A contrastive analysis on lexical cohesive devices used in business news on english and vietnamese online newspapers

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HA NOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST - GRADUATE STUDIES -*** - PHẠM THỊ TỐ LOAN A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS ON LEXICAL COHESIVE DEVICES USED IN BUSINESS NEWS ON ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE ONLINE NEWSPAPERS (PHÂN TÍCH ĐỐI CHIẾU CÁC PHƯƠNG TIỆN LIÊN KẾT TỪ VỰNG TRONG TIN TỨC KINH TẾ TRÊN CÁC BÁO ĐIỆN TỬ TIẾNG ANH VÀ TIẾNG VIỆT) M.A MINOR PROGRAMME THESIS Field: English Linguistics Code: 60.22.02.01 HA NOI, 2014 VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HA NOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST - GRADUATE STUDIES -*** - PHẠM THỊ TỐ LOAN A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS ON LEXICAL COHESIVE DEVICES USED IN BUSINESS NEWS ON ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE ONLINE NEWSPAPERS (PHÂN TÍCH ĐỐI CHIẾU CÁC PHƯƠNG TIỆN LIÊN KẾT TỪ VỰNG TRONG TIN TỨC KINH TẾ TRÊN CÁC BÁO ĐIỆN TỬ TIẾNG ANH VÀ TIẾNG VIỆT) M.A MINOR PROGRAMME THESIS Field: English Linguistics Code: 60.22.02.01 Supervisor: Dr Ngô Tự Lập HA NOI, 2014 CERTIFICATION OF ORIGINALITY I hereby certify that the thesis entitled “A Contrastive Analysis on Lexical Cohesive Devices Used in Business News on English and Vietnamese Online Newspapers” is my own study in the fulfillment of the requirement for the Degree of Master of Arts at Faculty of Post-Graduate Studies, University of Languages and International Studies, Vietnam National University, Hanoi Hanoi, 2014 Phạm Thị Tố Loan i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Dr Ngô Tự Lập for his profound knowledge, constant encouragement and invaluable advice without which the study would not have been possible My heartfelt thanks also go to my colleagues at Vietnam University of Commerce for their substantial help and unconditional support I especially owe a debt of gratitude to my adorable son, my caring husband, and my thoughtful parents who give me ample inspiration, strength and willpower in the completion of my thesis Lastly, my gratefulness is also extended to linguists in reference section whose ideas and viewpoints significantly enlighten me and lead me to the right track ii ABSTRACTS The purpose of this study is to work towards the similarities and differences between lexical cohesive devices used in business news on English and Vietnamese online newspapers With this aim, 30 news items are taken from prestigious websites, such as BBC, CNN, Vneconomy, Cafef for calculating, synthesizing and analyzing the use of lexical cohesive devices in both languages The result shows that the repetition proves to be the most effective and predominant device in both English and Vietnamese news It is also revealed that the Adjective+Noun collocation in English news appears to exert its dominance over Vietnamese one However, Vietnamese news has the tendency to use the largest portion of Noun+Noun pattern among all types of collocation The results will facilitate English majors to write cohesive essays and produce accurate translation between English and Vietnamese news Additionally, the study also put forth some suggestions for further research in the future It is hoped that the findings and implications for learning and teaching English in this thesis will ensure a surefire success for English majors in the pursuit of advanced English iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgment ………………………………………………………………… ii Abstract……………………………………………………………………… ….iii Tables of contents ………………………………………………………….