Sự phản ánh giá trị cá nhân và giá trị cộng đồng trong giao tiếp nói tiếng anh mỹ và tiếng việt

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES THE FALCULTY OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHER EDUCATION GRADUATION PAPER THE REFLECTIONS OF INDIVIDUALISM AND COLLECTIVISM ON VERBAL COMMUNICATION STYLES IN AMERICAN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE Supervisor: Do Thi Mai Thanh (M.A.) Student: Nguyen Thi Ngoc Diep QH2008.F1.E1 SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF ARTS (TEFL) Hanoi - 2012 ACCEPTANCE I hereby state that I: Nguyen Thi Ngoc Diep, 081.E1, being a candidate for the degree of Bachelor of Arts (TEFL) accept the requirements of the College relating to the retention and use of Bachelor’s Graduation Paper deposited in the library In terms of these conditions, I agree that the origin of my paper deposited in the library should be accessible for the purposes of study and research, in accordance with the normal conditions established by the librarian for the care, loan or reproduction of the paper Signature May 2nd, 2012 i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, on the completion of the study, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Ms Do Thi Mai Thanh for her immeasurable help, constant guidance and support during all stages of the study and beyond, from whom I have received valuable suggestions and careful critical comments Second, I would like to send my heartfelt thanks to my two special friends Ashley Parker and Hoang Minh Trang, who have enthusiastically helped me in the data collection process – a decisive factor for the success of this study I also owe a great debt of gratitude to my parents, my sister and my friends, particularly the whole 08.1.E1, who have constantly encouraged me and supported me wholeheartedly during the time of conducting the research Last but not least, I would like to thank the readers who share their interest and feedback on the study ii ABSTRACT The values of individualism and collectivism have been proved to exert profound effects on many aspects of life respectively in America and Vietnam, among which is the two groups of people’s verbal communication styles However, it seems that this interesting topic has yet to be widely explored By employing the questionnaires to collect data from 40 European American and Vietnamese informants, the study demonstrates their understandings of the dominant value in their society, as well as how it is reflected in their language use in terms of directness or indirectness, formality or informality The result confirms the exploitation of directness in American conversations as a manifestation of individualism Nevertheless, it also re-questions the popular remark that indirectness and formality – signs of collectivism are preferred by Vietnamese interlocutors and the same as European American ones with informality – sign of individualism, as the dependence is on specific situations Finally, some cross-cultural recommendations are given with the hope to enhance mutual understandings between two groups of people when they communicate with one another iii TABLE OF CONTENT ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS i ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………ii TABLE OF CONTENT…………………………………………………………… iii LIST OF FIGURES………………………………………………………………… vi LIST OF TABLES……………………………………………………………… …vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS………………………………………………… ….viii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………….1 Statement of the research problem and rationale………………………… Research questions………………………………………………………………… Scope of the study………………………………………………………………… Significance of the study…………………………………….…………………… Research methodology……………………………………………………… …….4 5.1 Data collection method and procedures…………………………….……4 5.2 Data analysis methods and procedures……………………………….….4 Organization of the paper…………………………………………………….………4 CHAPTER 2: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND………………………………….6 Language and culture………………………………………………………….…….6 The concepts of individualism and collectivism……………………………………6 2.1 Individualism and collectivism in history….…………………………….6 2.2 Individualism and collectivism in the paper……………….…………….8 2.3 Interpretations of individualism and collectivism from the perspectives of American and Vietnamese cultures and languages…………………………………10 2.3.1 Individualism in American culture and language……….