Translation of names of intangible cultural heritage in vietnam

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI University of Languages and international Studies FACULTY OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHER EDUCATION Graduation paper TRANSLATION OF Names of Intangible CULTURAL HERITAGE IN VIETNAM supervisor: Ms VUong nhan, M.a student: DO thi hanh year of enrolment: QH2009 HANOI, MAY 2013 Đại học quốc gia Hà nội Tr-ờng Đại Học ngoại ngữ KHOA S PHM TING ANH KHỐ LUẬN TỐT NGHIỆP DỊCH TÊN DI SẢN VĂN HĨA PHI VT TH VIT NAM Giáo viên h-ớng dẫn: Ths V-ơng Thanh Nhàn Sinh viên : Đỗ Thị Hạnh Khãa: QH2009 HÀ NỘI – NĂM 2013 I hereby state that I: Đỗ Thị Hạnh, student of QH09.F1 E23, being a candidate for the degree of Bachelor of Arts (TEFL) accept the requirements of the University relating to the retention and use of Bachelor‟s Graduation Paper deposited in the library In terms of these conditions, I agree that the origin of my paper deposited in the library should be accessible for the purpose of study and research, in accordance with the normal conditions established by the librarians for the care, loan or reproduction of the paper Signature Đỗ Thị Hạnh Hanoi, 25nd April 2013 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS On the completion of this thesis, I am greatly indebted to many people First and foremost, I would like to express my profound gratitude to my supervisor, Ms Vuong Thi Thanh Nhan, M.A for her enthusiastic support, meticulous guidance as well as instant feedback, without which, it would be almost impossible for this paper to be developed and accomplished Besides, I owe heartfelt thanks to lecturers at FELTE, ULIS for teaching me valuable lessons over the last four years and facilitating me to this thesis My sincere thanks also go to Faculty of English Language Teacher Education for giving me the opportunity and permission to implement this graduation paper I want to show my deep appreciation to friendly librarians of ULIS for lending me interesting reference materials and my classmates for always standing by me Last but not least, I dedicate this thesis with love and gratitude to my family members and my intimate friends, whose great encouragement and assistance are of immense importance to me during the course of writing this study i ABSTRACT In the context of seamless global integration and the increasing need for crosscultural communication, translation is playing an extremely significant role as a means of transferring languages and cultures Recently, more attention has been paid to cultural factors in translation; however, the cultural differences have still been hard nuts for translators to crack Regarding the translation of intangible cultural heritage names, the presence of culture-specific items and proper nouns poses quite a few challenges for translators In this study, names of intangible cultural heritage in Vietnam and their translated versions were critically analyzed in the light of Newmark‟s theory on translation procedures and Larson‟s model of translation quality assessment in an attempt to find out the most frequently employed procedures and problems relating to inconsistency in translation Translations of thirty-three intangible cultural heritage names from four sources, including the website of Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism of Vietnam, UNESCO, Vietnam National Administration of Tourism and the online newspaper called Vietnamplus were chosen as the objects of the study After carefully collecting necessary data, the researcher made some calculations and thorough analysis in order to seek the answers to two research questions Results from data analysis showed that transference combining literal translation proved to be the most commonly employed procedure in tackling the names, and problems regarding the inconsistency of translation procedures, key terms and spelling were also brought out to light This paper was conducted in the hope of making a little contribution to the prosperity of studies on cultural translation as well as providing ULIS students and anyone who shares interest in translation of culturespecific items with useful knowledge on translation of intangible cultural heritage names ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACCEPTANCE PAGE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS i ABSTRACT ii TABLE OF CONTENTS iii LISTS OF FIGURES AND TABLES v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS vi LIST OF APPENDIXES vii CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale 1.2 Aims 1.3 Significance 1.4 Scope 1.5 Methods 1.6 Organization of the study CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Definitions of translation 2.2 Translation procedures 2.3 Translation quality assessment 12 2.3.1 Significance of translation quality assessment 12 2.3.2 Models for translation quality assessment 13 17 2.4 Cultural translation 2.4.1 The notion of culture in translation 17 2.4.2 The concepts of culture-specific concepts 18 2.4.3 Translation of culture-specific concepts 19 2.5 Intangible cultural heritages iii 2.5.1 Some features of intangible cultural heritages 23 2.5.2 Intangible cultural heritages in Vietnam 24 CHAPTER III: METHODS 3.1 Selection of subjects 25 3.2 Research instrument 26 3.3 Data collection process 26 3.4 Procedures of data analysis 26 CHAPTER IV: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Translation procedures for intangible cultural heritage names 28 4.1.1 Translation procedures for the first group 28 4.1.2 Translation procedures for the second group 32 4.1.3 Summary and discussion 36 4.2 Problems regarding inconsistency in translation 39 CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION 5.1 Summary of key findings 41 5.2 Limitations of the study 43 5.3 Recommendations for further study 43 REFERENCES 44 APPENDIXES 47 Appendix 47 Appendix 49 Appendix 51 iv LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES Names of figures Page Figure 1: Procedures applied in the first group of each source 28 Figure 2: Procedures applied in the second group of each source 32 Names of tables Table 1: Names of World Intangible Cultural Heritage and Their Translations 30 Table 2: Some Examples of Transference Combining Literal Translation 33 Table 3: Examples of Triplet Procedure (Transference+ literal translation+ 34 addition) Table 4: The specific and generic parts of intangible cultural heritage names v 36 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS CSI: Culture-specific Items FELTE: Faculty of English Language Teacher Education ICH: Intangible Cultural Heritage MOCST: Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism SL: Source Language ST: Source Text TL: Target Language TQA: Translation Quality Assessment TT: Target Text ULIS: University of Languages and International Studies UNESCO: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization VNAT: Vietnam National Administration of Tourism vi LIST OF APPENDIXES Appendix 1: Names of National Intangible Cultural Heritage Items and Their Translations (from the decision of MOCST) Appendix 2: Names of World Intangible Cultural Heritage and Their Translations (from four different sources) Appendix 3: Names of National Intangible Cultural Heritage Items and Their Translations (from Vietnamplus) vii 4.2 Problems regarding translation inconsistency Reality has shown that there have been different translated versions for the names of ICH in Vietnam which are available on numerous websites, guidebooks, online newspapers and travel brochures Many of those versions are considered to be incorrect in terms of linguistic and translation aspects or divergent from the SL versions Thus, they are now waiting to be properly assessed by applying various models for translation assessment Due to limit of time, this thesis merely focuses on measuring the consistency in translation of ICH names offered by MOCST on the decision on the announcement of national list of ICH Besides, Vietnam‟s MOCST is the government organization responsible for state management in the fields of culture, family, sports and tourism, and public-related services, based on the provisions of Vietnamese law As a result, the translated version given by MOCST is carefully prepared by competent translators and is considered to be more reliable than those of other source However, after carefully reading and analyzing the translation proposed by MOCST, the research finds out problems regarding the inconsistency, including inconsistency in translation procedures, in translation of some key terms and in spelling Hence, this part is dedicated to figure out the above problems in the hope of better the translated version Firstly, the inconsistency in applying translation procedures is put under investigation Despite the fact that transference combining literal translation proves to be the most frequently employed procedure in tackling the names of ICH, there still exist differences in translation procedure for some CSI relating to