprovement of international freight forwarding operation at Jet Delivery Logistics Vietnam” The data was collected by using primary source from internal staff members and secondary source such as printed publishes, field reports, journals The paper did point out various internal and external factors that have impact on freight forwarding at Jet Delivery Logistics including demand of clients, staff member experience and specialized knowledge, internal communication channel,finance capability Therefore, the author gave some recommendations to improve the operation such as implementation of a more long term marketing plan, human resources management, technology intergration In 2007, some authors from Harvard Business Reviews conducted a study on how Reputation affect company’s business They concluded that companies with strong positive reputations attract better human resources They are perceived as providing more value, which often allows them to charge a premium Their customers are more loyal and buy broader ranges of products and services They also gave conclusion that most firms not still manage reputation well in general and know which parts could become a potential risk for their reputation In 2009, Batarlienė and Jarašūnienė did present that accurate, reliable and quick information provides an opportunity to boost the material flow – materials and goods to be delivered to destination faster Information systems applied in multimodal transportation are diverse and must perform some functions such as: problem identification; enable to coordinate management equipment and perform logistics tasks Although there are various studies and researches about container shipping in Vietnam market, number of paper conducting about full container shipping and research specifically about a logistics enterprise that possesses annual revenue more than 20 million USD remains limited Therefore, this study will be conducted to assess the current situtation of the firm and draw some recommendations for company and for policy makers Research methodology The thesis was implemented by using inherited methods: collecting, synthesizing, analyzing and assessing domestic and foreign materials relating to the content of research, then selecting the document and implementing research topics Furthermore, dialectical materialism, scientific abstractions are also used for comparison and objective analysis of FCL shipping process in which subject was selected to be studied The analyzing of Sotrans Logistics FCL shipping situation and overall logistics industry in the international economy context includes advantages and 10 transportation It also help to reduce the risk for consignee, they will be less likely to pay for the container fixing charges The container pickup staff then carries an empty container to the customer's warehouse or delivery company's warehouse to load the goods inside Inspection of the goods: At the same time with carrying empty containers to the warehouse or factory, forwarding staff contacted with customs to conduct goods inspection Customs officers conduct inspections directly at the spot and supervise the process of loading goods into containers Usually customs checks about 10% of the delivered goods Then customs officers shall seal up and certify customs declarations form so transporters can bring containers to container yards at the port  The handling process of FCL shipment of Sotrans Logistics still leave many rooms for the improvement Because the process is primarily operated manually without the support of any high technology management system, which can lead to low competitiveness in the long term, especially at the time Vietnam economy and policy become open for foreign investment in logistics service sector Beside operation process, supplemental services are considered to be a valued added part to business of FCL container shipping agent Sotrans Logistics is certified by HCMC Customs as the first model customs broker in Vietnam Together with the Certificate of e-customs broker also granted by HCMC Customs previously, this certification will allow Sotrans Logistics to sign and stamp Customs Declaration on behalf of the freight owner, deal with any arising issues to save time and cost of customs declaration for Customer This factor proves professionalism and high responsibility of Sotrans Logistics in customs declaration Facilities and infrastructure are highly important factor that have impact on FCL container shipping process With good system of bonded warehouse and goods warehouse, plus 40 years of experience, warehousing business is strength of Sotrans 39 Logistics The company provides a huge warehouse system of more than 230,000 m2, which is located in the centre of big metropolies in Vietnam and in industrial zones bordering which will facilitate a convenient road freight transportation The location of warehouses system are Hanoi, Hochiminh, Dong Nai, Vung Tau, Can Tho, Long An, Ben Tre, Binh Duong They are all Vietnam’s hub of international economy which facilitate