…………… 10 2.3.2 Collectivism in Vietnamese culture and language………….………… 13 2.3.3 Some reasons to explain the values of individualism and collectivism in American and Vietnamese cultures and languages………………………….……15 iv Some manifestations of the reflections of individualism and collectivism in American and Vietnamese verbal communication styles…………… ……….…… 16 3.1 Direct and indirect verbal communication styles…………… …….….16 3.1.1 Low context and high context communication…………………………16 3.1.2 Directness and indirectness………………………………………….….17 3.2 Informal and formal communication styles…………………………… …… 19 Speech acts of request, complement and complaint…………………….………… 21 4.1 Requesting………………………………………………………………21 4.2 Complementing…………………………………………………… … 21 4.3 Complaining……………………………………………………….……22 Summary of previous studies……………………………………………………….22 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY…….…………………………………………….23 Research design…………………………………………………………………… 23 Data collection method……………………………………………………….… 23 Discussion of the survey questionnaire content…………………………………….24 Informants and data collection procedures………………………………….…… 25 Data analysis methods and procedures…………………………………….…….…26 CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION………………………… ……….27 The concepts of individualism and collectivism……………………………….… 27 Manifestation of individualism and collectivism in verbal communication styles…………………………………………………………………………… …31 2.1 2.1.1 Directness and indirectness……………………………… ………… 31 In the English survey questionnaire………………… ……………… 31 2.1.1.1 In requesting……………………………………………………….……31 2.1.1.2 In complimenting……………………………………………… …… 32 2.1.1.3 In complaining……………………………………………… ……… 32 2.1.2 In the Vietnamese questionnaire……………………….……………….33 2.1.2.1 In requesting……………………………… ……….……………….….33 v 2.1.2.2 In complimenting……………………….……………………… ….….33 2.1.2.3 In complaining………………………….……………………… ….….33 2.1.3 2.2 2.2.1 Similarities and differences……………………………………….…….34 Informality and formality………………………………………… .35 In the English survey questionnaire………… …………………….… 35 2.2.1.1 In requesting………………………………………………… …….….35 2.2.1.2 In complimenting……………………………………….… ……….….36 2.2.1.3 In complaining……………………………………….…… ………… 36 2.2.2 In the Vietnamese survey questionnaire…………… …………….….36 2.2.2.1 In requesting……………………………………….……… …….……36 2.2.2.2 In complimenting………………………………….……….…….….….37 2.2.2.3 In complaining…………………………………….……….…….….….37 2.2.3 Similarities and differences……………………… …………….…….38 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION……………………………………………… ….…39 Summary of the findings and concluding remarks…………………….……… ….39 Recommendations for cross-cultural communication……………….…………… 39 2.1 Directness and indirectness in American English and Vietnamese….…….… 39 2.2 Formality and informality in American English and Vietnamese…….……….40 Limitations of the study…………………………………………………………….40 Suggestions for further study……………………………………………………….41 REFERENCE LIST…………………………………………………………….… 42 APPENDICE…………………………………………………………………………46 Questionnaire (English version)…………………………….………………….… ….46 Questionnaire (Vietnamese version)…………………………….……………….……48 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page Figure 1: Percentage of dominant value in America………………………….… … 27 Figure 2: Defined characteristics of individualism in American culture……….….…28 Figure 3: Percentage of dominant value in Vietnam………………………………….29 Figure 4: Defined characteristics of collectivism in Vietnamese culture………….…30 vii LIST OF TABLES Table Page Table 1: Individualism and collectivism over the years (adapted and rearranged from Kagitcibasi et al 1997)…………………………………………………………………8 Table 2: Summary of directness/indirectness in American English and Vietnamese 34 Table 3: Summary of formality/informality in American English and Vietnamese….38 viii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS C: Collectivism D: Directness DCT: Discourse completion task EFL: English as a foreign language F: Formality I: Individualism ID: Indirectness IF: Informality ix From the table above, it could be noticed that the majority of the American and Vietnamese shared many direct ways of responses in requesting for money, complimenting and complaining to a sister The differences only lay in the two communicative acts in which the relations between speakers, i.e employees and bosses, were considered distant Then while the