Baker’s idiom translation strategies in translating english idioms into vietnamese a case study of to kill a mockingbird

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI University of Languages and international Studies FACULTY OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHER EDUCATION Graduation paper Baker’s idiom translation strategies in translating English idioms into Vietnamese: a case study of “TO KILL A MOCKINGBIRD” supervisor: MS NGO HA THU (MCS) student: VUONG THU HANG year of enrolment: 2009 Hanoi, May 2013 ĐẠI HỌC QUỐC GIA HÀ NỘI TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC NGOẠI NGỮ KHOA SƯ PHẠM TIẾNG ANH KHOÁ LUẬN TỐT NGHIỆP CHIẾN LƯỢC DỊCH THÀNH NGỮ THEO BAKER ĐƯỢC ÁP DỤNG TRONG DỊCH ANH-VIỆT CÁC THÀNH NGỮ TRONG TÁC PHẨM “GIẾT CON CHIM NHẠI” Giáo viên hướng dẫn: ThS Ngơ Hà Thu Sinh viên: Vương Thu Hằng Khố: QH2009 HÀ NỘI – NĂM 2013 ACCEPTANCE I hereby state that I, Vuong Thu Hang, QH.2009.F.1.E.25, being a candidate for the degree of Bachelor of Arts (TEFL) accept the requirements of the University relating to the retention and use of Bachelor’s Graduation Paper deposited in the library In terms of these conditions, I agree that the origin of my paper deposited in the library should be accessible for the purposes of study and research, in accordance with the normal conditions established by the librarian for the care, loan or reproduction of the paper Vuong Thu Hang 25th April 2013 i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In the first place, I would like to express sincere thanks for the Translation and Interpreting Division, Faculty of English Language Teacher Education, University of Languages and International Studies for providing me with useful knowledge, instructions and materials about translation studies Next, I feel profoundly grateful to my supervisor, Ms Ngo Ha Thu, who enthusiastically offered support and encouragement that helped me surmount difficulties Without her valuable contributive advice, this study could not have been completed Besides, my heartfelt thanks are given to my classmates from class QH.2009.F.1.E.25 for always standing side by side with me and urged me on throughout the research period I genuinely appreciate the support and constant encouragement Also, I am much obliged to other fellow friends of mine Thanks to their positive suggestions and encouragement, I could possibly gain great inspirations Their provision of rare and precious reference materials was real help to me Ultimately, I am deeply indebted to my family for their wholehearted spiritual and financial support Thanks to them, I could maintain high motivation and study in favorable conditions ii ABSTRACT Idioms, complicated linguistic units of a language, often created considerable difficulties for translators The study was undertaken to illuminate this linguistic phenomenon and to explore strategies that were implemented by Pham Viem Phuong and Huynh Kim Oanh in their translation of English idioms in the novel To Kill a Mockingbird The most and least frequently used translation strategies were ascertained Whereby, suggestions on applicable strategies of translating idioms from English into Vietnamese were provided Both qualitative and quantitative methods were utilized in this case study The chosen subjects went through the research process including two major procedures, data collection and data analysis First, English idioms and Vietnamese translations were extracted and listed on a table In the procedure of analysis, English idioms‟ type was determined, and translation strategies were identified Next, the strategies were calculated The most and least frequently used ones could be seen clearly through it The findings of the study showed that idioms in the novel appear most commonly in the form of a verbal phrase, noun phrase and binomial Most importantly, the study pointed out that among five strategies comprising exact equivalence, reduction, paraphrase and literal, the third one was most preferred by the translators The study includes a broad theoretical background that can be a good reference for anyone who is interested and for those who find that idioms and idiom translation are complicated and difficult It does not only imply translation strategies to cope with the problems related to idiom translation but also is a source of inspirations for further research iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACCEPTANCE i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii ABSTRACT iii LIST OF TABLES, FIGURES, AND ABBREVIATIONS vi CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Statement of the problem and rationale for the study 1.2 Aims and objectives of the study 1.3 Significance of the study 1.4 Scope of the study 1.5 Organisation CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 English idioms 2.1.1 Concept of idiom 2.1.2 Classification 2.1.3 Characteristics 14 2.2 Translation 16 2.3 Idiom translation 17 2.3.1 Difficulties in translating idioms 17 2.3.2 Idiom translation strategies 19 2.3.3 Review of previous studies 21 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY 23 3.1 Research subjects 