the position of Sotrans Logistics in the market 40 The staff of Sotrans Logistics consist of college, university and postgraduate qualifications along with the necessary experience suitable for each of the different specified positions With the characteristics of a business in logistics services, the employees are trained well enough to have knowledge and experience in logistics, import and export, customs procedure The manpower is generally well trained regard of educational level and young, dynamic, which help them to get adapt easier with new technology and the fast pace of change in the logistics market Sotrans Logistics is an enterprise with a fairly traditional and simple organization chart Department Staff number Ratio Board of director 1.23 Customer service deparment 105 32.41 Other office branches 90 27.78 Sales deparment 50 15.43 Warehouse department 40 12.35 Accounting department 15 4.63 Human resources department 2.47 Marketing department 2.16 Pricing deparment 1.54 Total 324 people 100 % Table 2.8 Statistics on human resources of Sotrans Logistics based on department in 2019 Source: Sotrans Logistics Human Resources Deparment The table 2.8 presents the number of manpower in each different department Customer service department has the highest staff member number at 105 people, and account for 32.41 percentage The second place is sales deparment at 50 41 employees and make up for 15.43 percentage Warehouse department take the third position with 40 people Education level Quantity Ratio Postgraduate 1.85 Bachelor 228 70.37 College 55 16.98 Secondary labor 35 10.80 Total 324 100 % Table 2.9 Statistics on human resources of Sotrans Logistics based on educational level in 2019 Source: Sotrans Logistics Human Resources Deparment The table 2.9 presents education level among staff members of Sotrans Logistics The most dominant level is bachelor, with quantity at 228 people and account for upto 70 percentage of total figure This may be considered to be an advantage of the firm because bachelor is listed as skilled labour, who has the good distinct to adapt to the new changes in technology and also possess specialized knowledge of the field The college level, secondary labor, post graduate make up for 17 percentage, 10.8 percentage and 1.85 percentage respectively Gender Quantity Ratio Male 184 56.790 Female 140 43.210 Total 324 100% Table 2.10 Statistics on human resources of Sotrans Logistics based on gender in 2019 Source: Sotrans Logistics Human Resources Deparment 42 Chart 2.11 Organizational structure of Sotrans Logistics Source: Sotrans Logistics Human Resources Deparment 43 Sotrans Logistics has an international partners system in many countries around the world Currently the agent system is present in 70 countries and territories across the globe namely as following: Asia and Australia: China, India, Australia, Banglades, Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Myanmar, New Zealand, Pakistan, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Philippines, Thailand, Taiwan, Russia Euro and Mediterranean: Belgium, Szech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Israel, Italy, Libia, Maldives, Malta, Netherland, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Spain, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom America and Afica: Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Bahrain, Benin, Brazil, Canada, Cameroon, Chile, Columbia, Costarica, Ecuador, Elsanvador, Ghana, Israel Jordan, Kenya, Kuwait, Lebanon, Liberia, Madagasca, Marocco, Mexico, Mozambique, Nicaragua, Nigeria The wide range of networking system bring about many chances to operate the nominated container shipments from oversea logistics agents Because nominated shipments are usually implemented under International commercial term start with C and D, freehand shipments are implemented under International commercial term start with F and E As a customs and tradition, many consignee in Vietnam usually import shipments under Incoterms starts with F in general, or FOB in particular, especially for USA, EU, China markets And there are many Chinese logistics agent that control the business in Vietnam, then export from Vietnam to other market such as Europe, China As can be seen in the figure, the trend of nominated shipments increase gradually over the years 44 Figure 2.6 Segment of Freehand and Nominated shipment at Sotrans Logistics Unit: percentage 90 80 70 68 71 2008 2009 2010 70 65 70 69 2012 2013 72 2014 70 72 75 2015 2016 2017 79 82 2018 2019 60 50 40 30 20 10 2011 Freehand Nominated Source: Sotrans Logistics Account Deparment, 2008 – 2019 45 CHAPTER 3: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 3.1 Opportunities and challenges for full container load shipping at Sotrans Logistics 3.1.1 Opportunities for full container load shipping at Sotrans Logistics Vietnam is undergoing the globalization context along with the joining into various world economic community and sign global, regional economic agreement, which create many opportunities