American seemed to show little concern about this but their personal rights, which reflects their individualism, the Vietnamese attempted to have a sense of tactfulness to maintain harmony – manifestation of collectivism As a result, the two groups of people respectively preferred directness and indirectness This result supported the remarks from many previous studies 2.2 Informality and formality 2.2.1 In the English survey questionnaire 2.2.1.1 In requesting When making a request to a boss, all Americans asked exercised some cautions and preferred to using formal languages to informal ones Such phrases as “excuse me, sir”, “would like”, “if…would” were found to be used often: “Excuse me, sir I was wondering if because of my excellent advertising for this product that has increased the value of the company, if I would be receiving any kind of a raise for my efforts” Moreover, it could surprisingly be noticed that even though such a close relationship between two best friends existed, the majority of speakers (90%) still chose formality when touching a quite sensitive matter as money, for instance, “I would like to buy some clothes, could I borrow some money?” The rest (10%), felt more relaxed to ask their best friends for money; therefore, informal addressing forms and idioms were employed “Hey, yo! I’m running out of cash Can I borrow some? I’ll pay you back next month.” 35 2.2.1.2 In complimenting One hundred percent informants informally gave compliments to their colleague’s new dress: “Oh my goodness! That dress is beautiful! Where and when did you get it?” or “Hey you look great in that dress!” while only 25% of the informants chose the same informal ways to compliment on the party they had attended The 75% speakers left showed slight formality when they thanked the host for the party and give him/her their respects for doing such a wonderful job: “Thank you for hosting such a wonderful party I loved the decorations, the organization of it, and the food was wonderful I hope that you get the chance to host another one sometime.” 2.2.1.3 In complaining There was a recognizable contrast in the level of formality/ informality in complaining to a boss about extra working and to a sister about her messy room While formality was all preferred in the former situation, exemplified by “I appreciate that you trust me to these tasks for you but I was wondering if there was any way you could cut back on it”; informality was dominant in the latter one “Woah! Your room is a wreck! You should definitely clean it How can you stand it like that, doesn’t it bother you?” 2.2.2 In the Vietnamese survey questionnaire 2.2.2.1 In requesting All Vietnamese informants spoke formally to request for a bonus They employed such honorifics as “thưa sếp” (excuse me, sir), “tôi xin đề nghị” (I would like to demand), “ạ” However, when it came to a request for money from best friends, the majority of students (70%) turned to use informal languages, for instance, “Có áo mốt tao thích mà kẹt tiền Cho tao vay nhé, tuần sau lĩnh lương tao trả” (There is a new trendy shirt I like so much but I’m running out of cash Can I borrow some? I’ll pay you back when I get paid next week) or “Lạm chi hụt tiêu nguyên nhân dẫn đến tình cảnh đói tớ, mà bạn biết tớ 36 kiếm tiền tháng ko? Tớ hứa trả hết tiền cho bạn nhận lương tháng tới.” (Spending more than earning leads to my poverty, but you know how much I earn each month, right? I promise to pay you back when I get paid next month) 2.2.2.2 In complimenting Informality was popular to the Vietnamese in the act of complimenting One hundred percent speakers felt closeness and informally praised one another, for example, “Váy đẹp (cười) Trông hôm bị duyên dáng đấy” (Nice dress! You look so graceful today!) or “Anh/chị tổ chức tiệc hay q Mọi thứ ổn Có bí chia sẻ với em nhé.”(You’ve organized the party so well Everything is wonderful Can you share with me some secrets?) 