23 3.2 Procedure of data collection 23 3.3 Procedure of data analysis 24 iv CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 26 4.1 Findings 26 4.2 Implications 34 4.3 Application 36 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION 38 5.1 Summary of findings 38 5.2 Limitations 39 5.3 Suggestions for further research 40 REFERENCES 41 APPENDIX 43 v LIST OF TABLES, FIGURES, AND ABBREVIATIONS List of abbreviations SL: Source language TL: Target language List of tables Table 4.1: Frequency and percentage of English-Vietnamese translation strategies of idioms in “To kill a mockingbird” Table 4.2: Examples of English idioms translated into Vietnamese with the strategy of paraphrase by Pham Viem Phuong and Huynh Kim Oanh List of figures Figure 2.1: Seidl and McMordie‟s classification of English idioms Figure 2.2: Categories of binomial Figure 2.3: Idioms originating from other languages Figure 2.4: Translation strategies of idioms Figure 4: Percentage of each strategy used in translation of idioms appearing in “To kill a mockingbird” from English into Vietnamese vi CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION In this first chapter, the research statement is made, and simultaneously the rationale for the study is clarified The objectives of finding out the idioms appearing in the research subject and analyzing the most and least frequently used idiom translation strategies are declared Furthermore, the research has great importance, which is proven fully Finally, the scope and the design of the study are shown 1.1 Statement of the problem and rationale for the study In the present era of globalization and integration, translation has become increasingly significant in various areas in countries across the world because it is necessary for people to cross the language barrier in order to successfully communicate with one another That task of translation has never been easy due to many factors including complicated linguistic patterns among which are idioms, which are words or phrases whose meaning cannot be referred from their constituents Langlotz said: “Idioms are peculiar linguistic constructions that have raised many eyebrows in linguistics and often confuse newcomers to a language” (2006, p 1) Therefore, idioms and the translation strategies of them should be studied so that translators can produce a prime translation It is exactly the case of English language, which contains thousands of idioms (Wright, 2002, p 3) Michael Swan (2005, p 232) says: “Idioms […] are common in all kinds of English, formal and informal, spoken and written.” It is claimed by O‟Dell and McCarthy (2010) that it is necessary for one to be able to understand a variety of idioms if s/he wishes to read English materials such as newspapers and to comprehend shows and films on TV (p 6) They also emphasize that we “will see and hear idioms in all sorts of speaking and writing” and that “idioms are also used in more formal contexts” (p 8) To correctly understand and render English, translators should never ignore idioms but pay attention to this area carefully, especially the techniques to deal with it However, it is not simple to tackle English idioms in translation To be able to recognize and then to translate them are normally difficult to translators for their usually fixed form and their meaning which cannot be referred from the components of the whole idioms themselves This obstacle is more challenging to students majoring in translation due to the fact that they not have many opportunities to translate, which leads to that they less regularly face idioms When encountering unfamiliar idioms, students may interpret them on their own view and translate them in their own way Given that English idioms are important part of English language, and translators, especially students majoring in translation may face difficulties in idiom translation as well as that the researcher is personally interested in the field and would like to boost my translation skills, the researcher has decided to carry out the research Baker’s Idiom Translation Strategies in Translating English Idioms into Vietnamese: a Case Study of “To Kill a Mockingbird” focusing on finding out the strategies used by the two translators, Pham Viem Phuong and Huynh Kim Oanh, who translated the book into Vietnamese, when they deal with English idioms to contribute to eventually suggesting strategies to cope with the English-Vietnamese idiom translation for any translators and people in needs 1.2 Aims and objectives of the study Regarding the research objectives, this study has been set out to investigate what Baker‟s translation strategies of English idioms that were employed by the translators when translating the Pulitzer-winning book “To kill a mockingbird”, which is bound with idioms, so as to know which translation strategies were applied the most and least frequently Whether the motif of idiom translation strategies offered by Mona Baker (1992) work with the English-Vietnamese translation of idioms appearing in the novel is another objective of the research Whereby, suggestions on the strategies to translate English