for international business Based on World Bank and HSBC research, export growth of Vietnam in the coming time still can reach about 5.5 percentage to 6.0 percentage This anticipated upward trend of export flow of goods will have a great impact on the full container load shipping of Sotrans Logistics, because 75 percentage of Vietnam products are exported via container mode There is a trend of factories of global manufacturers in China seeking for replacement location and they notice Vietnam as a good one (Stephen Wyatt, JLL 2020) The higher the quantity of foreign owned factories in Vietnam increase, the higher the potential of container shipping business growth at Sotrans Logistics Because there will be a greater demand for shipping and exporting materials, finished products from Vietnam to overseas markets Recently, big manufacturer Samsung just announced to move partially a factory from India to Vietnam, due to the widespread disease outbreak happen in India This move will help rise the production volume of Samsung and create more open door for opportunities of exporting electronics products to India market via container shipping mode Beside, the demand of warehouse will increase because of the moving factories to Vietnam trend Sotrans Logistics should consider this as an opportunity to provide high quality services which are built with many years of experience 3.1.2 Challenges against full container load shipping at Sotrans Logistics 46 Currently, the entry to logistics field into Vietnam market possess the lowest difficulty Statistically, 80 percentage of Vietnam logistics market share belong to foreign owned enterprise or joint venture company with foreign partners It means that the possibility of entering Vietnam logistics market for foreign firms is quite high Based on the agreement that Vietnam signed with World Trade Organization, years after joinning of WTO, Vietnam need to fully open the logistics sector to foreign agencies It means that since 2014, it should be totally possible for the establishment of a 100% foreign owned enterprise in Vietnam, which is impossible to implement before For example in 2013, Viet Nam Ocean Shipping Agency Corp (VOSA Vietnam) signed an agreement with Yusen Logistics Singapore to establish Yusen Vietnam Joint Venture company And several months later in 2014, VOSA sold all of stocks (50 percentage of ownership) to Yusen Singapore, since then there is a new giant rival that operate in Vietnam container shipping markets that have origin from Japan Yusen Logistics is a giant that own a office network at about 70 countries across the globe Beside, they also own a high technology intergration such as Tracking and trace technology based on document number, which is highly convenient for client to keep the controlling of their cargoes and shipment Yusen’s official entry to Vietnam market should be considered to be a warning sign for many other local SMEs logistics agencies and motivate them to place more improvement as well as innovative innovation, if they not want their local market share is reduced gradually A global disease outbreak have various negative impact on container shipping of Sotrans Logistics because the trading activity of both shipper and consignee sides must get shut down Sotrans main export product category is consumer products such as electronics, garment, agricultures… therefore it would be highly affected Especially exporting to China market will decrease, which is one of the main operating market of Sotrans Logistics 47 3.2 Recommendations to improve the FCL shipping at Sotrans Logistics In order to improve the FCL shipping efficiency, Sotrans Logistics must intergrate technology into the process of operating As can be seen from the working process at 2.3 Chapter 2, majority of workload information for FCL shipment is fulfilled manually and storage of data is fragmented, not concentrated There are many global logistics firm who use frieght forwarding management software such as Logitude World All information is clearly organized and concentrated, which help to boost the effcicency of work and ease of managing many shipments at one time The firm should invest more into the customer’s experience Many other logistics firms that have origin from Japan and now operate in Vietnam intergrate the Tracking and trace system, which helps save a great amount of time for client to control the service quality, the delivery time, the updated information of shipment 48 Due to the fact that the world keeps being unstable because of wars, disease outbreak, natural disaster, Sotrans Logistics need to be more flexible and adaptive For instance, the firm may try to connect with more clients who operate in the medical equipment field, because Vietnam government approves for medical equipment export and the supply for those products are abundant Within logistics network such as WCA, there are many firms that specialize only in one sector such as logistics of health equipment Sotrans Logistics need to connect with them to support