2.2.2.3 In complaining While all informants complained to the boss with formal languages: “Thưa giám đốc, với cường độ làm việc trụ lại lâu cơng ty lâu đâu ạ, suốt ngày sớm muộn làm công việc không thuôc phạm vi trách nhiệm được, mong giám đốc xem xét tuyển thêm người để tơi chun tâm hồn thành cơng việc tốt hơn” (Excuse me, sir With the intensity of working, I’m not sure if I could stay remained in the company for a long time I can’t go to work early and leave late everyday like this to the work out of my responsibilities Could you consider hiring more staffs so that I can fully concentrate on my work?), they used informal ones to complain to their sisters: “Sao mà mày bẩn đến nhỉ?” (Why the hell can you be living in such a dirty place like this?) 37 2.2.3 Similarities and differences The American The Vietnamese F IF F IF Requesting for a bonus 100% 0% 100% 0% Requesting for money 90% 10% 30% 70% 0% 100% 0% 100% Complimenting on a party 75% 25% 0% 100% Complaining to a boss 100% 0% 100% 0% Complaining to a sister 0% 100% 0% 100% Complimenting on colleague’s new dress Table 3: Summary of formality/informality in American English and Vietnamese From the table, it could be concluded that for such communicative acts as requesting for a bonus and complaining to a boss, both American and Vietnamese students supported the formal ways in their speeches, regardless of their concepts of the dominant value, i.e individualism and collectivism respectively Especially for the American, it was often claimed in previous researches that they preferred informal languages to express their selves and treat one another quite equally However, from the survey’s results, they did show their concern about what is called power distance About requesting for money from best friends, the American tended to be more careful than the Vietnamese people when choosing the language to use The reason could be that collectivism in Vietnamese society helps bring people in such close relationships that they are willing to help each other in need Meanwhile, individualism in America creates a feeling of personal property, which causes discomfort to violate Therefore, it required a higher level of formality from the Americans in situations like this The same trend happened with the compliments on a party 38 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION The previous chapters have presented the introduction, the theoretical background, the methodology as well as the findings of the research Finally, this chapter will summarize and evaluate the outcomes of the whole paper by summing up the findings, providing the cross-cultural communication implications, followed by limitations and suggestions for further studies Summary of the findings and concluding remarks Firstly, it was again confirmed from the study that the value of individualism was prevalent in America while it was collectivism in Vietnam The defined individualism in this thesis was independent, self-reliant, self over group, unique and self-confident; concurrently, collectivism meant harmony in group over the self, mutual help and unity Secondly, directness was often seen in the ways the Americans spoke in all surveyed situations, which also reflected their individualism The Vietnamese, on the other hand, employed indirect languages when they were talking to someone who was superior to them In the event of no threat to harm their relationships, Vietnamese people resorted to directness Thirdly, there was no certain level of informality or formality in English or Vietnamese, as it depended on specific situations, even though a number of previous studies confirm that individualistic Americans prefer the former while collectivistic Vietnamese people support the latter Recommendations for cross-cultural communication 2.1 Directness and indirectness in American English and Vietnamese 39 From the result of the study, directness was respected in American English conversations, especially in the acts of complimenting, requesting and complaining, contrasting with the indirect trend in Vietnamese ones Thus, when talking to Americans, Vietnamese people are recommended to:  Express their own ideas directly, even with those of higher status, as people all have the freedom of speech Also, when talking to Vietnamese people, Americans may need to:  Understand the existence of the Vietnamese keeping-face mindset that may lead to indirectness in their speech, which does not necessarily mean dishonesty  Consider not to be so straight in some sensitive matters or with middle-aged or elder people 2.2 Formality and informality in American English and Vietnamese The study concluded the uncertainty in the level of formality and informality in every situation in American English and Vietnamese However, there are still some common rules that can be applied:  Formality in addressing to people of higher status is preferable by both groups of people However, Americans can