idioms into Vietnamese are offered To accomplish the above aims, the study tried to address the following research questions: 1992, p 68) Eventually, the translators chose to preserve the semantic sense of the idiom Another similar case is the translation of “counting his chickens” The phrase originates from the popular proverb “Don’t count your chickens before they’re hatched”, which means that one should not be sure of things that has not happened yet In the last sentence finishing the 17th chapter of the novel “To kill a mockingbird”, Lee (1960) wrote that “I thought Jem was counting his chickens” (p 238) The translators translated it into “Tôi nghĩ Jem đếm gà.”, and they did not forget to make a foot note to clarify that it meant the character “I” thought that Jem was too confident about an uncertain thing Therefore, it could be concluded that the translators intentionally applied the literal translation strategy to deal with the English proverb Omission/Compensation Omission or compensation is the only strategy that was not utilized to translate English idioms in the novel into Vietnamese This strategy stated by Baker (1992) It allows translators to leave idioms which it is impossible to render Newmark (1998) did not mention this strategy in his three idiom translation strategies In translation, it is no doubt that every translator tries their best to seek equivalent to be able to translate without adding meaning to, omitting ideas from or changing the meaning of the source text Pham Viem Phuong and Huynh Kim Oanh did not have to use this last resort They managed to translate English idioms into Vietnamese with the above translation strategies Therefore, omission with its zero percentage of usage frequency is not presented on the above graph of idiom translation strategies Research question 3: To what extent are Baker’s idiom translation strategies applicable in Pham Viem Phuong and Huynh Kim Oanh’s translation of English idioms in “To kill a mockingbird” into Vietnamese? Baker (1992) has built up a system of idiom translation strategies to help translators deal with the difficulties of the task The suggested strategies consist of four ones: exact equivalence, reduction, paraphrase and omission As can be 32 seen through the results of the research, three out of four strategies were utilized by the translators Omission was not chosen to translate any English idiom appearing in the novel by Pham Viem Phuong and Huynh Kim Oanh It somewhat implies that the translators, just like most of other translators, did not want to cut any message conveyed in the original work The case of omission revealed that the idiom translation strategy system of Baker (1992) is not always suitable to be utilized in translation of idioms from English into Vietnamese In addition, exact equivalence was not popularly used either Only the English idiom “born and bred” was translated in this way To find out a perfectly equivalent idiom in Vietnamese seems really challenging Exact equivalence is such an extreme strategy as omission As for reduction, this strategy accounted for only 5% of frequency It means that the translators did not use this strategy much to deal with idioms, or it was not appropriate to be used for the majority of the English idioms in the novel “To kill a mockingbird” Nonetheless, in contrast with the situation happening to the three above strategies, paraphrase showed that Baker‟s system of translation strategies was applicable to a great extent Paraphrase was utilized most frequently with up to 46 out of 57 idioms translated this way After analyzing the idiom translation strategies used by the translators to translate the English idioms in the novel, the researcher got the result that Pham Viem Phuong and Huynh Kim Oanh had to make use of a strategy that was not mentioned in the system of idiom translation strategies created by Baker (1992) That strategy turned out to be “literal translation”, one of three strategies suggested by Newmark (1998) Briefly, Mona Baker‟s system of idiom translation strategies proved to be applicable to the translation of idioms from English into Vietnamese in the case of the novel “To kill a mockingbird” and its translated version, especially the strategy of paraphrase 33 At large, it was calculated that there are 57 English idioms in the novel “To kill a mockingbird”, and all of them were translated into Vietnamese by Pham Viem Phuong and Huynh Kim Oanh in their translation “Giết chim nhại” Those idioms are of different categories produced in the classification of O‟Dell and McCarthy (2010) Idioms as trinomial, euphemism and borrowings from French or Latin could not be found existing in the novel The translators employed all the strategies of exact equivalence, reduction, paraphrase and literal translation to cope with English idioms appearing in the novel Most of idioms were translated by having their meaning paraphrased in Vietnamese whilst merely one idiom could possibly be rendered into an exact equivalence Noticeably, no idiom was omitted during the process of translation 4.2 Implications Based on the results of the study, it is implied that in