festivals Some CSI are kept unchanged from the SL to the TL, but some of them are literally translated To illustrate, some CSI and proper names, such as “Gióng”, “n Thế”, “Thổ Hà”, “Cơn Sơn”, “Kiếp Bạc”, “Kỳ yên”, “Gầu tào”, “Lồng tông” are directly transferred into the TL text without adding any explanation Meanwhile, “Nhảy lửa”, “Chọi trâu”, “Cầu ngư”, “Tháp Bà” are transmuted into “Fire-dancing”, “Buffalo-fighting”, “Fishing praying” and “Goddess”, respectively These literal translations help TL readers easily 39 form the general meanings of those CSI and display the translators‟ profound knowledge of festivals in order to produce a good literal translation, but they may reduce the special effects of the CSI to TL readers compared to those of transference.What is more, thanks to the advance of information technology, TL readers can utilize the Internet to understand the directly-transferred terms fully without remarkable difficulties In his essay, “Globalization and Translation”, Nico (2004) stated that following the trend of globalization, transference would help to make cultures closer Thus, the researcher personally suggests that transference should be used in replace of literal translation in those cases to make the translated version uniform Secondly, there also exist the dissimilarities in the translation of some key terms To illustrate, the term “nghi lễ” is translated as “ceremony” in “Cấp sắc ceremony of Dao ethnic minority people” and “Then ceremony of Tày ethnic minority people”; however, it is rendered as “rituals” in “Chầu văn rituals of Viet people” Besides, names of some ethnic minority groups are translated differently “Tày”, “Lô Lô”, “Dao”, “Pu Péo”, “Raglai”, “Pà Thẻn” and “Chăm” are all considered to be Vietnam‟s ethnic minority groups, so those proper names should be transferred into English with the addition of “ethnic minority people” However, all names are in conformity with this rule except “Chăm” which is translated as “Chăm people” It is the differences in using key terms that may confuse or even unintentionally mislead TL readers Lastly, some loan words from Vietnamese are inconsistently spelled For instance, “Ca trù”, “Gióng”, “Hùng” and “Việt” which are borrowed from the SL text are transferred into “Ca tru”, “Giong”, “Hung” and “Viet” Meanwhile, some other loan words like “Đờn ca tài tử” and “Sán Chí” are kept unchanged with diacritics What is more, some CSI relating to the names of festivals including “Cầu ngư” and “Lồng tông” are reproduced in TL text with the capital letters for the first letters of the two words (“Cầu Ngư” and “Lồng Tông”) 40 CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION This chapter provides a summary of major findings, limitations and recommendations for further studies 5.1 Summary of key findings As mentioned from the beginning of the thesis, translation of culture-specific items has always been challenging for translators, especially practitioners due to language barriers and culture gaps Though there have been many studies on this interesting area, it still appears to be a mine of gold waiting for further studies Therefore, this thesis was conducted in an attempt to make significant contribution to cultural translation by figuring out the most popular translation procedures used in rendering names of Vietnam‟s intangible cultural heritage into English and also pointing out some problems in terms of inconsistency in the translated version of those names offered by Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism of Vietnam The first chapter gives a brief introduction on the thesis Chapter two provides fundamental theories critical to the analysis of the study The methods that were applied in the course of the thesis are presented in chapter three Chapter four brought results from data analysis into discussion As a final point, the outcomes of the whole study will be evaluated by summing up the key findings, limitations of the research and suggestions for further studies on similar topics As a response to the two research questions, the analysis and discussions of samples based on theory of translation procedures by Newmark (1988) and translation quality assessment by Larson (1984) give significant findings indicated below: With regard to the answer to the first research question, transference combining literal translation proved to be the prevailing procedures in rendering names of intangible cultural heritage into English The names of intangible cultural heritage in Vietnam