later change to the first name basis without any tittles if they agree with one another while Vietnamese people never can  For such a sensitive, personal matter as money, Vietnamese people may want to be careful and sensitive enough when they discuss with Americans Limitations of the study To some extent, the study has revealed some reflections of individualism and collectivism reflected in direct/indirect, formal/informal verbal communication styles in American English and Vietnamese Nevertheless, there still exist some limitations Firstly, due to limited time and resources, the study was only carried out with a sample of 20 participants each country The researcher expects to be able to involve more participants as the findings could be more applicable 40 Secondly, only three communicative acts were chosen for this study However, more different acts could make the study more diverse Thirdly, the study was not able to identify the influences of people’s personality/ gender/ occupation on the way they spoke directly/ indirectly, formally/ informally Suggestions for further study For further study, other communicative acts such as refusing to an invitation, accepting a compliment can be investigated to compare the directness/ indirectness, formality/ informality between the two languages and find out whether people act differently or the same in such acts Another interesting topic that can be worked on is the influences of individualism on collectivistic Vietnamese people living in America in terms of their language use or vice verse, i.e the influences of collectivism on individualistic American people living in Vietnam in terms of their language use Also, a study focusing on the same issue, i.e the reflections of individualism and collectivism on verbal communication styles in American English and Vietnamese can be further conducted d by analyzing the influences of personal background factors on informants’ choice of language use, and with a much larger number of participants 41 REFERENCE LIST Althen, G 1988, American ways – A guide for foreigners in the United States, Intercultural Press, Inc Beltran, E.V & Flor, A.M n.d, Analyzing English native speakers’ use of request modification devices during a role-play activity, University of London Cornelius, G & Willa, H 1999, ‘Expats from abroad in the USA – Six steps to effective integration’, International insight: Winter issue, Runzheimer International Dat, H 2000, Van hoa va ngon ngu giao tiep cua nguoi Viet, Nha xuat ban Van hoa thong tin Dung, T.T.V., 2008, A comparative study on politeness strategies in complaining in American and Vietnamese, MA thesis, College of Foreign Language, Hanoi Gudykunst, W.B & Ting-Toomey, S 1988, Culture and interpersonal communication, New Bury Park Hall, E 1970, Beyond culture, Anchor Books edition, Random House, Inc, New York Hoang, T X H et al 2005, Introduction to American Studies, Department of English and Anglo-American cultures, College of Foreign Languages, Hanoi Hofstede, G 1980, Culture’s consequences, Sage, Beverly Hills, CA Hofstede, G 1983, Dimension of national cultures in fifty cultures and three regions, Lisse, Swets and Zweitlinger 42 Hofstede, G 1991, Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind, McGraw Hill, London Hofstede, G 1994, Individualism and collectivism: Theory, method and applications, Thousand Oaks, Sage, CA Holmes, J 1988, ‘Compliments and compliment responses in New Zealand’, Anthropological Linguistics, vol 28, no 4, pp 485 Jefferson, T et al 1776, Declaration of Independence Kagitcibasi, C 1997, Handbook of cross-cultural psychology, vol 3: Social behavior and applications, Boston, pp 1-49 Kashima, Y., Yamaguchi, S., Kim, U., & Choi, S 1995, ‘Culture, gender and self: A perspective from individualism-collectivism research’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol.69, pp 925-937 Kim, H 2005, A study of compliments across cultures: The effect of sociolinguistic transfer on EFL learners, Korea University Kim, U 1995, Individualism and collectivism: A psychological, cultural and ecological analysis NIAS Publications, Copenhagen Levine, D.R & Adelman, M.B 1982, Intercultural Communication for English as a second language, Prentice Hall Inc Levine, D.R & Adelman, M.B 1993, Beyond language – Cross-cultural communication, Prentice Hall Inc Long, R 2001, ‘Pragmatic tasks with a purpose’, Pragmatic matters, vol 3, no 1, pp 10-15 43 Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English 1995, Harlow: Longman Group Ltd Lustig, M & Koeste J 2010, Intercultural Competence – Interpersonal communication across culture, 6th edn, Pearson Education, Inc Na, P.T.L 2006, The influence of American individualism on its verbal styles of communication, BA thesis, College of Foreign Languages, Hanoi Olshtain, E., & Weinbach, L 1987, Complaints: A study of speech act behavior among native and non native speakers, pp 195 Phuong, T.T.H 2001, Some Vietnamese cultural interference on English learning as seen from some categories in point, BA thesis, College of Foreign Languages, Hanoi Quang, N n.d, Intercultural communication, College of Foreign Languages, Hanoi, pp 38 Singelis, T.M & Brown, W.J 1995, ‘Culture, self and collectivist communication: Linking culture to individual behavior’, Human Communication Research, vol 21, pp 354-89 Singer, J A & Voronov, M 2002, ‘The myth of individualism-collectivism: A critical review’, The journal of social psychology, vol 142, no 4, pp 461-480 2006, Introduction to cross cultural Trang, D.T & Thanh, D.T.M communication, Colleges of Foreign Languages, Hanoi Them, T.N 2008, Co so van hoa Viet Nam, NXB giao duc 44 Triandis, H.C 1988, Collectivism and individualism: A reconceptualization of basic concept in cross-cultural psychology, MacMillan, London, pp 60-95 Triandis, H C 1995, Individualism and collectivism, West View Press, Boulder Trosborg, A 1995, Interlanguage pragmatics Requests, Complaints and Apologies, Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin Vandello, J A & Cohen, D 1999, ‘Patterns of individualism and collectivism across the United States’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol 77, pp 279-292 Verschueren, J & Bertucelli-Papi, V 2001, ‘Native and non-native speakers of Hebrew’, The Pragmatic Perspective, John Benjamins, Amsterdam, pp 195-208 Yule, G 1996, Pragmatics, OUP Würtz, E 2005, ‘A cross-cultural analysis of websites from high-context cultures and low-context cultures’, Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, vol 11, no 45 APPENDICE Questionnaire (English version) I am Nguyen Thi Ngoc Diep, an undergraduate student at Faculty of English Language Teacher Education – University of Languages and International Studies – Vietnam National University Hanoi I am conducting my graduation paper on how the values of individualism and collectivism are reflected in verbal languages in American English and Vietnamese This survey questionnaire aims to investigate your views concerning this issue Please give your answers sincerely otherwise the investigation would not be successful All information you provide will be confidential and used solely for research purposes Thank you very much for your cooperation! SECTION A: PERSONAL INFORMATION Age: Occupation: Gender: Place of living (where you spend most of your lifetime): What is your salient characteristic you think you may possess (for example, extroverted/ introverted; openminded or reserved; …)? SECTION B: THE CONCEPT OF INDIVIDUALISM/ COLLECTIVISM Please give your answers to the following questions: In your society, which value – individualism or collectivism seems to be more important? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… If you think it is individualism, please go to question and in this section If you think it is collectivism, please go to question and in this section What is your understanding of individualism? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Give one or two examples (a saying, a situation, etc.) that manifest your definition of individualism: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… What is your understanding of collectivism? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 46 Give one or two examples (a saying, a situation, etc.) that manifest your definition of collectivism: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… SECTION C: CONTEXTUAL SITUATIONS Followings are specific speech acts of requesting, complementing and complaining Please, give your verbal responses in each situation: Thanks to your advertising campaign, a new product of your company turns out to be a huge success However, you have not received any kind of bonus payments you deserve How would you request it to your boss? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… You have spent your last pennies this month for housing, food and books However, a boutique has some sale-off clothes in which you look amazing What would you say to your best friend to borrow him/ her some money? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Your colleague comes to work with a very nice new dress What would you say to give your compliment? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… You have attended a wonderful party and you love everything in it, from the organization, the decoration to the food there How would you tell the host about your compliment? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Your new boss often treats you like his/her own slave He/ She asks you to go to work early, get you tons of stuffs which are actually not your duties and you often have to get back home late What would you say to complain to him about that? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… When entering your younger sister’s room, you find it a mess Her stuffs are littering all over the floor What would you say to complain to her? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 47 Questionnaire (Vietnamese version) Tôi Nguyễn Thị Ngọc Diệp, sinh viên khoa Tiếng Anh sư phạm, trường Đại học Ngoại Ngữ, Đại học Quốc Gia Hà Nôi Tôi làm khóa luận tốt nghiệp giá trị cá nhân giá trị cộng đồng phản ánh ngơn ngữ nói tiếng Anh Mỹ tiếng Việt Xin đưa câu trả lời chân thực để đảm bảo thành công việc điều tra Tất thông tin anh/chị cung cấp giữ bí mật hồn tồn phục vụ cho mục đích nghiên cứu Xin chân thành cám ơn anh/chị hợp tác này! MỤC A: THÔNG TIN CÁ NHÂN Tuổi: Nghề nghiệp: Giới tính: Nơi (tỉnh/thành phố anh/chị sống phần lớn): Anh/ chị cho biết anh chị thuộc cá tính nào? (ví dụ: hướng nội/ hướng ngoại; cởi mở/dè dặt…) MỤC B: QUAN NIỆM VỀ GIÁ TRỊ CÁ NHÂN VÀ GIÁ TRỊ CỘNG ĐỒNG Theo anh/chị, xã hội anh/chị sống, giá trị cá nhân hay giá trị cộng đồng quan trọng hơn? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Nếu anh/chị nghĩ giá trị cá nhân, xin trả lời tiếp câu hỏi 2,3 mục Nếu anh/chị nghĩ giá trị cộng đồng, xin trả lời tiếp câu hỏi 4,5 mục Anh/chị hiểu giá trị cá nhân? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Xin đưa ví dụ (1 câu nói, tình huống, vv.) thể giá trị cá nhân theo quan điểm anh/chị: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Anh/chị hiểu giá trị cộng đồng? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Xin đưa ví dụ (1 câu nói, tình huống, vv.) thể giá trị cộng đồng theo quan điểm anh/chị: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 48 MỤC C: TÌNH HUỐNG CỤ THỂ Sau tình giao tiếp với mục đích: đề nghị, khen ngợi phàn nàn Xin cho biết anh/chị nói tình huống: Nhờ có chiến dịch quảng cáo anh/chị mà sản phẩm công ty thành công rực rỡ Tuy nhiên, anh/chị không nhận khoản tiền thưởng xứng đáng Anh/chị đề nghị điều với giám đốc nào? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Anh/chị tiêu hết tiền tháng cho chi phí ăn, mua sách Tuy nhiên, cửa hàng quần áo bán nhiều loại quần áo giảm anh/chị thấy đẹp muốn mua vài Anh/chị hỏi mượn tiền người bạn thân nào? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Một đồng nghiệp anh/chị hôm làm mặc váy mua đẹp Anh/chị khen ngợi với chị nào? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 10 Anh/chị vừa tham dự bữa tiệc tuyệt vời anh/chị thích tất thứ bữa tiệc đó, từ cách tổ chức, trang trí ăn Anh/chị khen ngợi với người chủ bữa tiệc nào? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 11 Sếp anh/chị thường hay đối xử với anh/chị người nơ lệ Ơng/bà thường bắt anh/chị phải làm sớm, giao cho anh/chị nhiều công việc khơng thuộc phạm vi trách nhiệm anh/chị, mà chị thường xuyên phải muộn Anh/chị phàn nàn với sếp nào? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 12 Anh/chị vào phịng em gái thấy phịng thật bừa bộn Đồ đạc nằm rải rác lung tung khắp sàn Anh/chị phàn nàn điều với em gái nào? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 49 ... directly complained as “Sếp ơi, tình hình sếp giao cho em nhiều việc Em sợ em khơng kham hết Sếp xem ta có nên phân bổ nhân lực để phát huy hết tài anh chị em công ty, hiệu sếp ạ.” (Excuse me,... nghĩ công ty ta nên có chế độ khen thưởng, động viên kịp thời cho nhân viên Sếp có nghĩ nên khen thưởng khích lệ tinh thần cho anh chị em không ạ?(Excuse me, sir, the advertising campaign was... American individual freedom is what no authority can interfere In the classroom, students are strongly recommended to give their own opinions and ask questions In public, freedom of speech is