translation, there are many challenges such as the translation of idioms To perform the task well, translator should equip themselves with adequate knowledge on translation theory and enhance their foreign language using competent, especially knowledge about idioms What‟s more, it is necessary to understanding cultural differences Above all, the study suggests the recommended strategies to tackle the task of translating idioms Just like other fields, translation has developed into a broad area in which there are existing issues and challenges, among which the difficulties in translation, especially translating idioms are Idioms are a special linguistic phenomenon An idiom is a phrase combined from different words, but the meaning cannot be grasped by blending its individuals‟ meaning Without certain understanding about such linguistic units, translators cannot work out the message that they need to convey into the target language Furthermore, the requirements for translators are not restricted at knowing profoundly the knowledge about the source language idioms, but they also include the requisite of having broad understanding of the target language idioms 34 It is worth noticing that even a native speaker cannot know all the idioms existing in their mother tongue; therefore, translators, besides enhancing their understanding about the linguistic phenomenon, should simultaneously revise their knowledge about translation studies, particularly translation strategies of idioms In the motif of idiom translation strategies that the study took as its theoretical foundation, there are even the strategies of literal translation and omission It means in the cases when there is no other choice better, translators are advised to translate literally or omit the idioms as long as doing so does not result in too significant difference between the original text and the translated version Knowing in advance these techniques could help translators overcome the difficulties in translating idioms more easily In addition, cultural differences should be taken into account in idiom translation As Baker (1992) has stated, there may not be equivalent idioms in the target language, and even if there is, the pragmatic function of the translated idiom and the original one may differ, which means the translated idiom cannot be used though it is available (pp 68-71) All of those hindrances roots from cultural differences Idioms are widely considered as culture-bound items Being wellaware of cultural discrepancies may help translators know whether an idiom is suitable to use or not to guarantee the quality and the style of translation Last but not least, the findings of the study imply that to translate English idioms into Vietnamese, paraphrasing is recommended Pham Viem Phuong and Huynh Kim Oanh managed to translate the classic novel of the American modern literature mainly using the idiom translation strategy of paraphrase This strategy is applicable to a variety of types of idioms Also, omission is not recommended but translators should use it only when it is the last resort or when even the strategy of literal translation does not work In short, idiom translation is a tough task that can be dealt with by applying suitable strategies, in which paraphrase is the most predominant To be able to find out an exact equivalent idiom is ideal; however, successful cases are rare Translators should improve themselves in terms of knowledge about translation 35 theories, idioms in both the source language and the target language and their related aspects such as culture and choose proper idiom translation strategies to be able to perform well their task 4.3 Application The study has its own significance It has touched on the theory of English idioms, translation in general and idiom translation strategies in particular Its research subject is the novel often appearing in the curriculum of schools in the United States There is no doubt that the findings of the study can be of helpfulness and consequently of wide application The study could be considered as a lucrative source of knowledge about English idioms for everyone who is interested in the field This study has reviewed many works writing about English idioms It has analyzed and synthesized different theories having been built over the last time Language learners can find a lot of information related to English idioms in here, from their definition, their characteristics to their classification There are many examples of idiom in this study as well Even to people who not care about translation but just English idioms, it still yields obvious practical benefits Besides providing a specific reference to knowledge on English idioms, the study is also a reference source of translation theories The study‟s findings are recommended translation strategies for people facing difficulties coping with idioms All of the strategies have been drawn up based on theories extracted from authentic works of prestigious scholars in the area of translation The development of translation definition through time and comparisons and contrasts between different systems of idiom