comprise of two parts, namely specific and generic parts Specific parts are 41 culture-specific items and proper nouns which are “peculiar” to Vietnamese culture In contrast, the generic parts include general cultural words which are common in English culture The difficulties in translating culture-specific words are solved by directly taking the SL word into the TL text with no further explanation Applying this translation procedure, the translators not only show respect for Vietnamese cultural features but also create an “alien” effect that arouses the TL readers‟ interest in uncovering the gentle charm of Vietnamese intangible cultural heritage For common cultural terms, literal translation procedure wins the dominant place as those terms can be easily found in dictionaries and TL culture In other words, this procedure is successful in mapping the general ideas of the terms to TL readers Consequently, it can be claimed that a combination of transference and literal translation has resulted in a more accurate understanding of intangible cultural heritage names Based on Larson‟s model for translation assessment, the researcher has identified problems regarding inconsistency in the translation version of ICH names attached on the decision of MOCST Problems are sorted into three main groups: inconsistency in translation procedure, dissimilarities in key terms and inconsistency in spelling Firstly, although transference is considered to be the most appropriate in transmuting culture-specific items into English, the translation of four CSI relating to names of festival disobeys this rule In those cases, that literal translation is taken place of transference is likely to cause confusion or even misunderstanding for the TL readers in identifying the names when they find another version of this name on other sources Secondly, there are two key terms that are translated inconsistently To make it clearer, one term: “nghi lễ” is rendered into English with two versions, “ceremony” and “rituals” Two translated versions of the same thing could mean two different things to TL readers Lastly, the spelling of two loan phrases from Vietnamese, including “Cầu ngư” and “Lồng tông” is not kept consistent After being transferred into TL text, those phrases are spelled with capital letters (“Cầu Ngư” and “Lồng 42 Tông”) Personally, the researcher suggests that the translated version prepared by MOCST should be reviewed more carefully in order to avoid those minor problems 5.2 Limitations of the study Though best efforts were made to carry out this thesis, some limitations remain for two reasons Firstly, because of time constraint, the research can hardly provide a comprehensive analysis of all translated versions for ICH names from various sources, but only focuses on four main sources The small number of samples sometimes results in less accurate results Secondly, the researcher‟s knowledge of linguistics and translation studies as well as research experience is still rudimentary, so mistakes in analyzing data are inevitable Every comment and suggestion is warmly welcomed and highly appreciated 5.3 Recommendations for further studies Due to the significance of intangible cultural heritage to the development of Vietnam‟s economy and culture, this cultural field has recently received remarkable attention of Vietnamese government and large tourism organizations In this context, translation of ICH names becomes increasingly important More studies should be carried out to assess the translation of ICH names based on different models of translation quality assessment in order to standardize those names Other researchers can expand the scope of future studies to analyze names of cultural heritage in Vietnam to find out the most commonly applied translation procedures and equivalence 43 REFERENCES Books, Journals &Theses Ahmad, A G (2006) Cultural Heritage of Southeast Asia: Preservation for World Recognition, Journal of Malaysian Town Plan, Vol 03, Issue 01, January 2006 p 52-62, retrieved March 20, 2013 from http://www.hbp.usm.my/conservation/ASEANHeritage/culturalheritage.h tm Alizadeh, A (2011).Bridging cultures: Tourism and the art of translation, 2011 International Conference on Social Science and Humanity, IPEDR vol.5, IACSIT Press, Singapore Baker, M (1992) In Other Words: A Coursebook on Translation London and New York: Routledege Bassnet, S (1980) Translation Studies Reader Routledge-London and New York Catford, J.C (1965) A Linguistic Theory of Translation London: Oxford