shipper door to door service, which share a great deal of burden for clients, help them to have more time to focus on manufacturing It can also be considered to be a value added services 49 The full container shipping is also strongly influenced by weather conditions During the delivery process if the weather is preferable, the goods will be shipped safely and quickly On the contrast, if the weather is bad, such as floods, storms, earthquakes, strong winds, etc., the risk of goods damage and loss is very high and delays can happen and slower the delivery process Therefore, Sotrans Logistics need to build a database of prediction about the climate change or collaborate with weather-forecast independent partners so the firm can get immediately any changes related to nature and notify for customers This auxiliary task will help increase the professional working attitude of Sotrans Logistics toward customers 50 CONCLUSION After analyzing of Sotrans Logistics FCL shipping situation in the international economy context and assessment of factors that will affect FCL shipment in general and Sotrans Logistics FCL shipping in particular, it presents a message that in order to improve container shipping field requires a great deal of investment in terms of forecasting future events, vast knowledge of politics and law, technology intergration, human resources mangement, innovating the operation process, modify the method of data storage There are still many rooms for Sotrans to improve its advantages and reduce the drawbacks 51 REFERENCES Nguyen Thi Quynh Nga (2017, Research on factors that have impact on container shipping industry in Vietnam): Hanoi, 2020 Le Kinh Vinh (2009, Improvement on international freight forwarding activities of SaFi Logistics company) : Hanoi, 2020 Sheng Teng Huang, Emrah Bulut & Okan Duru (2019, Service quality evaluation of international freight forwarders: an empirical research in East Asia) : Hanoi, 2020 Nguyen Ngoc Phung (2012, Solutions to improve full container load shipping method of International Freight Bridge Vietnam) : Hanoi, 2020 Pham Thi Hong Hanh (2013, Recommendations for improving Door to door ocean shipping method of Inter Logistics company) : Hanoi, 2020 Sonic Trading and technology joint stock company (2013-2015, Report of freight forwarding activity): Hanoi, Vietnam, 2020 Nguyen Thi Thuy Hong , Hoang Thi Lich, and Bui Thi Thanh Nga (2017, The Social Investment Capital and the Cargo Volume Transported by Sea: A VAR Approach for Vietnam): Hanoi, Vietnam, 2020 Vietnam Maritime Administration Annual Report on Maritime Domain in Vietnam, 2000–2015; Vietnam Maritime Administration: Hanoi, Vietnam, 2020 General Statistics Office of Vietnam Annual Abstracts of Statistics; Publish House of Statistics, 2000–2019; 10 International trade law (2007) 11 Trade law in Vietnam (2005) 12 Trade law in Maritime law (2002) 13 PhD Dinh Ngoc Vien (2002, The knowledge of internation freight and transport): Hanoi, Vietnam, 2020 14 PhD Hoang Van Chau (1999, Textbook of import and export activity): Hanoi, Vietnam, 2020 52 15 PhD An Thi Thanh Nhan (2011, Logistics business administration, Statistic publisher): Hanoi, Vietnam, 2020 16 Sotrans Logistics Company (Report of business figures from 2008-2019) 17 Vu Anh Tuan (2016, Textbook of Transportation management in the international context, University of commerce) 18 Foreign trade and transport magazines: VISABATIMES, VINALINES Website and online materials: 19 Haiphong sea port authority: https://haiphongport.com.vn/vi/san-luong.rc.html 20 Vietnam legal base for logistics operation https://doanhnhansaigon.vn/tuvan/khung-phap-ly-cho-hoat-dong-logistics-tai-viet-nam-1068844.html 21 Worldbank data: https://data.worldbank.org/GDP 22 Factors have impact on container shipping in Vietnam http://tapchitaichinh.vn/nghien-cuu-trao-doi/cac-yeu-to-tac-dong-toi-thi-truongvan-tai-container-quoc-te-duong-bien-o-viet-nam-302101.html 23 Nguyen Trong Nghia, Thai Thi Kim Dung (2015, Sotrans Logistics financial report analysis) http://dlib.cep.edu.vn/handle/CEP/1124 24 Vietnam Logistics Association www.vietnamlogistics.com 25 Official website of ministry of transport www.mt.gov.vn 26 Report on Vietnam export in 2019 http://thoibaotaichinhvietnam.vn/pages/thoisu/2019-12-30/xuat-nhap-khau-viet-nam-dat-muc-ky-luc-514-ty-usd-80955.aspx 27 ISO Standards in the world https://antuongviet.vn/hoi-dap-ve-cac-he-thong-tieuchuan-iso-b366.php 53 ... light of the discussions and observations above, the purpose of the thesis entitled ? ?Full container load (FCL) shipment at Sotrans Logistics: Situation assessment and recommendations" is to systemize... Freehand Nominated Source: Sotrans Logistics Account Deparment, 2008 – 2019 The figure shows that Sotrans Logistics FCL shipments have two types named Nominated and Freehand shipment Nominated shipments... shipping containers as following: Full container loaded shipment (FCL/ FCL), Mixed option between FCL and LCL including LCL /FCL and FCL/ LCL The terminology LCL means Less than container load 14