translation strategies, all of them have been presented clearly and profoundly on this study When having to research these theories, other researchers will not have to refer to many books that were used in the process of conducting this study if they have this study on hand Students who are still puzzled by idioms when translating them may find out resolutions after reading this study The applicable idiom translation strategies are also available under the form of 36 visual charts, which may boost students‟ acquisition of knowledge and translation competence In addition, though it is not a major aim of the study, contribution to the discovery of the beauty of the literary work “To kill a mockingbird” is still worth mentioning This novel ranked the top place at the chart of “books adults should read before they die” according to an article written by Michelle Pauli on the Guardian, a prestigious newspaper of the United Kingdom The idioms appearing in the novel somewhat make it difficult to read Bookworms and literature lovers may check this study to seek for help with the explanations to some idioms so that their reading will be more enjoyable Last but not least, the study can be used as a material in translation training at the university The study has pointed out that there has been insufficient research done on English-Vietnamese idiom translation strategies such as the ones in the system built by Baker (1992) If the theory on this problem is more extensively exploited in the future, it may make the most of the value of this study The theoretical foundation that the study reviewed may be used for teaching The list of idioms can be made use of in designing activities contributing to empowering students‟ linguistic and translation capacities In brief, the study is of potential wide application The findings of the study could be utilized in various activities of researching, self-studying, teaching and training It can be a trustworthy reference, in which there are critical analyses and logic syntheses on linguistic and translational theories related to idioms, for researchers, scholars, lecturers, students and anyone who are interested On the whole, this chapter has provided the findings of the study Its key results on idioms appearing in the research subjects and strategies to translating them have been clearly presented In addition, further discussions on the implications and applications of the study have also been developed 37 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION This chapter aims to summarize primary results of the whole study Also, the limitations of this research are elucidated Finally, recommendations and suggestions for further research are provided 5.1 Summary of findings First and foremost, the study reviewed significant theories on idioms and highlighted the most typical aspects about them Idioms are complex linguistic units, but they are very popular in English They are phrases made up from individual words and normally have fixed form and figurative meaning that cannot be referred from the sum of their constituents‟ meaning There were many efforts to categorize idioms Each classification was based on different criteria Idioms could be divided into many groups such as verbal phrases, prepositional phrases, proverbs, similes, binomials, trinomials, etc Next, the study also came up with a system of idiom translation strategies Mainly based on Baker‟s motif of idiom translation strategies (1992), the study, after comparing and contrasting different system of idiom translation strategies, pointed out five strategies, fourth of which were adopted from Baker‟s motif (1992) They are exact equivalence, reduction, paraphrase, literary translation and omission One of the key findings of the research is the discovery of idioms used in the novel “To kill a mockingbird” There are up to 57 idioms in the novel They vary in their types The majority of idioms have the form of a verbal phrase Idioms as proverbs, similes and clichés are rarely found in the book, but they still exist Only idioms as euphemisms, trinomials and idioms originating from other languages are absent Another main result of the study is about finding out the strategies that Pham Viem Phuong and Huynh Kim Oanh used to translate the English idioms that had been identified and extracted from the novel “To kill a mocking bird” before It was shown that among five idiom translation strategies that are exact equivalence, reduction, paraphrase, literary translation and omission, only the former four 38 strategies were used by the translators to deal with the English idioms Paraphrase appeared to be the most frequently used strategy above all with the frequency percentage of 81% It was followed by literary translation, which was used to translate out of the total of 57 idioms Exact equivalence accounted for the lowest frequency proportion, which is only 2%, because there was only one idiom translated in this way The study showed that omission was not chosen by the translators In summary, after the research process, the results on English idioms, idiom translation strategies and most importantly the