University Press Davies, E E, (2003) A Goblin or a Dirty Nose? The Translator: Studies in Intercultural Communication, p.65-100 Hartman, R R K & Stock, F C (1972) Dictionary of Language and Linguistics in Bell, R.T (1991), Translation and Translating, Longman House, J (1986) A Model for Translation Quality Assessment Tübingen: TBL Verlag Narr Larson, Mildred L (1984) Meaning – based translation University press of America 10 Lotman, J., Uspensky, B (1978) "On the Semiotic Mechanism of Culture," New Literary History, pp 211-32 11 Newmark, P (1988) A Textbook of Translation London and New York: 44 Prentice Hall International 12 Nida, E & C Taber (1969) The theory and practice of translation Leiden, E.J Brill 13 Nida, E (1964) "Principles of Correspondence." In Venuti, L The Translation Studies Reader London: Routledge 14 Terestyényi, E (2011) Translating Culture-specific Items in Tourism Brochures Retrieved March 24, 2013 from www.skase.sk/Volumes/JTI06/pdf /02.pdf 15 Wiersema, N (2004) Globalization and Translation, Translation Journal, volume 8, no 1, retrieved April 12, 2013 from http://www.bokorlang.com/journal/27liter.htm Dictionaries and Other References 16 Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary- 8th – Oxford University Press 17 Oxford Collocation Dictionary Online for Advanced English Learners http://www.ozdic.com/ 18 Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism (2012) Decision No5079/QĐBVHTTDL on the announcement of the National List of Intangible Cultural Heritage, retrieved February 10, 2013 from www.unesco.org/culture/ich/doc/download.php?versionID=19891 19 National Assembly (2001) LAW ON CULTURAL HERITAGE Retrieved March 20, 2013 from http://www.moj.gov.vn/vbpq/en/_layouts/printeng.aspx?id=9469 20 UNESCO (2003) Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage Retrieved March 20, 2013 from http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php URL_ID=17716&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html 21 UNESCO Elements on the Lists of Intangible Cultural Heritage, viewed 45 December 2012: http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&pg=00311&t opic=mp&cp=VN 22 Vietnam National Administration of Tourism.(n.d) World Heritage in Vietnam, viewed 30 November 2012: http://www.vietnamtourism.com/disan/en/index.php?catid=5 23 Vietnamplus Thirty-three intangible cultural heritages recognized Retrieved February 10, 2013 from http://en.vietnamplus.vn/Home/Thirtythree-intangible-culturalheritages-recognised/20131/30916.vnplus 24 http://www.vicas.org.vn 46 APPENDIXES Appendix 1: Names of National Intangible Cultural Heritage Items and Their Translations (from the decision of MOCST) No Vietnamese Versions English Equivalents Chữ Nôm người Dao Nôm scripts of Dao ethnic minority people Dân ca Cao Lan Cao Lan folk songs Dân ca Quan họ Bắc Ninh Quan họ Bắc Ninh folk songs Dân ca Sán Chí Sán Chí folk songs Dân ca Ví, Giặm xứ Nghệ Ví, Giặm folk songs of Nghệ region Đờn ca Tài tử Nam Bộ The art of Đờn ca tài tử in southern Việt Nam Hát Ca trù Ca tru singing Hát Xoan Phú Thọ Xoan singing of Phú Thọ Hội Gióng đền Phù Đổng Gióng festival of Phù Đổng and Sóc temples đền Sóc 10 11 Khơng gian văn hóa Cồng Space of Gong Culture in the Central chiêng Tây Nguyên Highlands of Việt Nam Lễ Bỏ mả người Raglai Bỏ mả ceremony of Raglai ethnic minority people 12 Lễ cúng thần rừng người Forest God worship ceremony of Pu Péo Pu Péo 13 14 ethnic minority people Lễ cúng tổ tiên người Lô Ancestors worship ceremony of Lô Lô Lô minority people Lễ hội Cầu ngư Khánh Hòa Cầu Ngư (Fishing praying) festival in Khánh Hòa province 15 Lễ hội Chọi trâu Đồ Sơn Đồ Sơn buffalo-fighting festival 47 16 Lễ hội Côn Sơn Côn Sơn festival 17 Lễ hội Gầu tào Gầu tào festival 18 Lễ hội Kiếp Bạc Kiếp Bạc festival 19 Lễ hội Kỳ yên đình Gia Lộc Kỳ yên festival in Gia Lộc temple 20 Lễ hội Lồng tông người Lồng Tông festival of Tày ethnic minority Tày 21 Lễ hội Nhảy lửa người Pà Fire-dancing festival of Pà Thèn ethic Thèn 22 people minority people Lễ hội Tháp Bà (Ponagar) Nha Goddess Ponagar festival in Nha Trang Trang 23 Lễ hội Thổ Hà Thổ Hà festival 24 Lễ hội Yên Thế Yên Thế festival 25 Múa rối nước Water puppet 26 Nghề làm gốm người Chăm people‟s Pottery-making Chăm 27 Nghi lễ Cấp sắc người Dao Cấp sắc ceremony of Dao ethnic minority people 28 Nghi lễ Chầu văn người Chầu văn rituals of Viet people Việt 29 Nghi lễ Then người Tày Then ceremony of Tày ethnic minority people 30 Nhã nhạc – Âm nhạc Cung Nhã nhạc-Vietnamese Court Music đình Việt