…… iv List of Abbreviations ………………………………………………….……… vi List of tables …………………………… …………………………………… vii List of figures…………………………………………………… …………… viii PART A: INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………1 Rationale …………………………………………………………………… …1 Aims of the study……………………………………………………………… Research questions of the study………………………………………….……….2 Scope of the study ……………………………………………………… ………3 Methods of the study …………………………………………………….…….…3 Design of the study …………………………………………………………… PART B: DEVELOPMENT ………………………………………… ……… …5 CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW…………………………………………5 1.1 Cohesion……………………………………………………………………… 1.1.1 The concept of cohesion…………………………………………… … 1.1.2 Cohesion vs Coherence………………………………………………….6 1.1.3 Types of cohesion……………………………………………………….6 1.1.4 Lexical cohesion……………………………………………………… 1.1.4.1 Reiteration…………………………………………………………… 1.1.4.2 Collocation……………………………………………………… ….11 1.2 Online newspapers……………………………………………………… … 12 1.2.1.Definition of online newspaper…………………………………………12 1.2.2 Features of online newspapers…………………………………………13 1.3 News ………………………………………………………………………… 14 1.3.1 Definition………………………………………………………………14 1.3.2 Characteristics of news……………………………………………… 15 1.3.3 Business news………………………………………………………….15 1.4 Related studies…………………………………………………………….….16 CHAPTER 2: RESEARCH METHOD…………………………………… ….18 iv 2.1 The subjects of the study………………………………………… …….18 2.2 Methodology………………………………………………… …… ….22 CHAPTER 3: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ………………… …… ……23 3.1 Frequency of using lexical cohesive devices in English and Vietnamese online newspapers ……………………………………………………… ….22 3.1.1 Reiteration………….…………………………………………… ….23 3.1.2 Collocation…………………………………………………… …….25 3.2 Similarities and differences in the use of lexical cohesive devices in business news on English and Vietnamese online newspapers.……… ……28 3.2.1 Similarities……………………………………………… ……… ….28 3.2.2 Differences…………………………………………… ……… …….32 PART C: CONCLUSION……………………………………………….… …….35 Recapitulation ………………………………………… ……… …… ……35 Implications…………………………………………………………………….37 Limitations of the study…………………………….………………………….38 Suggestions for further research…………………………………… ……….39 REFERENCES …………………………………………………… …………….40 APPENDICES v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS BNE: Business news in English BNVN: Business news in Vietnamese V+N: Verb+Noun Adj+N: Adjective+Noun N+V: Noun+Verb N+N: Noun+Noun Adj+N: Adjective+Noun Adv+Adj: Adverb+Adjective V+Adv: Verb+Adverb vi LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1: Type of Cohesion……………………………………………… Table 1.2: Grammatical and Lexical Cohesion…………………………… Table 2.1: List of business news on English online newspapers………… 19 Table 2.2: List of business news on Vienamese online newspapers……… 21 Table 3.1: The frequency of reiteration in business news on Vietnamese 23 online newspapers………………………………………………………… Table 3.2: The frequency of reiteration in business news on English online 24 newspapers………………………………………………………………… Table 3.3: The frequency of reiteration in business news on English and 24 Vietnamese online