findings about the case study of translating English idioms in “To kill a mockingbird” into Vietnamese were produced The novel contains a lot of idioms of various types except for euphemism, trinomial and idioms originating from other languages To translate them, the translator couple Pham Viem Phuong and Huynh Kim Oanh applied all of strategies described in Baker‟s motif of idiom translation strategies (1992) apart from omission They also utilized literary translation, which was adopted from Newmark‟s strategies (1998) That exact equivalence was the least frequently used while paraphrase was the most frequently used best reflects how difficult the task of translating idioms is and also implies the resolution to the problem 5.2 Limitations Due to limited time and resources, the study could not help having certain limitations Those shortcomings include the limitation of research subject, lack of generalization of the strategies applicable to each category of idioms and finally the possibility that some idioms may not be detected during the data collection procedure Firstly, the study was just able to examine English idioms in one source, which is the novel “To kill a mockingbird” That resulted in that the number of idioms that were involved in the study was not abundant In fact, there were only 57 idioms found in the novel If there had been more idioms to check the way they were translated into Vietnamese, the results and implications of the study would be better supported 39 Next, resulting from the first limitation, the study could not generalize the translation strategies for each type of idioms on account of their modest number Some category of idiom has just one illustration For example, in the case of simile with one idiom appearing in the novel, it was not sufficient to draw a conclusion on the recommended translation strategy should be used to render the idioms belong to this group It would have been ideal if the research was capable of doing so Ultimately, though the researcher tried to collect all the idioms appearing in the book “To kill a mockingbird”, there is still a possibility that some idioms were not detected The researcher has tried her best to examine the whole book by reading carefully page by page However, it is not cent per cent sure that no mistake was made 5.3 Suggestions for further research The area of idiom translation strategies is an interesting and quite fertile field for research A lot of researchers tried to classify idioms Examination of different classification systems of English idioms may be a good way to research Besides Baker‟s motif of translation strategies (1992) and Newmark‟s one (1998), there must have been some others that have not been researched People who are interested may conduct research on them to help deal with difficulties in translating idioms Besides, the limitations of the current study may be great suggestions for further studies Research can be implemented on the strategies exclusively applicable to each type of idiom Also, Baker‟s motif (1992) can be examined with a subject different from the novel “To kill a mockingbird” Overall, this chapter has drawn a conclusion of the most important things about the research The main findings of the research have been highlighted in brief Besides, the limitations of the study are exposed as well Eventually, the conclusion chapter also suggests different ways to exploit the study for further research 40 REFERENCES Baker, M (1992) In Other Words: A Course Book on Translation London and New York: Routledge Cambridge Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary (2008) Cambridge University Press Cullen, K., Hands, P., McGovern, U & Wright, J (2000) A Guide to Idioms Edinburgh: Chamber Harrap Publisher Khosravi, S & Khatib, M (2012) Strategies Used in Translation of English Idioms into Persian in Novels Theory and Practice in Language Studies, (9), 1854-1859 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.4304/tpls.2.9.1854-1859 Langlotz, A (2006) Idiomatic Creativity: A Cognitive-Linguistic Model of IdiomRepresentation and Idiom-Variation in English Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company Le, H.T & Nguyen, N.B (2008) Translation Theory Hanoi Lee, H (1960) To Kill a Mockingbird New York: Grand Central Publishing Moon, R (1988) Fixed Expressions and Idioms in English: A Corpus-Based Approach New York: Oxford University Press Munday, J (2001) Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications New York: Routledge Newmark, P (1998) More Paragraphs on Translation Clevedon: Multilingual matters Ltd Nguyen, B.T.G (2001) A Study on the Translation of Idioms in Some Vietnamese Short Stories into English Nguyen, T.X.P (2006) Translation Methods of English Idioms through EnglishVietnamese Idioms Dictionaries O‟Dell, F & McCarthy, M (2002) English Idioms in Use Cambridge: Cambridge University Press O‟Dell, F & McCarthy, M (2010) English Idioms in Use Advanced Cambridge: Cambridge Univeristy Press 41 Pauli, M (2006, March 2) Harper Lee tops librarians' must-read list The Guardian Retrieved from http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2006/mar/02/news.michellepauli