Nam 31 Tín ngưỡng thờ cúng Hùng Worship of Hùng Kings in Phú Thọ Vương Phú Thọ 32 Tranh dân gian Đông Hồ Đông Hồ paintings (wood-block paintings) 33 Võ cổ truyền Bình Định Bình Định traditional material arts 48 Appendix Names of World Intangible Cultural Heritage and Their Translations Vietnamese English versions names (from (from English English English the versions versions versions the MOCST) (from MOCST) (from VNAT) (from UNESCO) Dân ca quan Quan họ Bắc Ninh họ Vietnamplus) Bắc Quan họ Bắc Quan họ Bac Bac Ninh folk Ninh folk songs Ninh folk songs Ninh folk songs songs Hát Ca trù Ca tru singing Ca trù singing Ca tru singing Ca tru (Ceremonial singing) Hát Xoan Xoan singing of Xoan singing of Xoan singing Xoan singing Phú Thọ Phú Thọ Phú Thọ in Phu Tho in province Hội Gióng Gióng festival of Gióng đền Phù Đổng Phù đền Sóc Đổng Sóc temple province Nguyên in Tây Central and of Phù Đổng in Phu Dong in Phu Dong and Sóc and Âm Soc and temples Soc temples Highlands Nhạc- Nhã the culture in the Gong Culture Gong Culture Central Vietnam Nhã province gian Space of Gong Space of Gong The Space of The Space of văn hóa Cồng Culture Chiêng Tho festival Giong festival Giong festival temples Không Phu Nhạc nhạc Vietnamese in of Highlands Central in of Highlands Vietnam - Nha Highlands of Vietnam Nhac, Nha Vietnamese 49 Central Nhac, Vietnam Royal Vietnamese Court Music Cung đình Court Music Court Music Court Music Việt Nam Tín thờ ngưỡng Worship of Hùng Worship cúng Kings in Phú Thọ Hùng Vương of Worship of The Ritual of Hùng kings in Hung kings in Worshipping Phú Thọ Phú Thọ Phu province Tho Hung Kings in Phu Province 50 Tho Appendix Names of National Intangible Cultural Heritage Items and Their Translations (From Vietnamplus) No Vietnamese version Chữ Nôm người Dao English Equivalents Chu Nom (Ancient Vietnamese script) of Dao ethnic people Dân ca Cao Lan Cao Lan folk songs Dân ca Quan họ Bắc Ninh Bac Ninh folk songs Dân ca Sán Chí San Chi folk songs Dân ca Ví, Giặm xứ Nghệ Đờn ca Tài tử Nam Bộ Ha Tinh's famous vi singing and Nghe An's Dam singing Don Ca Tai tu Nam bo (Southern amateur music) Hát Ca trù Ca Tru (Ceremonial singing) Hát Xoan Phú Thọ Xoan singing in Phu Tho province Hội Gióng đền Phù Đổng Giong festival at Phu Dong and Soc temples đền Sóc 10 11 12 13 Khơng gian văn hóa Cồng The Space of Gongs culture in the Central chiêng Tây Nguyên Highlands of Vietnam Lễ Bỏ mả người Raglai The “leaving the tomb” ceremony of Raglai people Lễ cúng thần rừng người The Forest God Worship of Pu Peo ethnic Pu Péo people Lễ cúng tổ tiên người Lô The ancestor worship of Lo Lo people Lô 14 Lễ hội Cầu ngư Khánh Hòa The Fish Worshipping Festival in central 51 Khanh Hoa province 15 Lễ hội Chọi trâu Đồ Sơn The Do Son Buffalo Fighting Festival 16 Lễ hội Côn Sơn The Con Son Festival 17 Lễ hội Gầu tào The Gau Tao Festival 18 Lễ hội Kiếp Bạc The Kiep Bac Festival 19 Lễ hội Kỳ yên đình Gia The Ky Yen Festival in the Gia Loc Lộc Communal House Lễ hội Lồng tông người The Long Tong Festival of Tay ethnic Tày people Lễ hội Nhảy lửa người Pà The Fire Jumping Festival of Pa Then Thẻn people Lễ hội Tháp Bà (Ponagar) Nha The Ponagar Festival in Nha Trang city of Trang central Khanh Hoa province 23 Lễ hội Thổ Hà Tho Ha Festivals 24 Lễ hội Yên Thế Yen The Festivals 25 Múa rối nước Water puppet 26 Nghề làm gốm người The ceramics of Cham ethnic people 20 21 22 Chăm Nghi lễ Cấp sắc người The “ Cap Sac ” – a ritual to recognise a Dao mature Dao ethnic man Nghi lễ Chầu văn người The Chau van or hau dong ritual of Viet Việt people 29 Nghi lễ Then người Tày The Then ritual of Tay ethnic people 30 Nhã Nhạc- Âm nhạc Cung Vietnam Royal Court Music 27 28 đình Việt Nam 31 Tín ngưỡng thờ cúng Hùng The ritual of worshipping Hung Kings in Vương Phú Thọ Phu Tho province 52 32 Tranh dân gian Đông Hồ Dong Ho folk paintings 33 Võ cổ truyền Bình Định The Binh Dinh traditional martial arts 53 ... Highlands Vietnam Vietnam Ca tru singing Ca trù singing Highlands of Vietnam Ca tru singing Ca tru (Ceremonial singing) Hát Xoan Xoan singing of Xoan singing of Xoan singing Xoan singing Phú Thọ... the names of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Vietnam?  What are the existing problems regarding inconsistency in translating names of Intangible Cultural Heritage into English given by the Ministry... transference combining literal translation proved to be the prevailing procedures in rendering names of intangible cultural heritage into English The names of intangible cultural heritage in Vietnam comprise