newspaper……………………………………………… Table 3.4: The frequency of collocation in business news on English 26 online newspapers………………………………………………………… Table 3.5: The frequency of collocation in business news on English 27 online newspapers………………………………………………………… Table 3.6: The frequency of collocation in business news on English and Vietnamese online newspapers…………………………………………… vii 27 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: Logos of some prestigious English online newspapers 12 Figure 1.2: Logos of some famous Vietnamese online newspapers 13 viii Synonym Near synonym Superodinate 10 11 12 13 14 0 15 Nhà máy lọc dầu Triệu tấn/năm Mở rộng Vốn Dự án Đầu tư Công ty Phương án Công suất 10 3 4 4 0 Nợ: nợ vay ngắn hạn, nợ vay dài hạn 15 Total BNVN13: VST: chưa hạch tốn 51 tỷ đồng chi phí lãi vay, tháng lỗ ròng 63,6 tỷ đồng Words Repetition Synonym Near synonym Superodinate Total 10 11 12 13 14 VST Lỗ rịng Chi phí lãi vay Lũy kế Kiểm toán Tỷ đồng Nợ Ngắn hạn Vay Dài hạn Chi phí tài Báo cáo Hạch tốn Times of occurrence 10 4 2 15 4 subtotal 13 14 Nợ - vay BNVN14: Khung giá đất tăng gấp đôi Words Repetition 10 11 12 13 Khung giá đất Giá đất Triệu đồng/m2 Nông nghiệp Đô thị Thương mại Cao Thấp Hà nội Tăng Áp dụng Vùng Tỉnh XIV Times of occurrence 11 2 Subtotal 15 Synonym Near synonym Superodinate 14 15 16 17 18 Thành phố Tuyến phố Thấp – tối thiểu Cao – tối đa 2 Thành phố: Hà nội, TP Hồ Chí Minh 19 Phố: hàng Ngang, hàng Đào 20 Đường : Nguyễn Huệ, Đồng Khởi, Lê Lợi 20 Total BNVN15: Giá xăng nước giảm 600đ/lít Words Repetition Synonym Near synonym Superodinate Total 10 11 12 13 14 0 Giá xăng Giảm Petrolimex Bộ Tài Chính Đồng/lít Giá Xăng Dầu Xăng Ron Xăng diesel Xăng hỏa Xăng mazut Lít Cơng bố Times of occurrence 17 3 13 14 14 15 3 19 Subtotal 14 0 14 XV APPENDIX III Frequency of reiteration expressed in percentage in business news on English and Vietnamese online newspapers REIRERATION 1.1 Frequency of reiteration expressed in percentage in business news on English online newspapers BNE 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 Total Percentage Repetition 10 11 15 11 11 15 14 12 151 79.1% Synonym 2 0 2 0 14 7.3% Near synonym 1 2 0 0 0 10 5.2% Superordinate 0 1 2 16 8.4% 1.2 Frequency of reiteration expressed in percentage in business news on Vietnamese online newspapers BNVN 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 Repetition 11 11 14 15 11 14 16 17 14 12 14 13 15 Synonym 0 0 0 Near synonym 2 0 0 Superordinate 3 2 15 Total Percentage 14 200 80% 3.6% 15 6% 26 10.4% XVI APPENDIX IV The frequency of collocation combinations in business news on English and Vietnamese online newspapers The frequency of collocation combinations in business news on English online newspapers BNE01 Collocation V+N Adj+N Revenue rises N+V Tax settlement √ Cash flow √ Net earnings √ BNE02 √ Collocation Cut job V+N 0 Adj+N N+V N1 + N2 (N1 of N2) Adv+ Adj V+Adv √ Deepest cut √ Make decision √ Take the helm √ Axe job √ Online services Total BNE03 √ Collocation V+N 1 0 Adj+N N+V N1 + N2 (N1 of N2) Adv+ Adj V+Adv Particularly strong √ Sales jump √ Car sales Strong sales √ √ Sales figures Increasing demand V+Adv √ Millitary aircraft Adv+ Adj √ Earnings fall Total N1 + N2 (N1 of N2) √ √ Shares rise √ XVII Shares fall √ Sales increases Total Collocation BNE04 √ V+N Make the jump √ Lower cost √ Deliver result √ Cut jobs √ 3 Adj+N N+V N1 + N2 (N1 of N2) Adv+ Adj Shares fall √ Revenue growth √ Change rapidly √ Consultancy firm √ Revenue decline √ Restructing strategy Total 10 BNE05 √ Collocation V+N Rapid growth Conduct research 2 Adj+N N+V N1 + N2 (N1 of N2) Adv+ Adj V+Adv √ √ Slightly different √ Financial year Total BNE06 √ Collocation V+Adv V+N 0 Adj+N N+V N1 + N2 (N1 of N2) Adv+ Adj V+Adv Booming economy √ Buoyant economy √ Developed nation √ Fall sharply √ Warning sign √ Economic recovery √ Growth forecast √ XVIII Wage growth √ Household income √ Make money √ Labor market √ Spending power Total 12 Collocation BNE07 √ Save money V+N BNE08 Adj+N N+V N1 + N2 (N1 of N2) Adv+ Adj V+Adv 0 0 Adj+N N+V N1 + N2 (N1 of N2) Adv+ Adj V+Adv √ Close the deal √ Collocation √ Prospective buyer Total V+N Net profit √ Weak currency Spur growth √ √ Market leader Boost sale √ √ Financial year Total Make a loss √ Collocation BNE09 Total √ Impose ban V+N 2 0 Adj+N N+V N1 + N2 (N1 of N2) Adv+ Adj V+Adv 0 0 Adj+N N+V N1 + N2 (N1 of N2) Adv+ Adj V+Adv √ Processed meat √ Fresh fruit √ Economic sector √ Regulate price √ Collocation V+N XIX BNE10 Cover insurance √ Life insurance √ Hefty tax √ Tax bill √ Big cost √ Insurance company Total √ Collocation V+N 0 Adj+N N+V N1 + N2 (N1 of N2) Adv+ Adj V+Adv /N+Adj BNE11 Break the rule √ Money laundering √ Press release √ High risk √ Human right Total √ Collocation V+N 0 Adj+N N+V N1 + N2 (N1 of N2) Adv+ Adj V+Adv /N+Adj BNE12 Big competitor √ Fast food √ Highly-anticipated Total √ Collocation V+N 0 Adj+N N+V N1 + N2 (N1 of N2) Adv+ Adj V+Adv /N+Adj BNE13 Beat expectation √ Earnings report Boost revenue Total √ √ Revenue rise √ Shares rise √ Collocation V+N 0 Adj+N N+V N1 + N2 (N1 of N2) Adv+ Adj V+Adv /N+Adj BNE14 Take action √ XX Take measure √ Sharp drop √ Consecutive months √ Interest rate Total √ Collocation V+N 0 Adj+N N+V N1 + N2 (N1 of N2) Adv+ Adj V+Adv /N+Adj BNE15 Employment increases √ Firmly established √ Economy grew √ Encouraging sign Total √ 1 The frequency of collocation combinations in business news on Vietnamese online newspapers BNVN01 Total BNVN02 Collocation V+N Adj+N N+V N1 + N2 (N1 of N2) Adv+ Adj V+Adv Diễn biến tốt √ Diễn biến tệ √ Tăng mạnh mẽ √ Ảnh hưởng lớn √ Collocation V+N 0 0 Adj+N N+V N1 + N2 (N1 of N2) Adv+ Adj V+Adv Mặt lãi suất √ Lãi suất cho vay √ Khá thấp Chia sẻ khó khăn √ √ Tín dụng tăng trưởng Giảm lãi suất √ √ Tăng trưởng √ Ưu đãi lớn √ Điều hành lãi suất √ XXI Dư nợ tín dụng √ (Doanh nghiệp đăng ký) Thành lập Tăng trưởng tích cực Total 12 BNVN03 √ √ Collocation V+N 2 Adj+N N+V N1 + N2 (N1 of N2) Adv+ Adj V+Adv Sản lượng thủy điện √ Tỷ giá ổn định √ Giá điện tăng √ Hoạt động sản xuất √ Lợi nhuận hợp sau thuế Tỷ suất lợi nhuận √ √ Vốn chủ sở hữu Phát sinh thuế √ √ Vốn đầu tư √ Vốn tín dụng thương mại √ Tín dụng ưu đãi nước √ Vốn vay thương mại Total Giãn nợ √ Báo cáo kết √ Chi trả tiền lương √ 15 Collocation BNVN04 √ V+N 0 Adj+N N+V N1 + N2 (N1 of N2) Adv+ Adj V+Adv Định chế tài √ Bất động sản phá giá √ Bất động sản tồn đọng √ Phát hành trái phiếu √ Phát hành cổ phiếu √ Vốn vay ngân hàng √ Thị trường bất động sản √ Điều kiện vay vốn √ XXII Total Collocation BNVN05 V+N 0 Adj+N N+V N1 + N2 (N1 of N2) Adv+ Adj V+Adv Tình hình kinh tế √ Lãi suất giảm √ Lạm phát ổn định √ Biến động giá √ Điều hành giá √ Mặt lãi suất √ Lãi suất tiền gửi √ Lãi suất cho vay √ Tăng trưởng tín dụng √ Vay ngoại tệ √ Vay nội tệ √ Chi phí vốn Tiêu thụ sản phẩm √ √ Giảm nhanh Total 14 Collocation BNVN06 √ Tăng lương V+N Adj+N N+V N1 + N2 (N1 of N2) Adv+ Adj V+Adv √ Chi phí trượt giá Tăng giá √ √ Tỉ lệ tăng lương √ Kế hoạch tăng lương √ Giá thành sản phẩm √ Điều chỉnh tiền lương √ Kiểm soát lạm phát √ Mất việc làm √ Tỉ lệ thất nghiệp Thu hẹp sản xuất √ √ Thất nghiệp tăng √ XXIII Chí số lạm phát √ Tăng đột biến Total 14 Collocation BNVN07 √ V+N Vượt kỳ vọng √ Đối mặt thách thức √ Adj+N N+V N1 + N2 (N1 of N2) Adv+ Adj V+Adv Hương vị cà phê √ Chuỗi cửa hiệu √ Đáp ứng nhu cầu √ Cách thức phục vụ Vượt qua thử thách √ √ Tăng trưởng yếu Tấn công thị trường √ √ Kém hiệu Mở rộng hoạt động √ √ Khủng hoảng tài Mở cửa hiệu Total √ Kế hoạch kinh doanh √ Khẩu vị địa phương √ 15 Collocation BNVN08 √ V+N Tháo gỡ khó khăn √ Vay ngân hàng √ Ký hợp đồng √ 0 1 Adj+N N+V N1 + N2 (N1 of N2) Adv+ Adj V+Adv Kết thực √ Lãi suất cho vay √ Thu nhập trung bình √ Khả trả nợ √ Thủ tục hành √ Bộ phận chức √ XXIV Total Collocation BNVN09 Total 0 Adj+N N+V N1 + N2 (N1 of N2) Adv+ Adj V+Adv Doanh thu tài √ Chi phí tài √ Báo cáo kiểm tốn √ Chi phí quản lý √ Lợi nhuận trước thuế √ Chi phí lãi vay √ Collocation BNVN10 V+N V+N 0 0 Adj+N N+V N1 + N2 (N1 of N2) Adv+ Adj V+Adv Hoạt động tài √ Lợi nhuận trước thuế √ Lợi nhuận sau thuế √ Báo cáo tài √ Thuế thu nhập √ Lợi nhuận tăng Total √ Nộp thuế √ Collocation V+N 0 Adj+N N+V N1 + N2 (N1 of N2) Adv+ Adj V+Adv /N+Adj BNVN11 Kết hoạt động √ Kinh tế khó khăn √ Bất ổn trị √ Vận chuyển hành khách √ Vận chuyển hàng hóa √ Hệ số sử dụng ghế √ Thuế gián tiếp √ Thuế trực tiếp √ Mục tiêu kinh doanh √ Thị trường hành không √ XXV Chất lượng dịch vụ Total 11 √ Collocation V+N 0 Adj+N N+V N1 + N2 (N1 of N2) Adv+ Adj V+Adv /N+Adj BNVN12 Nâng công suất √ Ngắn hạn √ Vốn đầu tư Total √ Mở rộng nhà máy √ Tăng trưởng kinh tế √ Collocation V+N 1 0 Adj+N N+V N1 + N2 (N1 of N2) Adv+ Adj V+Adv /N+Adj BNVN13 Total Ngắn hạn √ Dài hạn √ Kết kinh doanh √ Chi phí lãi vay √ Chi phí tài √ Tài sản ngắn hạn √ Collocation V+N 0 Adj+N N+V N1 + N2 (N1 of N2) Adv+ Adj V+Adv /N+Adj BNVN14 Kinh tế khó khăn √ Mức trần Total √ Vượt khung √ Collocation V+N 1 0 Adj+N N+V N1 + N2 (N1 of N2) Adv+ Adj V+Adv 0 /N+Adj BNVN15 Total Giảm giá √ Kinh doanh đầu mối √ Giá sở √ XXVI APPENDIX V The frequency of collocation combinations expressed in percentage in business news on English and Vietnamese online newspapers BNVN BNVN Collocation V+N Adj+N N+V N1 + N2 (N1 of N2) Adv+Adj V+Adv 01 0 0 02 12 2 03 15 4 0 04 2 0 05 14 06 14 6 07 15 0 1 08 0 09 0 0 10 1 0 11 11 2 0 12 1 0 13 0 14 1 0 15 0 0 Total 132 39 14 58 12 Percent age 100% 29.6 % 5.3% 10.6% 43.9% 1.5% 9.1% BNE Collocation V+N Adj+N N+V N1 + N2 (N1 of N2) Adv+Ad j V+Adv 01 0 0 02 1 0 03 3 04 10 2 05 0 XXVII 06 12 07 0 0 08 2 0 09 0 0 10 0 11 1 0 12 0 13 2 0 14 2 0 15 Total 90 23 26 11 24 Percent age 100% 25.6% 28.9% 12.2% 26.7% 4.4% 2.2% XXVIII ... Definition of online newspaper An online newspaper is the online version of a newspaper, either as a standalone publication or as the online version of a printed periodical Online newspapers stand... the main methods are qualitative and quantitative The data is taken from 30 business articles on both English and Vietnamese online newspapers (15 articles on English online newspapers and 15 articles... grammatical and lexical collocation Instead, she just makes an attempt to 11 explore the use of lexical collocation in business news on both English and Vietnamese newspapers 1.2 Online newspapers