Philip, G (2007) Idioms Malmkjaer, K (Ed.), In: The Linguistics Encyclopedia London: Routledge Seild, J & McMoride, W (1988).English Idioms New York: Oxford University Press Swan, M (2005) Pragtical English Usage New York: Oxford University Press Truong, T.N (2012) A Study on Meanings of the Word “Money” in English Idioms Wright, J (2002) Idioms Organizer Organized by Metaphor, Topic and Key Word Boston: Thomson Heinle Press 42 APPENDIX English idioms in “To kill a mockingbird” and their translation English Idiom (Fight) tooth and nail (He had) seen the light (Related) by blood (Starting off) on the wrong foot (To drag someone/something) into the limelight (To have) a slow fuse (Traveled) in state Acid tongue in her head Group Binomial Vietnamese Translation Translation Strategy Chiến đấu sống mái với Verb+Complement Trở nên sùng đạo Prepositional phrase Prepositional phrase Prepositional phrase Noun phrase Prepositional phrase Noun phrase Có quan hệ họ hàng Reduction Paraphrase Paraphrase Trong chuyện em khởi đầu Paraphrase hỏng bét (Lơi ai/cái gì) a trước cơng chúng Là ngịi nổ chậm Paraphrase Literal translation (Du lịch) tư người giàu có Paraphrase cao sang Cơ có giọng lưỡi cay độc Paraphrase All of a sudden Cliché Bất ngờ Paraphrase As sure as eggs Simile Chắc chắn Paraphrase Paraphrase Bit by bit Binomial Từ từ Born and bred Binomial Sinh lớn lên Bought cotton Verb+Complement Mua vải (ám khơng làm Exact equivalence Literal translation 43 nghề gì) Bound and determined Binomials Quyết chí khẳng định Paraphrase Chấp thuận điều Bowed to the inevitable Verb+Complement tránh Paraphrase khỏi Break camp Verb+Complement Dẹp trò chơi Counting his chickens (Don‟t count your chickens before they‟re Đang đếm gà (quá Proverb truyện chưa xảy ra) hatched) Drew a bead on him Verb+Complement Established a line Verb+Complement Get Miss Maudie's goat Verb+Complement Give up Had it coming to him Phrasal verb High and mighty Binomials Honest day‟s work Compound In a pig‟s ear (you did) Tôi nhắm kỹ vào Tạo dựng dịng họ Đang chọc tức Maudie Bỏ ý định Verb+Complement Nếu có ý Have your tail in a crack Verb+Complement I‟ll tan you tin vào Verb+Complement Prepositional phrase Bị kẹt đuôi khe nứt Cao cấp quyền hành Lao động ngày lương thiện Bố cho tụi ăn địn (Mày) làm thứ rối tung lên Paraphrase Literal translation Paraphrase Paraphrase Paraphrase Paraphrase Paraphrase Literal translation Paraphrase Paraphrase Paraphrase Paraphrase 44 In the pitch dark It‟s never entered that wool of hers Keep us in fits (that evening) Prepositional phrase Noun phrase Verb+Complement Tối hũ nút Cô ta không hiểu Làm chúng tơi cười suốt tối Made a pile Verb+Complement Kiếm tiền Mind his own business Verb+Complement Money changed hands (in this transaction) My stars! On tenterhooks Reduce Dracula to dust Set my teeth permanently on edge Son of a bitch Stood as much guff about Take a broad view of the thing Tell on someone Till I was blue in the Hãy lo chuyện Reduction Paraphrase Paraphrase Paraphrase Paraphrase Hẳn anh Compound tiền (trong phi vụ Paraphrase này) Cliché Prepositional phrase Verb+Complement Verb+Complement Noun phrase Trời đất! Reduction Lòng bồn chồn Paraphrase Kể rốt hết phim Dracula Gây phiền hà cho Đồ chó đẻ Paraphrase Paraphrase Literal translation Có lẽ chịu đựng Verb+Complement nhiều lời đồn đại Paraphrase ngốc nghếch Có nhìn Verb+Complement bao qt việc Paraphrase Verb+Complement Mách Compound Đã cố Paraphrase Paraphrase 45 face To fight the good fight To give the lie to something To have blind spots To have 'druthers To live as guests of the county To look daggers at somebody Verb+Complement Verb+Complement Noun phrase giáo Cho thấy khơng sai Có thành kiến Verb+Complement Nếu chọn Verb+Complement Verb+Complement Sống dựa vào trợ cấp hạt Nhìn sắc lẻm vào Verb+Complement (của quyền Took advantage of me Verb+Complement Hãm hiếp Took his time about it Verb+Complement Prepositional phrase Khá thong thả việc Lên thượng nguồn Đi đứng cẩn Walked on eggs Verb+Complement Wear us out Verb+Complement Phạt When the chips are down Paraphrase Paraphrase Paraphrase Paraphrase Paraphrase Paraphrase tiểu bang) of state) Up the creek Paraphrase Cải thiện hiệu To scrape a few barnacles off (the ship Trợ giúp truyền Compound When their time came Compound Worrying another bone Verb+Complement thận Vào lúc khó khăn Khi họ đến kỳ kinh nguyệt Còn ưu tư cục xương khác Paraphrase Paraphrase Literal translation Paraphrase Paraphrase Paraphrase Paraphrase Literal translation 46 ... English- Vietnamese translation strategies of idioms in ? ?To kill a mockingbird? ?? Table 4.2: Examples of English idioms translated into Vietnamese with the strategy of paraphrase by Pham Viem Phuong and... most dominant idiom translation strategy the translators used to render English idioms in the novel ? ?To kill a mockingbird? ?? into Vietnamese Up to 46 out of the total of 57 idioms appearing in the... Mona Baker‟s system of idiom translation strategies proved to be applicable to the translation of idioms from English into Vietnamese in the case of the novel ? ?To kill a mockingbird? ?? and its translated